Science Revision Notes
PHYSICS
• Motion, Force and NLM
- Newton's 3 Laws of Motion with examples.
- Equations of motion (v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² - u² = 2as).
- Inertia, momentum and conservation of momentum.
• Gravitation
- Newton's law of gravitation.
- Free fall, acceleration due to gravity (g).
- Mass vs. Weight, Thrust, Pressure, Archimedes’ principle and Buoyancy.
• Sound
- Production and propagation of sound.
- Characteristics: amplitude, frequency, time period, wavelength, speed.
- Human ear structure and hearing range (20 Hz – 20 kHz).
- Reflection of sound – Echo, SONAR applications.
• Work, Power and Energy
- Work = Force × displacement.
- Power = Work/time; Energy and its forms.
- Kinetic energy, Potential energy.
- Work-Energy theorem and Law of conservation of energy.
• Reflection of light
- Laws of reflection.
- Image formation by plane mirror, concave & convex mirror.
- Uses of spherical mirrors in daily life.
• Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction, refractive index.
- Refraction through glass slab and lenses.
- Lens formula (1/f = 1/v - 1/u), magnification.
- Human eye defects – myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and their corrections.
• Human Eye and Colourful World
- Structure and function of human eye.
- Power of accommodation.
- Defects of vision and their corrections.
- Dispersion of light, scattering (blue sky, red sunset).
- Atmospheric refraction (twinkling, advanced sunrise, delayed sunset).
CHEMISTRY
• Atoms and Molecules
- Laws of chemical combination.
- Dalton’s atomic theory.
- Mole concept and Avogadro number.
- Mass % and molecular mass calculations.
• Structure of the Atom
- Discovery of electron, proton, neutron.
- Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr’s model.
- Distribution of electrons (2n² rule).
- Valency, atomic number and mass number, isotopes and isobars.
• Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Balancing chemical equations.
- Types: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement.
- Oxidation and reduction reactions.
- Effects of oxidation (corrosion, rancidity).
• Acids, Bases and Salts
- Properties and reactions of acids and bases.
- Indicators (litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange).
- pH and its importance.
- Salts: common salts (NaCl, baking soda, washing soda, bleaching powder, Plaster of Paris).
• Metals and Non-Metals
- Physical and chemical properties of metals & non-metals.
- Reactivity series of metals.
- Ionic bonding, extraction of metals.
- Corrosion and prevention methods.
BIOLOGY
• Improvement in Food Resources
- Crop production and management.
- Manure and fertilizers.
- Irrigation and cropping patterns.
- Animal husbandry – cattle, poultry, fishery.
• Nutrition
- Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
- Photosynthesis equation and mechanism.
- Human digestive system and enzymes involved.
• Respiration
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
- Human respiratory system and breathing mechanism.
- Exchange of gases and transport of oxygen & carbon dioxide.
• Transportation
- Circulatory system – heart structure & function.
- Double circulation, arteries, veins, capillaries.
- Blood components and lymph system.
• Excretion
- Human excretory system – kidney, nephron.
- Urine formation and regulation.
- Role of skin and lungs in excretion.
• Control and Coordination
- Nervous system – neuron structure & function.
- Reflex action and brain parts.
- Hormones and endocrine system in humans.
- Coordination in plants – tropic movements, hormones.