Climate

➔ Climate: Atmospheric condition of an area for a long period of time, e.g., 20-30 years

➔ Weather: Atmospheric condition of an area for a short period of time, e.g., day to day

Climatic Zones

➔ The four Climatic zones in Pakistan are:

● Highland climate

● Lowland climate

● Coastal climate

● Arid climate

- Highland Climate

➔ Includes northern, northwestern and western highlands.

➔ Winters are long, cold and snowy and the summers are short and mild.

➔ Rainfall is associated with altitude, highest in the northern mountain.

➔ Western mountains experience less rainfall.

➔ Temperature also varies depending on the altitude.

➔ Summers are short, mild & wet in the northern mountains but dry & warm in western

mountains.

➔ Farming is not possible during winter.

➔ People practise indoor activities such as carpet weaving, pottery etc

➔ Transhumance is popular where people move from highland to lowland areas in winter
and the

opposite in summer.

➔ Mainly herdsmen keep sheep and goats.

- Lowland Climate

➔ Includes the whole Indus plain except coastal areas.

➔ Arid and extreme climate, hot summers and cool winters with summer monsoon.

➔ Rainfall di ers from north to west.

➔ The North has a lot more rainfall whereas the west has less and higher temperature.

➔ Fertile plains and river Indus with its tributaries make it popular for agriculture.

➔ Have well developed canal systems

- Coastal Climate

➔ Includes southern coastal strip

➔ The maritime influence keeps the temperature low

➔ In summer the land heats up while the ocean is cool

➔ In winter the land loses heat quickly and becomes cold while the ocean is much warmer

➔ Average humidity level is more than 50% and the mean temperature is 32°C

➔ Farming is possible throughout the year

➔ Seaports are used for trading and fishing

➔ Many large-scale industries

➔ People face floods and tropical cyclones

- Arid Climate

➔ Includes south-western Balochistan and the west-eastern desert

➔ Dry and hot with less rainfall

➔ Extreme heat, dryness and dust storms are experienced

➔ Not ideal for farming

➔ There are mostly nomads here travelling around for food and water with their herds

➔ There is less rainfall so people use the Karez system

➔ Some areas have been reclaimed for farming using perennial canals
Climatic Elements

➔ Temperature

➔ Rainfall

➔ Pressure & Wind

1. Temperature

➔ Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness that can be measured using a

thermometer.

➔ Temperature is generally measured in degrees on Celsius scale.

➔ Jacobabad is known as the thermal pool where the max temperature reaches 53 °C and
the

mean temperature in the summer is 43°C.

- Factors A ecting Temperature

➔ Latitudinal E ect: The areas closer to the equator receive direct/latitudinal rays from
the sun

and get higher temperature.

➔ Continental E ect: Along coastal areas ocean currents and wind a ect the
temperature.

➔ Altitude: The air is densest at sea level and less dense at high altitude. The less density
of air

to absorb heat at higher altitude causes lower temperature.

➔ Cloud Cover: Cloud reduces solar radiation by reflecting it back into outer space during
the

day and at night it traps the heat going to outer space.

➔ Latitude and Angle of Sun: During summer the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the
sun

causing higher temperature. In winter it's the opposite.

2. Rainfall

➔ The main sources of rainfall in Pakistan are:

● Monsoon Wind

● Western depression

● Convectional current

● Relief rainfall

● Tropical Cyclone

- Monsoon Winds

➔ Seasonal winds occurring during summers and winters

➔ Summer winds are known as south-west monsoons, while winter winds are known as

north-east monsoons.

➔ Rains begin when the summer sun heats up tropical continents faster than the ocean.
➔ Warm air rising overland creates low pressure, attracting cool, moist air from the sea.

➔ Main monsoon winds blow from the Bay of Bengal, crossing Bangladesh and North India

before entering northern Pakistan.

➔ Monsoon winds start in June and cause heavy rainfall in northern Punjab in July.

➔ Seasonal reversal of monsoon winds; blowing towards the land in summer and towards
the sea in winter.

- Western Depression

➔ Winds originating in the Mediterranean Sea

➔ Travel across Afghanistan and Iran before reaching the western areas

➔ These winds bring rainfall from December to March.

- Convectional Currents

➔ Hot air rises at the beginning of summer, carrying high moisture content

➔ Condensation occurs when the air reaches higher layers of the atmosphere, leading to
rainfall,

especially in northern and north-western areas.

- Relief Rainfall

➔ Related to the height of the land

➔ Occurs when moist, unstable air moves up and experiences condensation and
precipitation

through wind
➔ Leeward slopes tend to receive sinking, warming air, creating dry rain shadow areas.

- Tropical Cyclones

➔ May bring a few hours of heavy rainfall and destructive winds to coastal areas

➔ Originates over the Arabian Sea, but rarely reaches the coast of Pakistan

➔ Source of rainfall from tropical cyclones is unpredictable and unreliable.

3. Pressure & Wind

➔ In summer the temperature is high on land which causes the hot air to rise up and form a
low pressure zone.

➔ At the same time the ocean & seas have low temperatures creating a high pressure zone.

➔ This causes the movement of summer monsoon wind causing heavy rainfall.

➔ In winter it is the complete opposite as the pressure over land increases and the
pressure over oceans and seas decreases.

➔ This causes the movement of winter monsoon wind.

Storms

➔ Strong winds occur from April to June in summer and September to October in the

post-monsoon season, reaching speeds of 60-80 km per hour.

➔ Stormy rainfall and hail are possible

➔ Fruits are destroyed and crops are damaged

➔ Electricity infrastructure is disrupted

➔ Communication systems, including telephone lines and internet connections, can be

damaged

➔ Transportation becomes di icult.

Causes

- Natural cause

➔ Unreliability of rainfall by monsoon

➔ Dry, hot winds

➔ Sandy soils lacking moisture

➔ Arid lands

➔ Global climate is changing

- Human cause

➔ Mismanagement of water resources due to seepage of unlined canals

➔ Dispute on water distribution among provinces overgrazing of land leading to soil

erosion

reduces the soil fertility

➔ Deforestation on foothills of mountains in areas with solid erosion

E ects

➔ Economy is destructed

➔ Animals cannot get fodder

➔ Human beings can die due to shortage of food crops

➔ Cattle can die

Floods

- Advantages

➔ Increased alluvium flow leading to soil fertility

➔ Greater water discharge in rivers for hydroelectric power generation

➔ Enhanced irrigation opportunities for agriculture

➔ Increased fish migration to river deltas

➔ Improved reproduction and breeding of fish in freshwater areas

➔ Replenishment of groundwater reserves

➔ Nutrient enrichment of the land

➔ Promotion of wetland expansion and health

- Disadvantages
➔ Disruption of residential areas from essential services and shops

➔ Destruction of crops and crop fields

➔ Damage to houses and infrastructure

➔ Outbreak of epidemics, resulting in illness

➔ Damage and isolation of roads and railway tracks

➔ Risk of drowning for humans and animals

- E ective Measures for Flood Control

➔ Implement a orestation programs in the foothills of mountains to promote tree growth

➔ Construct cemented embankments on both sides to prevent flood water overflow

➔ Build more reservoirs, barrages, and dams to store water for electricity generation and
local

water supply

➔ Initiate flood warning programs through various media platforms

➔ Develop comprehensive rehabilitation programs for flood victims and a ected regions

➔ Expand river channels to accommodate larger volumes of water

Droughts

-The Four types of Droughts

➔ Permanent Drought: Stays forever

➔ Seasonal Drought: Stays for a dry season

➔ Invisible Drought: Result of less water causing lower crop yield

➔ Unpredictable Drought: Caused by an abnormally low amount of rainfall

-Causes of Drought

➔ Unreliable rain source

➔ Climate Change

➔ Deforestation
➔ Mismanagement of water resources

➔ Overgrazing

➔ Global Warming

Power Resources
Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy

➔ Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and

geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished)

➔ A Non-renewable energy is a natural resource which cannot be produced, grown,

generated,

or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate

● These resources often exist in a fixed amount, or are consumed much faster than

nature can create them

● Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power (uranium) are

examples

Non-Renewable Sources of Power

Coal

➔ It is mined by shaft or adit mining

➔ Coal is transported outside from the mine on the back of miners. donkey backs or trolley

➔ It is then loaded on trucks, trolleys and railways carriages to be taken to the industries

- Types of Coal

➔ Anthracite: Best quality coal with the most carbon content

➔ Bituminous: Hard coal which is easily burned

➔ Lignite: Lower quality and with high moisture and ash content. It has a low heating value

➔ Peat: Least quality coal having high vegetative matter, di icult to burn.
-Uses of Coal

➔ Thermal power generation for brick making process

➔ Making cement

➔ Steel Making

➔ Used in steam engines

➔ Cooking purposes

➔ Source of energy

- Why is Coal used in Pakistan?

➔ Cheap source of energy

➔ Found abundantly

➔ Oil is not a ordable due to its increasing prices

➔ A substitute for energy

- The Need to import Coal

➔ High Demand

➔ Coal found in Pakistan is of poor quality

➔ The production coal in Pakistan is too low, as coal seams are thin and mineral layers
have a lot

of faults

➔ Pakistan lacks technology, capital,and skilled labours to extract coal

- Provinces where coal is found/extracted

➔ Balochistan:

● PMDC has opened three coal mines: Shahrig, Sor-range and Degas

● Coal is also found in Quetta Coal fields

● Coking coal is found

➔ Sindh:

● PMDC and Lakhra Coal Development company are engaged in coal mining and

production

● Coal is found in lower Sindh coal fields

● It is of lower quality lignite

➔ Punjab:

● PMDC is engaged in mining coal in the Salt Range and Kalabagh areas

● Sub-Bituminous to lignite highly volatile coal is found

● deteriorates badly during storage

➔ NWFP:

● Private companies are working

● Sub-bituminous coal is found, which is a better-quality coal

● Coal is also found in Khost, Mach, Jhimpur, Sonda, Dandot, and Harnai
Mineral Oil

➔ It is a fossil fuel known as "Black gold"

➔ It is trapped in dome shaped anticlines between two layers of non-porous rocks

➔ Once the drilling site is chosen, a derrick or drilling rip is setup

➔ The derrick is a steel structure that holds the drilling pipes and other equipment

➔ The oil is pumped up and flown by the pipelines to the refinery

➔ Crude Oil: Oil with impurities and so 36.15% is extracted

➔ Refined Oil: Oil without impurities and so 63.85% is imported

- Uses of Oil

➔ By products such as para in, wax, plastics, synthetic rubber, detergents, insecticides,

pharmaceutical products, chemical products

➔ Bitumen for roofing and furnace oil

➔ Source of thermal power generation

➔ Used as a lubricant for machines

➔ Diesel, petrol, kerosene oil for vehicles and burning

- The need to import Oil.

➔ The Oil required is 400, 000 barrels per day, while Pakistan produces 55,000 barrels per
day

➔ The production of Oil in Pakistan is low, which cannot satisfy its needs

➔ With more Industrialization and mechanization, the demand for oil is increasing

- Transportation of Oil

➔ By land through road and rail tankers

➔ Costly and time consuming

➔ Ine icient compared to transmission by pipelines

➔ Can cause accidents and explosions

➔ Pipeline transport is more e ective and environmentally friendly

➔ Oil is transported in special ships by oil ship tankers from UAE at Karachi, Keamari and
Port

Bin Qasim
➔ The pier helps to flow oil to upland countries and oil refineries. The PAK ARAB REFINERY

COMPANY (PARCO) is located at Mehmood Kot for refining of oil

➔ WOPP (White Oil Pipeline Project) is helping to transport oil there and later the refined
oil is

flown to the upland areas to Caltex, Shell, Parco, Total, PSO, etc

- Fields from where Oil is extracted:

➔ Punjab:

● Meyal

● Dhurnal

● Adhi

● Joya Mir

● Balkassar

● Tut

➔ Sindh:

● Tando Adam

● Ghotana

● Mazari

● Dhabi

● Leghari

● Khaskheli

- Oil Refineries

➔ PRL – Pakistan Refinery Limited (Korangi, Karachi)

➔ NRL – National Refinery Limited Korangi, Karachi)

➔ Parco Refinery – Pak Arab Cooperation (Multan, Mehmood Kot)

➔ Hub Refinery – (Hub, Balochistan)

➔ Attock Refinery – Potwar Plateau

Natural Gas

➔ An important fossil fuel

➔ A Cheap fuel

➔ Trapped in anticline underground

➔ It is made up of methane, ethane, propane and butane

➔ Pumped and transported mostly by pipelines

➔ Was discovered at Sui in 1952 by PPL

➔ Oil and Gas Development Corporation, established in 1961, is working on its extraction
and exploration

- Transportation

➔ Transported by pipelines

➔ Cheapest and Safest way

➔ Disadvantage is that when it leaks, it causes accidents or explosions

➔ Pipeline extends to Multan, Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad

➔ Natural Gas is cooled at a very low temperature to turn it into liquid (LPG). LPG stands
for

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

➔ This can be moved from place to place in special cylinders especially in northern areas.
Natural

Gas can also be compressed to become CNG

- Uses of Gas

➔ Domestic use: Cooking and heating

➔ Used in fertilisers

➔ Cement industry

➔ CNG for vehicles

- Areas
➔ Sui, Zin, UCH, Pirkoh, Khandkot, Khanpur, Mari, Dodhak

- Organisations

➔ These organisations are working for exploration and extraction of Gas and Oil

● SS NGPL: Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited

● SSGCL: Sui Southern Gas Pipeline Limited

● PARCO: Pak Arab Refinery Corporation Limited

● PSO: Pakistan State Oil Company Limited

● HDI: Hydrocarbon Development Institution of Pakistan

● OGDCL: Oil and Gas Development Company Limited

● GSP: Geological Survey of Pakistan

Nuclear Energy

➔ In atomic fission, energy is released when atoms split into their constituent part

➔ In atomic fusion, energy is released when atoms fuse together

➔ Nuclear plants are based on atomic fusion

➔ Usage of heat to make steam which turns the turbines for generation of electricity

➔ Uranium is used for this purpose and is found in large amount in Pakistan

➔ KANUPP ( Karachi Nuclear Power Project) in 1971 started working with the capacity of
137 MW

➔ Chashma Nuclear Plant was made at Chashma in 1999 with the help of China

- Advantages

➔ Produces more energy than all other sources

➔ Chances of Accidents are rare

➔ Contributes less to pollution compared to fuels

➔ The cost of running a Plant is cheap

- Disadvantage
➔ The rays that are produced in the reactors can cause cancer or deformation in new-born

babies.

➔ Problems of reprocessing and nuclear waste

➔ Plants are very expensive to build

➔ Explosions are very dangerous and can make the neighboring area inhabitable

Thermal Energy

➔ Electricity produced by fossil fuels such as Gas, Oil, coal and nuclear energy

➔ Used in the generation of electricity by the turning of turbines

➔ Construction costs of Thermal plants are low

➔ Running costs are high

➔ Many accidents can occur

Hydroelectric Power (HEP)

➔ Stations/Plants use the force of flowing water to move turbines

➔ It is best developed in Mountainous areas with high precipitation, melting of snow and
low temperature

➔ The slope should be steep but low gradient

➔ Water is a renewable source

➔ HEP is known as "White Coal"

➔ Produces energy without the burning of anything

➔ Construction cost is high but running cost is low

➔ HEP is environmentally friendly

➔ Major HEP plants are Tarbela, Warsak and Mangla

- Organisations

➔ WAPDA: Water and Power Development Authority

➔ KESC: Karachi Electricity Supply Corporation

➔ IPP: Independent Private Producers

Solar Energy

➔ Produced by collecting sun rays in photovoltaic cells

➔ Solar furnaces are giant mirrors to focus sun rays on a boiler

➔ Steam from the boiler is used to make electricity

➔ Solar panels help to collect heat energy

➔ Supply power through transmission lines

➔ Used for electrification, water heating, pumping water from wells and for cooking

➔ It is safe, and environmentally friendly

➔ Limitless supply as Pakistan has 250-300 sunny days

➔ Though building costs are high, running costs are low

Biogas

➔ Produced on the fermentation of cow dung when it gives o methane gas

➔ Used for cooking, heating, etc

➔ Cheapest source for energy

➔ Increases air pollution and causes diseases

➔ Gives energy to 40-80 houses

➔ Usage leads to less natural manure in fields

Geothermal Power

➔ Energy is taken from the heat of Earth's core

➔ Produced from hot springs

➔ Drilling is done into the land to pump out hot water

➔ This hot water/steam is used to drive the turbines to produce energy

- Advantages

➔ Renewable

➔ Provides constant supply

➔ Pollution Free

➔ O ers sustainable energy

- Disadvantages

➔ High cost of construction

➔ Limitation due to natural disasters such as earthquakes or eruptions

➔ Pakistan has the potential of commercially exploitable sources of Geo-thermal energy in

Himalayan regions and Chaghi area in Balochistan Plateau

Tidal Power

➔ Production energy by the movement of tides

➔ Tide comes in and out once and usually twice in 24 hours. This is due to the gravitational
pull of the moon

➔ Indus Deltaic creek is a great option for energy supply in Sindh

- Advantages

➔ Renewable source of energy

➔ Constant supply

➔ Being relatively non-pollutant

- Disadvantages

➔ Very expensive to build

➔ Can destroy wildlife habitats

➔ Could disrupt local supply if arrangements are made for it

Wave Power

➔ Wave motion is used to compress air to drive a turbine to generate electricity

➔ Makran coast has a strong wave energy

➔ Coastal cities like Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Gidani are being developed and can help in
future

energy production

➔ Building costs are high

Biomass

➔ Refers to organic material, plants and vegetable matter, both living and decaying are
used as

a fuel

➔ Produces biofuel

➔ Gasification and fermentation are some processes used

➔ Ine icient use leads to air pollution indoors and it leads to infections like chest and lung

Wind Power

➔ Use of wind to generate energy

➔ Windmills and wind pumps convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical
pumps

➔ A wind turbine has a generator which converts the mechanical power into electricity

➔ Used on large scale farms

➔ A Wind Turbine is used to generate wind power

➔ A wind turbine is a three bladed wind turbine with a generator

- Advantages

➔ Environmentally friendly

➔ Renewable source

➔ Are an attraction for tourism

➔ Wind turbines are available in di erent sizes according to requirement

➔ Can help reduce energy issues in Pakistan

- Disadvantages

➔ Expensive to build

➔ Doesn't produce a constant supply of energy

➔ Wind turbines can kill birds

➔ Increases burden on land

➔ Can only be developed in mountainous and coastal areas

➔ 7500 turbines are needed to produce the same amount of energy as that of a nuclear
plant

Load Shedding
➔ Load shedding occurs when the demand is more but the energy produced and supply is
less

➔ Results in great economic damages

- Load shedding occurs when:

➔ Many power plants are working to their full capacity

➔ During winter, the HEP decreases with reduced flow of water rivers

➔ Long transmission lines cause loss of electricity

➔ Siltation in reservoirs can cause disruption in movement of turbines

➔ Power theft on a large scale

➔ High price of fossil fuels increases the cost of electricity generation

➔ Industrialization, urbanisation and rural electrification has increased the damage

- Rural Electrification

➔ To provide electricity to rural areas in rural electrification

➔ It can help in social and economic development

➔ Small scale industries are developed

➔ Standard of living will increase

Sustainable Development of Power Resources

➔ Use of advanced technology can help develop renewable resources

➔ Public awareness program through media, government and private sector

➔ Avoid non-productive uses

➔ Replacement of faculty and damaged transmission lines

➔ Check strictly for power theft and wastage

➔ Preservation and conservation of non-renewable resources

 Agricultural Development

Agriculture

➔ Agriculture is a combination of two words i.e. Agri and culture. Agri means farming and
culture

means practice, it means practice of farming is called agriculture

➔ Agriculture is a primary industry concerned with obtaining raw material from the ground
for

immediate consumption or for further processing

➔ There are three types of agriculture practised in Pakistan: Small-scale subsistence

farming,

cash crop farming and livestock farming

➔ All of these di erent types of farming operate as systems with inputs, processes and
outputs

Natural Inputs

- Flat lands

➔ Easy use of machines

➔ Equal Distribution of water with less drainage

➔ Easy to cultivate

- Soil

➔ Contains su icient minerals for crop growth

➔ Has su icient pore spacing

➔ The soil must be deep and must contain nitrates and phosphates

- Rainfall

➔ For germination

➔ Soften the soil for ploughing \ sowing

➔ Planting seeds
- Temperature

➔ For growing

➔ Warmth

➔ Ripening

Human inputs

- Capital

➔ To buy land and machinery

➔ To buy seeds and chemical fertiliser

- Machinery

➔ It reduces the need of labour and time consumed

➔ E icient processes with increased output

- Fertilisers

➔ Increases yield and rate of growth of plants

➔ Extension of farm

- Pesticides and insecticides

➔ Kill insects, pests, and viruses

➔ Increases the output and income

- Labour

➔ Carry out processes of crop cultivation like ploughing, sowing, threshing and harvesting

➔ Maintain machinery

- Desi or high yielding varieties of seed

➔ Desi varieties are cheap and locally available

➔ HYV’s are pest resistant and increase yield

- Irrigational facilities

➔ Meet rain shortages and reduce salinity

➔ Better water supply

- Traditional or modern skills

➔ Avoid crop failure with modern methods

➔ Can do machine repairing

Processes

➔ Ploughing: Farming equipment powered by bull or tractor used to turn, dig and mix the
soil

before planting seeds

➔ Sowing: Spreading seeds on soil by traditional or modern methods

➔ Irrigating: To supply water to farmland through tube well / channels so that crops will
grow

➔ Fertilising: Adding chemicals to soil to provide nutrients to soil for promoting plant
growth

➔ Weeding: Cutting of wild plants growing where they are not wanted especially among
crops

➔ Threshing: To separate grains of wheat or rice from the cha

➔ Harvesting: Cutting the crops

Outputs

➔ Crops such as rice, wheat, tobacco, maize, barley, millet, pulses, cotton, sugarcane

➔ Fruits and Vegetables

➔ Milk, meats, ghee, butter, eggs, cheese, hides, wool

- Problems associated with farming

➔ Use of sprays can contaminate subsoil water

➔ Chemicals of fertilisers when it is drained out of field can cause pollution

➔ Seepage of water from canals causes water logging and salinity

➔ Water from dams in canals can be deposited

➔ Silt in fields making them less reproductive

Types of farming

Subsistence/ Small Scale Farming

➔ It is small scale farming

➔ Most of the inputs are natural so output varies depending on climatic conditions

➔ A farmer works with his family, sometimes labour is hired at low wages

➔ Traditional methods are used due to lack of capital to invest

➔ He uses desi seeds, natural manure, old methods of irrigation and sometimes depends
on rain

➔ The output is low which is consumed by farmer and his family

➔ Any surplus is a bonus not an expectation, sold to small shops in village

➔ He then buys some animals such as goats, sheep, etc; or repairs his house

➔ Sometimes he buys fertilisers, sprays, high yield seeds or a machine

➔ Many farms in all provinces are subsistence farms

➔ 34% of these farms are less than 5 hectares so farmer needs to supplement his income
from

other sources e.g. carpenter, blacksmith, cobbler

- Processes

➔ Ploughing by Bullocks

➔ Sowing by Labor

➔ Irrigation by Traditional methods

➔ Fertilising by Natural Manure

➔ Weeding by Labor

➔ Threshing by Labor

- Problems of small size of farm

➔ Problems for inheritance to be divided among sons

➔ No research work can take place

➔ More capital is not present, No machine can be used

➔ Output is very low, Sometimes it leads to unemployment

Livestock/ Pastoral Farming

➔ It is the farming in which animals are kept on a small scale or large scale

➔ Such as goats, sheep, cattle, camels, mules, etc

➔ Every village have its grazing field shamilat where animals graze

➔ It constitutes an important part of rural life

➔ In subsistence farms animals are consumed by owners

➔ In commercial farms animals are reared for sale or obtaining of goods

➔ Livestock contribution to the national GDP is higher than that of the crops

➔ Pakistan is world’s fifth largest producer of milk

- Importance of livestock farming

➔ Animals act as draught power in farming processes and transportation of material

➔ Livestock is a food source providing with milk, egg, chicken, meat etc

➔ Livestock products act as raw materials for domestic industries

➔ Livestock product forms 13% of our exports

➔ They contribute to 10% of our GDP

Large Scale/ Cash Crop Farming

➔ Agricultural crops are grown for sale

➔ Crops are selected on basis of demand, yield and favourable government policies to
maximise

their profit
➔ To achieve it he uses more capital, practices on a large area of land, has machines,
modern

facilities, fertilisers, high yield seeds, sprays and extra labour is employed

➔ Output is large and stored in large warehouses

➔ It is then sold in market to earn profit which is reinvested in crops

- Processes

➔ Ploughing by Tractors

➔ Sowing by Machines

➔ Irrigation by Modern Methods

➔ Fertilising by Chemical Fertilisers

➔ Weeding by Labour

➔ Threshing by Thresher

➔ Harvesting by Harvester

Main Crops

Wheat

➔ Wheat is a rabi crop

➔ It is used in manufacture of bread and a variety of baked products

➔ Canal irrigated areas of sindh and punjab are major region of growth
➔ Government have taken measures to increase wheat production such as support price,

improved irrigation but still pakistan is not self su icient in wheat because:

● Population is increasing rapidly

● Cultivable land is decreasing due to water logging and salinity

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Moderate rainfall, about 1000 mm

➔ Temperature 10⁰C - 20⁰C at the time of growing and warm 25⁰C -35⁰C for ripening

➔ A little rain before the harvest swells the grain

➔ Irrigation bridges the rainfall gap

➔ It is also grown in Barani lands. ( Rainfed regions, Potwar and NWFP areas)

➔ Sti loamy or clayey soil rich in alluvium

➔ Flat and undulating land is required

- HYV Seeds

➔ Maxipak, Kohson 95, Shahkhan 95 , Wadnak 95

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Multan, Gujrat, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Okara

➔ Sindh: Larkhana, Thar, Sukkur

➔ NWFP: Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan, Bannu

➔ Not grown in Balochistan

- Cultivation

➔ In Oct-Dec after ploughing the field, wheat seeds are sown directly into the ground

➔ Most of the farmers irrigate land twice

➔ First irrigation, one month after sowing

➔ Second irrigation one month before harvesting

➔ Harvested after three months, which is labour intensive

➔ Cha is separated from grain, which is used for feed and mix it with mud to make storage
hut

➔ Grain is stored for family consumption or sale

- Importance

➔ Wheat is a staple food. Its demand is increasing with the increasing population

➔ Low grade by-products of flour are used as feed for livestock

➔ Wheat, when growth in surplus is exported to earn foreign exchange

- Problems

➔ When the crop output is low, it is imported

➔ Most parts of Pakistan where wheat is grown, are facing water logging and salinity crisis

- Barani farming

➔ Wheat is cultivated in subsistence barani farms of Potwar plateau and KPK

➔ Due to lack of irrigation facilities the process is adjusted according to seasonal rainfall

➔ When the rains arrive or are about to arrive, the land is ploughed so it becomes soft

➔ Immediately after the rain, the seeds are sown and the periodic cycle of sunny weather
in

between light rainy days continues till the harvest

➔ Within the growing period ploughing is done (to remove weeds), if pesticides and
fertilisers are available then they are added otherwise cow dung is used

➔ Lastly the harvest season must be sunny and dry

Rice

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ It is used with wheat as a major food product

➔ Rice is a major export of Pakistan therefore grown on large scale in sindh and punjab

➔ Subsistence farming of rice is practised in northern areas on terraced field

➔ Development of irrigational facilities have increased the area under rice cultivation

➔ Pakistan is emerging as major exporter of high quality basmati rice over years

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Sialkot, Kasur, Okara, Gujrat

➔ Sindh: Badin, Larkana, Dadu, Thatta

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Levelled land for easy irrigation

➔ Loamy and clayey (impervious soil) for retention of water

➔ 20⁰C to 30⁰C with no cold season

➔ Warm dry period for harvesting

➔ Humid Season

➔ Rainfall - 2000mm

➔ Heavy shower (Monsoonal rain)

➔ Dry sunny weather at harvesting time

- HYV Seeds

➔ Irri pak

➔ Basmati

➔ Pajhal

➔ Super

➔ Rachna

- Cultivation

➔ Seeds are sown in nurseries

➔ When it is 9 inches high, it is transplanted into a prepared field

➔ Then it is flooded with 30-37 cm of water

➔ Water is kept for growing

➔ It is drained before harvesting and threshing is done in Oct-Nov

➔ Rice is polished and packed in rice mills

- By-products

➔ Rice husks are used for making cardboards or covering roofs of houses after mixing it
with

mud

➔ For livestock

Cotton

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ King of Fibre

➔ Most widely used textile fibre in Pakistan

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Level Land

➔ Temperature - 25⁰C to 35⁰C. Mild at night.

➔ Harvested during summer days and dry weather

➔ It is sensitive to frost

➔ Rainfall - 1000mm. Irrigation usually bridges the gap

➔ Rain at picking spoils the balls but high showers before harvesting swells the bolls

➔ Medium loamy soil with Natural fertilisers or manure are used

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, D.G Khan, Multan, Kasur

➔ Sindh: Nawabshah, Sanghar, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Badin

➔ Not grown in NWFP and Balochistan but Lasbela of Balochistan is being prepared for
cotton cultivation

- HYV Seeds

➔ Nayyab 76

➔ Sarmart Qalandari

➔ B-557

➔ 149-F

- Cultivation

➔ Sown at a distance apart of 30 cm to 45 cm in April-May

➔ One month later fields are irrigated

➔ Second irrigation takes place after a further two months

➔ Cotton ball ripen in dry months of Oct and Nov

➔ Plant reaches a height of up to 135 cm-150 cm

➔ After picking cotton balls are loaded onto trucks

- What harms the cotton crop

➔ Greatly a ected by rise in day and night temperature changes

➔ Leaf curl virus

➔ Fruit shedding

- By-products

➔ Cotton seeds, separated from lint, a flu y mass of fibres inside cotton balls

➔ Cotton seeds are used as animal feed and for the extraction of oil

Sugar Cane

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ Used to make sugar, brown sugar and gur

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Soil should be Loamy, Clayey with silt, nitrogen, phosphorus/ potash fertiliser

➔ 1520mm of rain, irrigation bridges the rainfall gap

➔ Requires temperature from 25⁰C -35⁰C

➔ Tolerant to frost for a short period

- HYV Seeds

➔ JN-88

➔ Thatta-10

- Cultivation

➔ 30cm stalks are planted in April - May

➔ Distance is 30 cm between the stalks, a good plant yield size is 6 to 7.3 feet

➔ Crop can be ratooned and harvested for 2-3 consecutive years

➔ A ratoon is left when it is cut. It is cut by manual labour

➔ Sugar cane is immediately transported as it loses the sugar content after harvesting. It is

bulky and expensive to transport

➔ Sugar cane is first scrubbed (cleaned) with chalk to remove the dirt which forms the
compost (fertiliser)
➔ The cane is crushed and juice is processed to make gur, sugar etc

- By-products

➔ Molasses is used to make chemicals. It is used for citric acid, cattle food, baker's yeast,

synthetic rubber

➔ Bagasse is a fibre used to make paper, chipboard, and animal feed.

➔ It is also used as a fuel to generate electricity in sugar-mills

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Vehari, Bahawalpur, Sargodha, Gujrat, Khanewal

➔ NWFP: Swabi, Peshawar, Charsadda

➔ Sindh: Thar, Badin, Thatta, Naushero Firoz

Tobacco

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ KPK accounts for 60% of the production

➔ Export varieties are grown in fertile soil with irrigational facilities

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Multan, Jhang, Sialkot, Lahore, Kasur

➔ NWFP: Charsadda, Mardan, Swabi, Nowshera

➔ Balochistan: Zhob, Pishin, Qilla Saifullah

➔ Sindh: Khairpur, Ghotki, Shikarpur, Naushero Firoz

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Light and sandy soil, rich in potash, Lime, magnesium and Humus / Level land

➔ Frost is unbearable

➔ Warm days and cool nights

➔ Temperature: 10⁰C - 26⁰C

➔ Rainfall: 20-30 inches

- HYV Seeds

➔ Virginia

➔ Nicotiana Tabacum

➔ Nicotiana Rustica

- Cultivation

➔ It is grown in nursery until 4-5 leaves are grown

➔ It is transplanted in furrows 3 - 3.5 feet apart

➔ 7 - 10 days interval irrigation is practised

Maize

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ It is a food grain used for edible oil

➔ Corn flour, custard powder is made from it

➔ Waste for animal fodder

➔ It is grown in central Punjab and central parts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

- Geographical Requirements
➔ 35⁰C temperature

➔ Level Land

➔ It needs well drained deep alluvial and porous soils

➔ It is very intolerant to frost and needs moderate rainfall about 500 mm well distributed

throughout growth

Pulses

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ They are Low value crops so very less care is taken

➔ Pulses fix nitrogen in the soil

➔ Important pulses are: mung, mash, gram, masoor

- Areas

➔ Punjab: Bannu - Bhakkar, Jhang, Rawalpindi, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Leiah, Dera, Bugti,

Rahimyaar Khan, Sialkot

➔ Sindh: Larkana, Dadu, Sukkur, Jacobabad, Shikarpur

- Geographical Requirements

➔ Require high temperatures at 35⁰C but are highly susceptible to frost

➔ 50-500mm rainfall

➔ Grown on Salty Soil

Millets

➔ It is a kharif crop

➔ Coarse Cereals

➔ Jowar and Bajra are two millets

➔ Fodder for Animals

➔ Food crop

- Geographical Requirements
➔ 30⁰C - 35⁰C Temperature

➔ Drought resistant

➔ Sandy Soil

➔ Sensitive to frost

- Areas

➔ Tharparkar, Kohat, Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Sargodha, Dera Ghazi Khan and
Bahawalpur

Fruits

➔ Within 20 years the fruit production has increased

➔ Grown in many parts of Pakistan

➔ Sold at market and as export

➔ Peaches and Pears in Quetta, Kalat, Mardan, Kasur, Khushab

➔ Grapes and Pomegranate in Balochistan

➔ Plums and Almonds in Balochistan

- Citrus fruits

➔ Grown in:

● Punjab: Sargodha, Faisalabad, Y.T Singh, Okara, Sahiwal, Khanewal

● Sindh: Naushero Firoz, Khairpur

● Balochistan: Turbat, Nasirabad

● NWFP: Nowshera, Haripur, Swat, Dir, Malakand

➔ They grow in tropical or subtropical climate with hot summers and moderate rainfall

➔ They are also sensitive to frost and strong winds

- Mango

➔ Grown in:

● Punjab: Bahawalpur, Okara, Vehari, Faisalabad, Jhang

● Sindh: Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Badir, Hyderabad

➔ Mango requires a wet hot summer season with rainfall around 250mm

➔ This needs to be followed by a long dry winter

➔ Dry winter means that the plant is less susceptible to attacks by fungus etc

➔ It needs deep well drained loamy soil

- Banana

➔ Grown in:

● Punjab: Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Faisalabad, RYK

● Sindh: Khairpur, Nawabshah, Badin Thatta, Hyderabad

● Balochistan: Lasbela

● NWFP: Bannu

➔ They require a hot dry season lasting for around 2-3 months, with a mean rainfall of
around 10

cm

➔ Bananas are very sensitive to frosts, which can suspend maturity or even kill the plant

➔ They are also very vulnerable to strong winds, which damage the fruit etc

➔ They require well drained alluvial soils

- Apples

➔ Grown in:

● Punjab: Rawalpindi

● NWFP: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Swat, Dir, Chitral

● Balochistan: Quetta, Pishin, Loralai, Sibi, Ziarat, Kalat, Kharan

➔ Apples are solely grown in northern Balochistan

➔ They have the highest requirement of chilling units in fruits

➔ Winters must be cold to allow for proper dormancy

➔ These must be followed by rains during the growing season

- Apricots

➔ Apricots are grown mainly in areas of mid-northern Balochistan

➔ Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of Apricots

➔ The apricots need to fulfil chilling units, meaning that they must be exposed to cold for a

certain period of time

➔ Winters must be cold (but not colder than -30°C) to allow for proper dormancy

➔ Dry weather must exist at the time of maturity/harvest

➔ It is important that there should be no sudden and dramatic change in temperatures in

spring

which kills the flowers

➔ Apricots grown in well drained soils with PH around 6.5

- Dates

➔ Dates are grown in parts of Balochistan and in parts of Tharparkar desert (southern
Punjab

and eastern Sindh)

➔ It needs long hot summers with high day and night temperatures

➔ It can tolerate fluctuations in temperature whether cold or hot

➔ Mild winters and a dry sunny time for harvest is also required

➔ They can grow in salty soils but they must be well drained

- Vegetables

➔ Pakistan produces almost all of the Rabi and Kharif Vegetables at a Large Amount

➔ Potatoes and tomatoes are produced at the largest amount

➔ Punjab is the Largest Vegetable producing province, followed by NWPF, Balochistan and
lastly

Sindh
➔ The major condiments and spices grown in Pakistan are onions, garlic, chillies,
coriander,

ginger, turmeric

➔ Onions and Coriander are grown in winter (Rabi crops) while the rest of them are grown
in

summers (Kharif crop)

- Fodder crops

➔ Livestock is a main sector of agriculture and a source of income for farmers

➔ For the fodder requirements of animals various fodder crops are grown within irrigated
area of

all provinces during Rabi and Kharif seasons

➔ The most important fodder crops include Maize, Bajra, Jowar, Sorghum, Berseem,
Increrne,

Shaftal and oats

➔ Most of these oats are useful in improving the texture of oil and increasing nitrogen
content

- Oil seeds

➔ 32% of the demand for edible oil is met through local productions while 68% is imported

➔ Sunflower, soya been, rapeseed, mustard, sarson, sai, sesame, linseed and castor oil
seeds are

used to extract edible oil

➔ Fat is an essential need of the human body and its requirement is met with the help of
animal

fat and oil seeds. Pakistan is deficient in both sources

➔ In Pakistan, there are two types of Oil Seed crops:

➔ Traditional Oil Seeds: Like rapeseed, mustard, groundnut, sesame, linseed, cotton seed
and

castor seed
➔ Non-traditional Oil Seeds: Like Sunflower, Soya bean, Sesame

➔ Sunflower is grown in both spring and autumn, while cotton is grown during the winters
and harvest in summers

➔ Coconut and oil palm are grown on the coastal belt of Karachi, while olives grow in Qilla

Safiullah (Balochistan), Parachinar in NWFP and Potwar in Punjab

➔ Among imported oils, palm oil and soyabean are currently the largest imports. Linseed
and castor oil seeds are not edible oil seeds and thus are used in Industries

➔ Government has increased the support prices of oil seed crops in order to encourage
the farmers to increase their production

➔ Oilseeds usually require average temperatures varying from 20-30°C

➔ It must also be noted that high temperatures can hamper or delay growth and that frost
kills the plants

➔ Oilseeds are tolerant to drought for some periods and require well drained deep alluvial
soils

➔ They are grown in southern parts of Punjab and eastern parts of Sindh, along with some

northern parts of Punjab

Livestock Farming

➔ It is a rising sector in Pakistan

➔ They contribute to 36% to our economy and 9% to the GDP

➔ Livestock constitutes an important part of rural life because:

● Cows and Bu aloes are a source of milk and meat

● Sheep and goats are reared for meat, wool and skin

● Hens provide meat and eggs

● Camels, mules are used for transport

● Bullocks are used for animal power, especially drought power in Persian wheel

● OX for ploughing of fields

● Bullocks, OX to carry the bulk on the cart

● The hides, skins and wool are a source of agro based industries

● Cow dung or other animal waste is helpful for natural manure

● Biogas is produced by cow dung

➔ Cattle: found in Balochistan and Thal deserts

➔ Bu aloes: Nilibar, Kundi and Ravi. Found mostly in Punjab and Sindh

➔ Sheep and goats: found in NWFP, Northern Areas, Balochistan, Thal, Thar, and
Cholistan

deserts.

➔ Poultry: found in every province of Pakistan

- Problems faced by Livestock Farming

➔ Grazing unirrigated fields causes soil erosion

➔ Lack of grazing grounds lead to overgrazing

➔ Few veterinary hospitals and vaccination facilities

➔ Unhygienic conditions in animal husbandry lead to unhealthy animals

➔ Primitive breeding methods result in low quality animals

➔ Insu icient breeding for quality

➔ Inadequate facilities for storage of meat

➔ Gap in price of livestock products in rural and urban areas

➔ High prices of animal feed. Di icult to keep in cities near their market

➔ Insu icient marketing system of milk and other products leads to less profit and low

investment in inputs

- Development ideas

➔ Selective breeding and crossbreeding for better quality animals

➔ Programs to fatten cows for milk and meat

➔ Control of disease and better animal husbandry practices

➔ Improvement in vaccination facilities

➔ Improvement in livestock research farms

➔ Cultivation of fodder crops to turn agricultural land into grazing fields

- Government Measures

➔ Develop a plant protection program

➔ Distribution of improved seeds

➔ Provide financial support

➔ Provide service and advice

➔ Loans for farm machinery on easy instalments

➔ Irrigational water to be provided

➔ Increase the use of fertilisers

➔ Awareness of modern methods and technology

Types of Livestock Farming

- Nomadic

➔ The farmers moves from one place to another with his animals in search of fodder, water
and

shelter

➔ Once they find these resources and settle over there and utilise their resources

➔ They move to another place so that’s why they keep on moving in search of new pastures

➔ They hardly return to the old pastures unless rainfall takes place for new pastures to
grow

➔ The area in which they graze have very poor pastures because of extreme arid conditions

➔ They keep sheep, camels and goats because they can survive in arid conditions and
survive in

poor pastures

- Settled
➔ It is mostly practised in the villages of Punjab and Sindh

➔ Proper farms are made where fodder rooms are present, milking, packing and breeding
takes place

➔ Excess milk is converted to ghee, butter and cheese

➔ Hens are also kept to get eggs

- Semi Nomadic/ Transhumance

➔ Animals are kept on pastures high up in the mountains in summers

➔ They are brought down to the lower pastures in lowlands during the winter season

➔ When the season is feasible for animals, the farmers return back to their highlands

➔ In winter highland pastures are covered with snow and water sources also freezes so
that’s why they move to valleys where temperatures are suitable for them to survive and
water pastures are available

➔ Sometimes they move to the village market to sell their surplus such as animals, wools,
skin and milk

➔ They are mainly found in Northern mountain and western highlands

➔ They keep sheep, goat, cattle, yak as these animals can adapt in highland climate and

mountainous topography

Subsistence Livestock Farming

- Inputs

➔ Natural grazing fields for Fodder

➔ Open land

➔ Labour is family

➔ Water from ponds or lakes for drinking

- Processes

➔ Natural breeding

➔ Feeding
➔ Milking Manually

➔ Shearing of Wool

➔ Gathering Hides

- Output

➔ Milk

➔ Meat

➔ Wool

➔ Eggs

➔ Consumed by the family

Commercial Livestock Farming

- Inputs

➔ Farms with animal sheds, ponds and fodder rooms

➔ Specialised labour

➔ Storage and processing facilities

➔ Veterinary facilities

➔ Processed fodder with important nutrients

- Processes

➔ Feeding

➔ Breeding

➔ Milking by Machines

➔ Extracting hides and wool

➔ Preserving with refrigerating facilities

➔ Packing

- Outputs
➔ Milk

➔ Eggs

➔ Meat

➔ Hides

➔ The profit earned is then invested back into inputs.

Livestock Animals

- Bu aloes

➔ Bu aloes are found mostly in canal fed areas of Pakistan, especially the doab between
Ravi

and Sutlej

➔ The Nilli-Ravi breed is found in Punjab, which is known for its high milk production

➔ In Sindh, Kundi breed is found along both banks of Indus but mostly in Northern and
central

Sindh.

➔ Other breeds are found in areas of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

➔ Presence of water is very important as this animal needs to cool itself by smearing mud
on its

body.

➔ Water is also used for drinking and for cleaning the farm etc

➔ A lot of fodder is also required (which becomes expensive to buy in nonagricultural

areas) and

thus bu aloes are not found in Balochistan as this would be too uneconomical

➔ Bu aloes are considered to be black gold of Pakistan because the milk they produce
has a

higher fat content than that of cows and goats etc

➔ At present, bu aloes provide almost 70% of the milk produced in Pakistan

➔ Their meat is white and desirable due to the low cholesterol level as compared to cow’s
meat

- Cattles

➔ Important cattle breeds are Red Sindhi and Sahiwali, which are internationally
recognized for their milk production

➔ Another important Breeds are bhagnari (Imp for draft power found in Punjab and sindh),

Dhani (Important for draft power found in [Link])

➔ Cattle are spread in Northern, central and Southern Punjab

➔ In Sindh mainly in areas of Tharparkar desert

➔ In Balochistan they are found in the district of Hab and in North Central parts of

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

➔ The yield of dairy animals in Pakistan is around 1/5 to 1/7 as to what yields are achieved
in Europe and the United States of America

➔ If our yields can be improved this can save us from import of milk and related products,
which costs around 20 million dollars annually

- Sheeps

➔ Sheep are mostly found in rugged areas of Northern Balochistan, GilgitBaltistan,

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and parts of Southern Punjab

➔ Sheep can survive both hot and cold seasons, and feed on shrubs and grasses

➔ These adaptabilities make them vital for people living in these areas for meat, milk,
wool, bones etc

- Goats

➔ Goats have a much wider distribution than sheep in Pakistan

➔ They are found in almost all of Punjab, Eastern and Southern Sindh, Makran coast and
central Balochistan and districts of Peshawar and Mardan in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

➔ Goats are also very adaptable like sheep but since their meat and milk is preferred over
sheep;
to satisfy this demand they are reared in larger numbers as compared to sheep

- Poultry Farming

➔ Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and
geese, as a subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for
food

➔ In Pakistan, most poultry farming consists of chicken

➔ Poultry farms are mostly found around dense centres of population (Karachi, Quetta,
and Lahore) and cooler areas (Murree, Abbottabad)

➔ Nearness to population centres reduces cost of transportation and cooler areas are
preferred for optimal growth of chickens

Land Reforms

➔ Introduced in 1959, 1972 and 1977

➔ It could not be properly achieved as the landlords did not show their actual holdings but
the land that was under full government control was given to tenants and the production
increased thrice

- Aims

➔ Breaking the hold of landlords

➔ Equitable distribution of land

➔ Protection of rights and women

➔ Consolidation of holidays

Sustainable Development With Agriculture

➔ The problems of water logging and salinity must be addressed properly to protect the

cultivable land through various schemes

➔ Government and private institutions must develop new, highly productive and
environmentally sustainable production technologies as a system

➔ Soil management through a orestation projects is another measure to maintain the

fertility of soil by improving its organic contents
➔ Over-cropping or multi-cropping should not be allowed

➔ To avoid soil erosion, forests should not be cut

➔ Organic farming which stimulates bacteria in the soil act as natural nutrients for the

fertilisation of soil. It improves fertility and productivity

➔ Irrigational technologies must be used to reclaim the defects

➔ Avoid poor farming methods

Industrial Development
➔ RAW MATERIAL: Raw materials are the basic commodity from which finished goods are

made

➔ REFINED: The goods from which unwanted elements or materials have been removed
by processing

➔ PROCESSED: Goods on which series of mechanical or chemical operations have been

performed in order to change or preserve them

➔ MANUFACTURED: Goods produced on a large scale by the use of machinery

➔ VALUE ADDED: Basic Goods that have features added for which the buyer is prepared to
pay extra

➔ INFRASTRUCTURE: The basic physical and organisational structures and facilities (e.g.

buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

➔ SERVICES: The action of helping or doing work for someone

Industry

➔ An industry refers to a specific sector of economic activity that involves the production
of goods or the provision of services

➔ It forms the backbone of a country’s economy

➔ Industries can be classified into three main types: Primary industry, Secondary industry
and Tertiary industry
- Primary Industry

➔ Primary industry involves collecting or extracting raw materials provided by nature

through fishing,agriculture,forestry,mining and drilling

➔ For example, mining industry acquiring metallic and non metallic minerals from ground
and wood industry logging timber

- Secondary Industry

➔ It is concerned with transforming materials provided by the primary industry into

products more directly useful to people

➔ It is mainly based on two activities: processing and manufacturing

➔ Ginning of cotton to form raw cotton is processing while production of thread from

raw cotton is manufacturing

➔ On the basis of size secondary industries can be further classified into: cottage,

small scale and large scale industry

- Cottage Industry

➔ Small industrial units in which owner and family members are employed

They are labour intensive with no hired labour and little or no use of machinery or modern

technology

➔ Fixed assets does not exceed the value of 1-2 lakh

➔ Local skills along with locally available raw materials are utilised

➔ Electricity may or may not be used as a source of power

➔ They include handicrafts, handmade leather goods, carpentry, pottery, embroidery,

hand-woven rugs and shawls etc

- Small Scale Industry

➔ They are organised into firms or companies which may operate factories, workshops or
plants

➔ Their fixed assets don’t exceed 10 million rupees, excluding land, loan and building
➔ Apart from family 10-50 hired workers can also be employed

➔ They are labour intensive with limited use of machinery and modern technology

➔ Some of the raw materials may be brought from nearby cities

➔ Products of small scale industries in Pakistan include sport goods, surgical instruments
and carpets

- Large Scale Industry

➔ They have no limit of investment made or workers employed

➔ They have high capital investment that usually exceeds 100 million rupees

➔ These industries ideally employ more than 300 works

➔ Large areas of land are required

➔ They use many machines and the products are produced in large amounts

➔ Through automation and standardised mass production they have much higher

output per work

- Tertiary Industry

➔ It is based on provision of services

➔ Such as storage or warehousing, health, education, banking, transport and

communications

etc

➔ Tourism have become the world’s fastest growing service industry

Factors a ecting Industrial location & development site requirements

- Land

➔ The land should be cheap to attract investors

➔ It should be of larger than the required size to allow expansion of business

➔ It should be levelled and well drained to avoid flooding in heavy rainfalls

- Raw Material
➔ Large amount of cheap raw materials should be available near the factory to reduce

transportation costs which adds to increased profits

➔ The supply of raw material should be stable to allow provision of raw material during
high demands, this builds up the image of company as a reliable source and increases
sales

- Labour

➔ Industries need skilled labour for operating machines and managerial work while
unskilled labour for labour intensive tasks

➔ Huge amount of labour with necessary skills should be available nearby to remove costs
of housing and transportation

➔ This also reduce wages of labour for minimum manufacturing cost and maximum profit

- Transport & Communication

➔ Natural routes of sea or road or infrastructure facilities should be present for quick and
easy transportation of raw materials and products

➔ Transportation charges are also minimised to increase profit

➔ Cheap communication services must be available. These link the customer and the
producer, which is essential to the success of a business

- Power supply

➔ Industries should be near power sources such as thermal power stations or solar or
windmill

fields to reduce wastage of electricity and per unit cost of making products for more profit

➔ Source of power should be reliable to avoid wastage of working hours and damage of

machines so that more product is manufactured

- Capital

➔ Capital is the wealth or funds invested for development of an industry

➔ Cheap (interest free loans are the best) sources of capital are available from either the
state or private banks. This will allow the business to invest in fixed assets etc
➔ These include land, telecommunications, power/gas/water supply (cleaning, cooling,
drinking

etc) and machinery (cheaper than labour, more accurate, quick and study)

- Market access

➔ A market with huge demand should be present nearby the site for sale of manufactured
goods

➔ Nearby market allows cheapest mode of transport for edible, bulky and perishable
goods

which reduces the cost of transportation

➔ If a large market is present, then the company can make bigger profits due to economies
of scale

- Government policies

➔ The government have an important role in development of industries, it forms industrial

laws and taxation policies

➔ The government o ers incentives and infrastructural facilities which attract

industrialists to set up industries

➔ It also builds industrial states and export processing zones to build industries on a larger
scale

Principal Factory Industries in Pakistan

➔ In the past 50 years Pakistan has transformed from agrarian economy to semi industrial
state with several industries producing consumer goods

Cotton Textile Industry

➔ It is pakistan's largest industry

➔ It provides employment to 50% of industrial force and 40% of country’s labour force

➔ Pakistan is world's fourth largest producer of cotton and third largest consumer

➔ It is third largest exporter of raw cotton and second largest of cotton yarn

➔ Cotton and cotton products contribute to 10% to GDP and 55% to foreign exchange
earnings
of Pakistan

➔ Karachi, Hyderabad and Faisalabad are the main centres of cotton textile industry

➔ Raw cotton and cotton products are all exported to many countries as well as being
consumed domestically

➔ Main products of the industry are cotton yarn, towels, hosiery, canvas and apparels

➔ Most of the cotton cloth is exported as it’s su icient to meet local demand

➔ The government has introduced various incentives to enhance the supply of raw cotton
and competitiveness of textile industry
- Why cotton is the most demanding fabric

➔ Controls moisture by absorbing liquids and removing from skin

➔ Provides insulation to body

➔ It is hypoallergenic preventing skin allergies

➔ Cotton has high tensile strength making it strong and durable

➔ Cotton clothing is strong and stretchable making it comfortable

- Processing of cotton

➔ The cotton crop is harvested

➔ The cotton seed is sent of ginning mills where it is dried and cleaned

➔ Ginning occurs that is separation of lint from seed by rotating saws

➔ The lint is packed into bales, quality of lint determine its price

➔ The bales are sent to textile mills

➔ Spinning occurs where fibres from di erent bales are twisted and turned together by
computer

controlled machines to achieve uniform thickness of fibre etc. This produces yarn

➔ Weaving takes place as di erent yarns are interlaced to make cloth which is also
automated

➔ The cloth is then cleaned, immersed in chemicals to enhance finishing and increase its
price. Loose threads are also removed

➔ Sheets, pillow cases, shirts, bed lining etc all are made from this finished cotton cloth

- By products

➔ Cotton seeds are the by-products sent to the Vegetable and Ghee industry

➔ pakistan is third largest producer of cotton seed

➔ They are washed and then passed through rollers. Thus, cotton seed oil is expelled
leaving behind the cotton seed cake

➔ The oil is used to make cooking oil or margarine etc

➔ The cake is used for dairy animal feed or even as fertiliser for crops

- Reasons for most cotton textile Industries to be located at:

➔ Karachi:

● It is near port so facilitates cheap transport of imported machinery and cotton goods

for exporting

● Power supplied by karachi nuclear power plant, korangi and bin qasim thermal power

station

● All type of labour is available at cheap wages due to competition

● Linked to the rest of the country by e icient transport system

● Large domestic market for cotton clothes as it is comfortable to wear in hot and humid

climate of karachi

● Karachi have EPZ to attract investors

➔ Faisalabad:

● It is located near to the cotton belt of pakistan

● Large labour force available in thickly populated province of Punjab

● Huge local market due to high population density of pakistan

● Development of infrastructure such as dry port for cotton industries

● Su icient water supply from river Jhelum

➔ Hyderabad:

● It is located near the cotton growing regions of lower sindh

● It is connected to port city Karachi by M-9 for cheap transport of machines and cotton

goods

● It has well-developed infrastructure and large labour force

● Large local market for cotton goods in sindh

- Importance of Cotton textile Industry in Pakistan

➔ Textile products form 60% of total exports

➔ Cotton textiles are value added products earning more than raw cotton

➔ It makes use of local raw materials reducing the dependency on imports

➔ Cheap skilled and unskilled labour is available for work in factories

➔ Cotton products are produced on large scale that reduces the cost per unit

- Problems of Cotton Textile Industry

➔ Strong competition from south korea, egypt, taiwan, hong kong, thailand

➔ Restriction in international markets due to child labour and environmental issues which
reduce exports

➔ It needs further modernization to sustain it in international market

➔ Shortage of raw materials due to diseases like leaf curl virus or environmental changes
like frequent rains and flooding

➔ Frequent changes in government policies lower the confidence of investors

Sugar Industry

➔ Sugar industry is one of the vital industries

➔ Sugar production is the second biggest agro-based industry

➔ It provides employment to around 1.20 million people especially in rural areas

➔ Sugar cane is a cash crop and raw material for not only sugar but other by-products too

➔ Pakistan is fifth largest sugar producer in world

➔ The products of sugar mills are Gur, brown sugar and white sugar

➔ Most of the sugar mills are located near the sugarcane belt in Sindh, Punjab with some
in

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

➔ There are no sugar mills in balochistan because it have no sugarcane fields

➔ Sugar mills should be near to the sugarcane fields because:

● Sugarcane start losing its sugar content as soon as it is harvested so it needs to be

crushed immediately

● Sugar cane s bulky and heavy so it’s transportation is expensive

➔ The processed food sector such as candy,ice cream and soft drink manufacture
account for

60% consumption of domestic sugar

➔ Despite growth in industry pakistan is still not self su icient in sugar

- Stages of Sugar production

➔ Sugarcane is harvested. The cane is cut and tied in bundles and is quickly transported to
sugar mills

➔ Then the cane is washed and rocks etc are removed. Chalk is scrubbed to remove dirt
and smell

➔ It is crushed by passing through rollers to extract juice

➔ The fibrous thing left behind is known as bagasse

➔ The juice is refined in which any scum that collects on top is removed and impurities
filtered from a fine mesh

➔ The juice (excluding impurities) is heated to 70°C to evaporate water and increase sugar

percentage. This process is repeated until colour changes from thin yellow to dark brown to

form sugar syrup

➔ On cooling, more sugar crystallised from the syrup

➔ This thick liquid is spun in a centrifuge to separate the white sugar crystals from the
brown syrup

➔ The syrup is returned to the boiling station and boiled again until there is no more sugar
left to extract

➔ The remaining product is called molasses. It has a low sugar content and further
extraction of sugar from it is uneconomic

➔ The crystals are dried and packed for distribution and sale

- By Products

➔ Bagasse is used as fuel in sugar mills. It produces su icient heat energy to supply all the
needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare which is sold

➔ It is used to make chipboard, paper and animal feed whereby mixed with molasses

➔ Molasses is also used for making yeast and spirits

➔ It is also used to manufacture various types of acids in chemical industries

Fertilisers Industry

➔ A fertiliser is a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility

➔ Fertilisers are very important for increasing agricultural production, thus Fertiliser
industry is vital to pakistan’s agro-based economy

➔ Large commercial farms need chemical fertilisers to increase their yield for production
of more raw materials to earn more profit

➔ After green revolution in 1960s chemical fertilisers have considerably increased

➔ Although production of fertilisers have increased it is still short of demand and large
quantity needs to be imported from middle east which is a burden on our foreign reserves

➔ Major fertiliser industries are at Faisalabad, Daud khel, Haripur and Dharki

➔ Most of the factories are located in Punjab to meet the demands of the growing
population there

➔ A gas pipeline network exists in Punjab

➔ Di erent type of fertilisers require di erent raw materials such as nitrogen, hydrogen,

phosphorous, gypsum etc but natural gas is the main raw material as after discovery of it in

Pakistan it is used as a source of fuel

➔ Fertiliser industry is second largest consumer of natural gas in pakistan

➔ Nitrogenous fertilisers make up 92% of total production as soil is deficient in organic

matter

➔ Pakistan needs to set up more fertiliser industries because local production results in
cheaper fertilisers as costs of transport are far lower, import bill would be reduced and that

employment is generated in local factories

➔ Following are the fertiliser companies: Engro fertilisers company, Fauji fertiliser
company, Pak Arab fertiliser company, Fatima fertilisers company

- Why Pakistan need Fertilisers

➔ The use of HYV seeds has meant that to fulfil the increased nutrient requirement of
these crops
fertilisers must be applied

➔ The flow of the Indus River in the Indus Plains has decreased a lot recently due to dam

construction

➔ So the river doesn’t flood its banks much often and fresh alluvium is not laid much
around its banks. Thus, fertilisers are required to fill the deficiency of minerals in the soil

➔ Desert soils are now being used for growing crops (Thal desert), where the sand dunes
have been flattened and canals made

➔ But these desert soils are very porous, so the minerals are quickly leached out of the
topsoil. Thus more and more fertilisers are required

Cement Industry

➔ Cement is a binding material used in construction

➔ Cement is used to make factory walls, build walls of dams, line canals, build homes etc

➔ Structures made from cement and bricks are much more robust than structures made
from wood etc

➔ Cement is produced in large amounts in Pakistan because the raw materials required for

cement making are found in Pakistan in abundance at a cheap price

➔ Raw materials for making cement are limestone, clay and sand

➔ All of these are present in pakistan and the domestic market is also su iciently large

➔ These factories are located near to limestone sources as to limestone is bulky and
expensive to carry over long distances

➔ Pakistan utilises 70-75% of its production capacity

➔ Lucky cement industry set up the margin of exporting quality of cement

➔ UAE, Kuwait, Iraq are main focus for exports

➔ Pakistan is today among the top 20 producers and the top 5 exporters of cement

- Process of cement making

➔ Limestone, clay and sand enter a crusher, where they are compressed to the size of a
small rock
➔ Then this mixture is analysed in the labs and adjusted for proper percentage of di erent

components

➔ It is then grinded even finer into powdered form by wheel rollers

➔ It is then sent to the preheater tower and then kiln

➔ The kiln is a rotating drum which is attached to the preheating tower and slopes gently
towards the ground. At the end of kiln we have a heat source such as coal or natural gas

➔ 1700°C temperatures change the powder into a new substance called clinker, which is
in the form of pellets etc

➔ The clinker is then broken down into cement powder

➔ A small amount of gypsum is added to control the rate of setting of cement

Iron & Steel Industry

➔ Establishment of steel industry is considered to be a milestone on the road to

industrialisation

➔ After partition of east and west pakistan, there was a shortage of metal products for

production of consumer goods which were expensive to import

➔ Establishment of steel industry was now clearly essential for industrial development

➔ Thus, Pakistan Steel Mill Corporation with technical and financial assistance from USSR
built Pakistan Steel Mills at Pippri in 1973, which is 40 km east of Karachi on Gharo Creek
near Port Qasim

➔ Raw materials for steel industry are coke,manganese,iron ore, limestone and water

➔ They produce coke, pig iron, hot metal, rolled and cast billets, galvanised products and
raw steel

➔ Engineering and construction industries depend on Pakistan Steel’s products and

by-products as inputs

➔ It is the largest industrial unit in pakistan with two blast furnaces

➔ A large market for pakistan steel’s products is at karachi and at Taxila near Rawalpindi

as it have Heavy Mechanical Complex

➔ Heavy Mechanical Complex is the major heavy engineering centre of Pakistan which

has the capability for the designing and manufacturing of industrial plants and

machinery, which conform to international standards

➔ Pakistan is still not self-su icient in iron and steel production and still imports heavily
from other countries.

- Developing Steel Industry in Pakistan

- Reasons for Pakistan Steel Mill at Pippri

➔ Flat, cheap and unused land was available at Gharo Creek

➔ It is near to karachi-kotri railway, connected to main road system by metalled roads and
near Port Qasim which facilitate cheap transport

➔ Constant supply of energy as port qasim and Karachi have the highest energy generating

capacity of Pakistan

➔ Many industries that use steel products are located at Karachi

➔ Iron ore, manganese and coking coal is imported from Port Qasim

➔ Limestone is brought by road from Murli Hills near Thatta

➔ Large quantities of water is brought from Lake Haleji

➔ Skilled and unskilled labour is available locally from Karachi

- Process of Steel Making

➔ Coke, limestone and iron ore are put into a blast furnace

➔ Here the intense heat causes decomposition of the limestone

➔ The carbon monoxide gas is produced which reduces iron ore into molten pig iron
around 96% pure

➔ After further purification of the iron, carbon and other metals are added to form di erent

types of steel

➔ Steel solidifies and is ready to be used

Oil Refining Industry

➔ Fats and oils are important ingredients of our food

➔ In pakistan more than a dozen oil seed crops are grown to extract oil

➔ Oilseed production is on rise in Pakistan but it meets only 30% of local demand

➔ Edible oil is also imported besides oil seed for oil extraction

➔ Pakistan have very less natural reserves of crude oil

➔ Most of crude oil is imported, while very low quantities of refined oil is imported

➔ Pakistan imports the majority of its oil requirements

➔ They are refined at coastal refineries and sent inland for further processing

➔ Pakistan has 5 major Oil refineries

● Two are located at Karachi (Indus Refinery and Pakistan Refinery)

● One in Hab district of Balochistan (Khalifa Coastal Refinery)

● One in Attock (Attock Oil Refinery)

● And Mid-Country Oil refinery at Mehmood Kot

Formal & Informal Sectors of Pakistan

- Informal Sector of Industry

➔ Cottage industries hold an important position in rural setup making villages self
su icient in basic necessities of life

➔ Many families depend on cottage industries for their income

➔ Cottage industries have emerged as demands for hand woven carpets, embroidered
work, brassware and traditional bangles increase

➔ They also have good demand in international market

- Importance of Formal & Informal sectors

➔ Formal sector includes many local and multinational companies which are registered
with the government.

➔ Informal sector includes only local industrial units which are not registered with the

government

➔ They provide industrial goods to meet requirements of domestic market

➔ They generate employment opportunities in industrial sector

➔ The formal sector follow international standards and form standardised goods, which
favour industrial expansion in pakistan

➔ The informal sector utilise domestic raw materials thus no burden on imports

➔ Products of these sectors are imported to generate capital

➔ Informal sector don't require imported machinery and modern technology so it saves
foreign exchange reserves

➔ Informal sector provides low priced goods to people

- Di erence between formal & Informal Sector of Industry

Sporting Goods Industry

➔ Sialkot is the major focus of sporting goods production in the world

➔ It accounts for around 40% of world football production accounting for some $200
million exports annual
➔ In the sporting goods industry all products are made with first class design and perfect
quality according to international standards

➔ Raw materials are rubber, wood pulp, stitching thread and leather which could be local
or imported

➔ These enterprises are mostly financed through family savings

➔ Things like bats, hockeys etc all are made. These require wood, nails and polish/paint

➔ The sewing is mainly done in small workshops and final stages are completed in
factories working for foreign firms

➔ Due to the problem of child labour many European and American sports brands have
stopped orders to Sialkot and Pakistan in general

➔ Problems like loadshedding, many businesses have failed to meet their orders and thus
their reputation has been tarnished. This has caused huge financial losses to the industry

➔ Still most of sporting goods are exported due to modest local demand and high
international demand

Surgical Instruments Industry

➔ Surgical instruments manufacturing is located in the cities of Sialkot, Lahore and

ancillary areas

➔ These instruments are made mainly in small workshops which employ many thousands
of people

➔ The raw materials required for making surgical instruments are titanium, iron, chromium
and nickel

➔ The industry has transformed from a very small level and low technological base to a
highly sophisticated level

➔ Currently more than 95% of the instruments manufactured in sialkot are exported to
other countries

➔ The quality of these instruments is strictly monitored as pakistan enjoy meagre share of
1% of world exports of medical and and dental instruments

➔ Most of production is exported to countries like UK and Germany

➔ However, it must be noted that in western societies there has been a growing concern
about the use of child labour (unethical), exploited labour (low wage) and poor worker
conditions (poor sanitary conditions, hot environment) in which these instruments are
made

➔ This has forced some firms to stop orders from contractors in Pakistan

The Brick Kilns industry

➔ It is a crucial small-scale industry of Pakistan, it provides employment to people in rural

areas where agriculture is not enough to sustain all the people

➔ It is generally situated in desolate places away from the main cities and towns

➔ Bricks are still the preferred house construction material in most countries

➔ There are 6000 (estimated) brick kilns in Pakistan, its share in GDP is approximately 1.5
%. In kilns the working days are hardly 240 – 260 in a year. On rainy days there is no work

➔ Raw materials for brick kiln is clay and water with coal as source of power

➔ Suitable clay for bricks exist mainly in punjab and process is done by manual methods

- Process of brick making

➔ Raw clay along with 30% sand and water is manually mixed and put into rectangular
steel moulds, drying in sunlight

➔ They are compressed and then put into a brick kiln (in which raw bricks are baked or
burned) at around 900 degree celsius to give strength and to turn soft sticky clay into
permanent hard material

➔ After being moulded the bricks are left to dry

➔ Majority of bricks made are used locally for construction, canal lining etc

➔ They rely on intensive labour consisting of males, women and children.

➔ They get a very small amount to make 1000 katcha bricks

- Environmental Problems

➔ Brick industry is one of the pollutants hazardous for global environment and health of
people who inhabit areas near to brick kilns
➔ The trees are cut down in order to obtain wood required to burn bricks. This results in
heavy deforestation and it makes the soil infertile

➔ The waste is being dumped into rivers and it has lead to water pollution with many
marine species in danger

➔ Burning of organic matter release CO2, SO2, smoke, dust, nitrogen oxide and other
harmful gases which degrade air quality

➔ Agricultural land is reducing in the areas near brick kiln fields due to water logging and
salinity

- Solution

➔ Strict implementation of environmental and child labour laws

➔ The chimney of these Kilns should be high so that it reduces the degree of pollution, and

reduces the vulnerability of harmful diseases such as asthma and Lung Cancer

➔ Clean and e icient coal technologies should be used where coal is pretreated for
complete combustion

➔ People should use masks while working in Brick Kilns to avoid inhaling dangerous
chemicals

➔ Smoke should be filtered before it leaves the chimney

Government works to attract Investors

➔ Industrial estates Example eg. Sindh Trading Estate Ltd. (SITE)

➔ Tax exemptions on imported machinery

➔ Less foreign exchange control

➔ Tax holidays

➔ Simplified procedures

➔ Private power stations Example Hub

➔ Better roads/railways/airports

➔ Dry ports for better security

➔ Agencies to help investors provide infrastructure e.g. water, electricity, telephone, roads
to estates

➔ Land available for housing, commercial, social facilities near industrial zones

➔ Consistent policies/stable government

Industries and Environment

➔ Industrial expansion is causing damage to environment

➔ There is virtually no check of 8000 industrial units which cause high rate of
environmental pollution

➔ Untreated sewage, industrial e luents and unprocessed garbage are sources of

pollution

➔ 90% of industrial units are operating without any garbage treatment

➔ Bribing by companies of corrupt o icers in civic agencies have led to dumping of

industrial waste in Arabian Sea

➔ State and multinational fuel companies are marketing gasoline that contain high levels
of lead which can result to stunt growth in children

- E ects of Industrial Pollution on Seawater

➔ Polluted groundwater seeps into the Arabian sea

➔ Toxic industrial waste enters into food chain through contaminated food disturbing the

balance of ecosystem

➔ Threat to mangrove vegetation which decrease biodiversity as mangroves are habitat for
fish, birds and reptiles

➔ It decrease fertility of soil mangrove leaf litter fertilises the soil

➔ Leakage or spills of oil containing ships can lead to eutrophication in water bodies

- E ects of Industrial Pollution on People

➔ Atmospheric pollution due to emissions from industries cause respiratory disorders like
asthma and lung cancer along with skin, throat and chest diseases
➔ Usage of contaminated subsoil water may cause serious stomach and intestinal
problems

➔ Industrial waste water is used for crop irrigation which is harmful for them

➔ In karachi marine life is contaminated with lead due to disposal of waste from Korangi

industrial area, which when consumed can cause kidney and brain damage

➔ Solid waste on land is burned which spreads over a large area a ecting thousands of
residents

- Measures for controlling Industrial Pollution

➔ The government should facilitate import of machinery for treating industrial waste

➔ Industries should not be allowed to operate in congested localities and only in areas
away from residential areas

➔ Environmental protection agencies should educate people about the hazards of

pollution

➔ Laws to check industrial pollution should be strictly enforced

➔ Intensive cultivation of green, shady plants should occur to protect people from
poisonous gases

Industrial Estates

➔ Industrial states are specific areas reserved for industries only

➔ They may be considered as Colonies for Industries

➔ They are established to help and encourage entrepreneurs

➔ The government actually buys the land and plans the estate

➔ The government builds facilities like railways, roads, electricity, communications etc

➔ A residential area for families of workers is also planned along with schools and
hospitals etc

➔ Access to a dry port may also be provided

➔ Cheap loans are also provided for people to invest

➔ For this very purpose the government invites people to invest through advertisements
etc

➔ Investors then make 20-30% payment of plots etc (getting control of land in return)

➔ The government then starts construction of the industrial estate

➔ This procedure can take around 2-4 years

➔ Pakistan’s first industrial state was Sindh Industrial Trading Estate

➔ Most of the industrial states are located in Karachi due to port city

➔ The government also encourage private sector to setup industrial estates

➔ In pakistan industrial estates are at Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Jhelum, Gujrat,

Hyderabad, Peshawar

- Advantages

➔ The concentration of high pressure gas pipelines, sewage lines, water pipes etc; which
satisfy demands of industry reduces the overall cost of laying down infrastructure

➔ Tax holidays and concessions are granted by the government which tremendously help

industries as they have more money to re-invest in their businesses

➔ They provide employment and generally raise the standard of living of people there. Thus

regional disparity is reduced

➔ Also, separate areas are assigned for industries

➔ These don’t overlap with residential areas, thus, environmental impact of pollution from
these industries is reduced

Industrial Estates in Sindh

-Karachi Industrial Estate

➔ Largest in Pakistan

➔ SITE in north of city

➔ Korangi industrial estate in south

- Noorabad Industrial Estate

➔ Located at superhighway 90 km north of karachi

➔ Water shortage and security issues have hindered its development

- Hub Industrial Estate

➔ It is 40 km west to Karachi

➔ It had plan of 1200 industries in which only 170 were setup

➔ Some of these are closed due to problems such as inadequate supply of water

Export Processing Zones

➔ A scheme of export processing zones(EPZ) was planned and developed to manufacture

goods

primarily for purpose of export monitored by Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA)

➔ Purpose of setting up EPZs is:

● To boost industrialisation

● To attract foreign and local investors

● To produce standardised quality goods for export

● To transfer HI-TECH from developed countries to pakistan

● To create job opportunities

● Several incentives are provided to attract business and investment

● Advantages are that these zones have security, duty free import of capital goods , no

sales tax on gas and electricity bills

● First EPZ was set up at Port Qasim, Karachi in 1981

TOURISM INDUSTRY

➔ Tourism is a phenomenon whereby people move temporarily to places away from home,

primarily for relaxation and pleasure. Tourism is a tertiary industry

➔ The tourism industry is associated with the business of providing accommodation and

recreational facilities for people who are travelling and visiting or staying in a place for

relatively limited period of time

➔ It has become world's fastest growing industry

➔ Domestic and foreign tourism occurs on a small scale in pakistan

➔ Tourism is an industry which contributes significantly to the economy:

● It generates employment opportunities for the locals in the sector of hotels,transport,

tourist companies etc

● This allows them to generate revenue which increases our GDP and GNP.

● It also promotes local development of infrastructure as hotels, restaurants, metalled

roads are constructed for the feasibility of tourists

- Feasibility of Developing Tourism in Pakistan

➔ Tourism depends on presence of tourist destinations with easy travelling distances in

between them to encourage foreign visitors
➔ Amount of security for tourists, recently amount of tourists have decreased due to
increased terrorist attacks

➔ Availability of capital to develop infrastructural facilities for the feasibility of tourists

➔ Infrastructural facilities such as hotels, all weather roads hospitals, water supply are
needed to encourage foreign tourists

➔ Management and maintenance of tourist places to retain their attractiveness

➔ Marketing of tourist places which have recently shown some improvement

➔ Transport by road and air to tourist spots, which is very less developed and most of the
areas are remote due to no transport facilities

➔ Government policies to encourage development of tourism and for this purpose

Pakistan’s tourism development corporation was set-up

- Why People visit Pakistan

➔ The UK has remained the main source of visitors. Other sources were India, Germany,
Japan, Russia, China, Canada, Netherland, France, Sri Lanka, Australia, Saudi Arabia, UAE,
Italy, Norway, Denmark, Malaysia and Turkey

➔ Most of the visitors from overseas visited main cities like Karachi, Rawalpindi,
Islamabad and Lahore

➔ Many Pakistanis work abroad mainly in K.S.A, Kuwait, U.A.E, UK and U.S.A. They are not

tourists but when on holidays, they come to visit their families, friends in Pakistan almost
every year

➔ To attend trade delegations

➔ As sta of multinational companies such as oil companies, Foreign Banks

➔ Historic Interests (Places)

➔ Religious Faith

➔ For educational activities e.g. some educational institutions have hired foreign sta e.g.

Principal and teachers

➔ Visiting Northern areas and beautiful lakes and gullies

➔ Di erent culture to their own

Natural Attraction of Pakistan

- Northern Areas

➔ Towering snow capped peaks

➔ Valleys with unique flora and fauna

➔ Paradise for mountaineers, trackers, hikers, photographers

➔ Unique and interesting cultural patterns with typical costumes and folk dances

-Kaghan Valley

➔ One of most splendid tourist area in Pakistan, located near Hazara district of KPK

➔ Spot of Shogran with spectacular view and scenery, surrounded by peaks and forests

➔ Fishing of mahasheer and brown trout in water between Naran and Kaghan

➔ Saiful Maluk lake as a spot for picnic

- Gilgit Valley

➔ Season of visit is from May to mid-October

➔ Significant scenic beauty

➔ Matches of their own originated sport polo at festive occasions

- Swat Valley

➔ Rushing torrents and lakes

➔ Fruit laden orchids

➔ Flower bedecked slopes

- Skardu

➔ Capital of Baltistan with season from April to October

➔ Starting point for expedition to K2 and other giant peaks

-Hunza Valley

➔ Rugged charm, fragrant breeze, meadows and white fields

➔ The fairy tale fort of Baltit

➔ Cultural attraction of local Ismailis with their traditional clothes

- Chitral

➔ Kalash valleys of Bumburet, Ranbir and Birir

➔ The pagan tribes of Kalasha with unique customs and traditions

➔ Polo festival at Shandur

Cultural Attraction of Pakistan

➔ Pakistan is famous for its cultural heritage which attract tourists interested in history,
cultural and archaeological research

- Archaeological Sites

➔ Moen-Jo-Daro

➔ Harappa

➔ Taxila

- Historical & Religious Sites

➔ Forts (Baltit),Lahore

➔ Mosques (Badshahi Lahore, Mahabat in Peshawar)

➔ Tombs (Chaukhandi near Karachi, Makli in Thatta, Allam Iqbal and Ranjit Sings in Lahore)

➔ Sharines (Uch sharif)

➔ Khyber Pass

➔ Shalimar Garden

- Modern Buildings

➔ Faisal Mosque

➔ Parliament Building

➔ President House

➔ Minar-e-Pakistan
➔ Jinnah Mausoleum

➔ Dams and Barrages

- Salt Mine at Khewra

- Traditional Crafts & Bazaars

CALL CENTRES

➔ A call centre is the o ice of an organisation which handles telephone calls to and from
one or more companies

➔ It has the ability to control considerable volume of calls at one time with its computer
system

➔ The calls are filtered and transferred to agents to transfer to relevant companies

➔ They handle calls e ectively and cheaply than companies themself

➔ They are used for telemarketing companies and large organisations

➔ In pakistan they are established by government for providing service to o shore and
domestic companies

➔ This service requires quick response, high quality communication links and e icient
handling

➔ Ptcl provides connectivity for call centres

➔ This business has high growth chances due to growth in the industrial sector

➔ It provides employment to computer skilled workers especially in pakistan where

employment rate is low, also serves as a part time job for students

However employment in call centres in Pakistan is limited because:

● It caters urban businesses but 67% population live in rural areas

● Most of the work is done on computer and large scale employment is not needed

● Only computer skilled labour meet employment criteria

● Growth of call centre is demanded on growth of business and industry