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REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

HEAT OF REACTION (ΔH):

The energy absorbed or
released in a chemical reaction.

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Reactions that release energy. Reactions that absorb energy.

Activated complex Activated complex

Potential energy

Potential energy
Ea
(kJ∙mol-1)

(kJ∙mol-1)
products
reactants
Ea
ΔH < 0 ΔH > 0
products
reactants

Course of reaction Course of reaction

Activation energy
The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
Activated complex
The unstable transition state from reactants to products.

EFFECT OF A CATALYST

Catalyst
Increases reaction rate witout
Activation energy without undergoing a permanent change.
a catalyst
Potential energy

Mechanism of catalyst:
Activation energy with Increase reaction rate by lowering
a catalyst
the total activation energy
reactants

products

Reaction coordinate

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REACTION RATE
Change in concentration of reactants or products per unit
time

FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

1. The nature of reactants
2. Concentration – higher concentration, faster rate
3. Surface Area – greater surface area, faster rate
4. Temperature – higher temperature, faster rate
5. Catalyst – increases reaction rate without undergoing a permanent change

CALCULATING REACTION RATE

Determine rate
∆c ∆m ∆V ∆n
in terms of Rate = Rate = Rate = Rate =
∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t
products
Determine rate
∆c ∆m ∆V ∆n
in terms of Rate = – Rate = – Rate = – Rate = –
∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t
reactants

Unit of reaction rate: Any unit of the above quantities per second

Examples: mol·dm-3·s-1 OR g·s-1 OR dm-3·s-1 OR mol·s-1

PRACTICAL SKILLS

The variable that is changed/manipulated during an investigation e.g. an

Independent variable
increase in temperature. (It is the input.)
The variable that changes due to a change in the independent variable e.g.,
Dependent variable
reaction rate changes due to a change in temperature. (It is the output.)
The variable(s) that are kept constant e.g. concentration and surface area
Controlled variable
are kept constant to measure the effect of temperature on reaction rate.
A question about the relationship between the dependent and independent
variables. Must have both the independent and dependent variable and is a
Investigative question
question about the relationship between them. Example: What is the
relationship between temperature and reaction rate?
A prediction on the answer to the investigative question prior to the
investigation. Must have both the independent and dependent variable and
Hypothesis predict the relationship between them.
Example: When temperature increases, reaction rate will decrease. OR
When temperature increases, reaction rate will increase.
The conclusion is drawn after the investigation and answers the
investigative question. Must have both the independent and dependent
Conclusion
variable and state the relationship between them.
Example: When temperature increases, the reaction rate increases.

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MEASURING REACTION RATE

MEASURING VOLUME OF GAS RELEASED PER TIME

Gas syringe system

Volume of gas (cm3)

Gradiant becomes zero –
reaction has stopped i.e. no
Gas syringe more gas is formed
system
Gradiant decrease with time as reaction rate
Gas decrease - amount of reactants decreases
Reactants react
Reactants
and release a
gas Steepest gradient initially – fastest reaction rate

Time (s)

MEASURING LOSS IN MASS OF REACTANTS PER TIME

Cotton wool plug to

stop spray loss but Steep initial gradient indicates high reaction rate;
gas can escape Gas forms fast, escapes and mass loss is high
Mass of flask and
contents (g)

Gas
Reactant e.g. HCℓ and Gradient decreases as reactants are being used up
CaCO3 reacting to form and less mass is lost due to less gas that escapes.
CO2 gas that escapes
Gradient becomes zero; No mass
loss – reaction completed.

Time

MEASURING THE TIME FOR THE FORMATION ON AN AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATE

• When sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) reacts with HCℓ, a yellow precipitate of

sulphur is formed.
• The time how long it takes a certain amount of sulphur to form, is measured.
• The reaction is observed from the top through a conical flask, viewing a black
cross (X) on white paper.
• The X is eventually obscured by the sulphur precipitate and the time noted.
• The reaction can be repeated at:
o Different temperatures (same concentration of Na2S2O3 and HCℓ), to
measure the effect of temperature on rate Na2S2O3(aq)
o Different concentrations of Na2S2O3 at the same temperature to measure + HCℓ(aq)
the effect of concentration on reaction rate.
White paper
marked with
cross

1
• Reaction rate is calculated as .
time

• For the cross to become invisible, the same amount

of precipitate (sulphur) is formed in each
experiment and therefore the mass of S formed is
the same (constant) and is represented by the 1.
Initial Ongoing Watch stopped.
Cross partially visible Cross invisible

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THE COLLISION THEORY

The collision theory explains the factors influencing reaction rate.
The collision theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must collide
with one another. The rate of the reaction depends on the frequency of collisions i.e. the number of
collisions per unit time. The theory also tells us that reacting particles often collide without reacting.

For collisions to be successful or effective, reacting particles must:

• Collide with sufficient kinetic energy
• Have the correct orientation

BOLTZMANN-MAXWELL DISTRIBUTION CURVE OR ENERGY DISTRIBUTION CURVE

As energy is one of the determining factors for a reaction, it is necessary to know which number of particles
(e.g. molecules) have kinetic energies equal to or greater than the activation energy. Particles in any
system represent a variety of kinetic energies. This distribution of kinetic energies can be shown on a curve
known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve.
Number of particles

Most particles have moderate

kinetic energies

Some particles have very

high kinetic energies

Kinetic energy
A few particles have very
low kinetic energies

The area under the graph is a measure of the total number of particles, e.g. molecules, present.
The magnitude of the activation energy is indicated on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve
as a line at the specific kinetic energy. Only a few numbers of particles have sufficient kinetic
energy i.e. kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. Most of the particles have
insufficient kinetic energy.

The number of particles represented by this area

under the graph does NOT have sufficient kinetic
energy for effective collisions
Number of particles

The number of particles represented by this area

under the graph have sufficient kinetic energy

At and beyond this point particles have Kinetic energy

sufficient kinetic energy for effective collisions Activation energy

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EXPLANATIONS IN TERMS OF THE COLLISION THEORY

EFFECT OF INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATE

• At a higher temperature, the average KINETIC ENERGY of particles INCREASES.

• More particles have sufficient /enough kinetic energy.
• More effective collisions take place per unit time.
• Reaction rate increases.
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve/Energy distribution curve

T1
Number of particles

T2 > T1

T2
More particles with Ek > Ea
(Larger area under curve T2)

Ea Kinetic energy

EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON REACTION RATE

• The catalyst provides a path of LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY.

• More particles have sufficient kinetic energy.
• More effective collisions take place per unit time.
• Reaction rate increases.

Maxwell- Boltzmann distribution curve/Energy distribution curve

Number of particles initially
having sufficient kinetic energy
Additional
Number of particles

particles with
sufficient kinetic
energy

Number of
particles not
having sufficient
kinetic energy

Kinetic energy
Activation energy after catalyst Activation energy before catalyst

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EPLANATIONS IN TERMS OF THE COLLISION THEORY

EFFECT OF INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION ON REACTION RATE
• At a higher concentration, there are more particles per unit volume.
• More collisions per unit time./More particles with correct orientation.
• More effective collisions take place per unit time.
• Reaction rate increases.

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve/Energy distribution curve

A
A: Higher concentration
B: Lower concentration
Number of particles

More particles will make effective collisions

(larger area under curve A)

Ea Kinetic energy

EFFECT OF INCREASE IN SURFACE AREA ON REACTION RATE

• With a greater surface area/state of division, more particles are exposed per unit
volume.
• More particles will be exposed./More collisions per unit time.
• More effective collisions per (unit) time.
• Reaction rate increases.

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve/Energy distribution curve

Like that of concentration.

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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

One mole of a substance is the amount of substance having the same number of
Mole
particles as there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12.
Molar gas volume at The volume of one mole of a gas.
STP (1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere (101,3 kPa).
The mass of one mole of a substance.
Molar mass
Symbol: M Unit: g∙mol-1
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, the same number of moles
Avogadro’s Law
of all gases occupy the same volume.
The amount of solute per litre/cubic decimeter of solution.
Concentration n
In symbols: c = Unit: mol∙dm-3
V
Empirical formula The simplest positive integer ratio of atoms in a compound.
Yield is the amount of product obtained from a reaction.
Percentage yield actual mass obtained
percentage yield =  100
calculated mass
mass of pure chemical
Percentage purity percentage purity =  100
total mass of sample
The percentage of each of the components in a substance.
Percentage composition mass contributed by component
Percentage of component =  100
mass of all components
Limiting reagents The substance that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is complete.
Heat of reaction (ΔH) The energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
Exothermic reactions Reactions that release energy. (ΔH < 0)
Endothermic reactions Reactions that absorb energy. (ΔH > 0)
Activation energy The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
Activated complex The unstable transition state from reactants to products.
The change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
∆c
Rate at which reactants are used: Rate = ‒ Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1
Reaction rate ∆t
∆c
Rate at which products are formed: Rate = Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1
∆t
(When calculating reaction rate, the final answer is always positive!)
A model that explains reaction rate as the result of particles colliding with a certain
Collision theory
minimum energy.
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a
permanent change.
Catalyst
(A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative path of lower
activation energy. It therefore decreases the net/total activation energy.)
Factors that affect Nature of reacting substances, surface area, concentration (pressure for gases),
reaction rate temperature and the presence of a catalyst.

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WORKED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 (March 2016)
Methanol and hydrochloric acid react according to the following balanced equation:
CH3OH(aq) + HCℓ(aq)  CH3Cℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
1.1 State TWO factors that can INCREASE the rate of this reaction. (2)
Answer: Increase temperature.  Increase concentration of acid.  Add a catalyst.
1.2 Define the term reaction rate. (2)
Answer: Change in concentration of products / reactants  per unit time. 
1.3 The rate of the reaction between methanol and hydrochloric acid is investigated. The concentration
of HCℓ(aq) was measured at different time intervals. The following results were obtained:
TIME (MINUTES) HCℓ CONCENTRATION (mol∙dm-3)
0 1,90
15 1,45
55 1,10
100 0,85
215 0,60
1.3.1 Calculate the average reaction rate, in (mol∙dm-3)∙min-1 during the first 15 minutes. (3)
∆c c(final) - c(initial)
Answer: Ave rate = ‒ =‒( )
∆t t(final) - t(initial)
(1,45 - 1,90) 
=‒
(15 - 0 ) 
= 0,03 (mol·dm-3)·min-1 
1.3.2 Use the data in the table to draw a graph of concentration versus time on a graph paper.
NOTE: The graph is not a straight line. (3)
Answer:
Graph of concentration versus time

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1.3.3 From the graph, determine the concentration of HCℓ(aq) at the 40th minute. (1)
Answer: 1,15 to 1,25 mol∙dm-3 
1.3.4 Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate decreases with time. Assume that
the temperature remains constant. (3)
Answer: Concentration of reactants decreases. 
Less particles per unit volume. 
Less effective collisions per unit time. 
1.3.5 Calculate the mass of CH3Cℓ(aq) in the flask at the 215th minute. The volume of the
reagents remains 60 cm3 during the reaction. (5)
Answer:

[19]
EXAMPLE 2 (November 2016)
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes to produce water and oxygen according to the following balanced
equation: 2H2O2(ℓ) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g)
Potential energy (kJ)

H2O2
0

Course of reaction

2.1 The activation energy (EA) for this reaction is 75 kJ and the heat of reaction (ΔH) is –196 kJ.
2.1.1 Define the term activation energy. (2)
Answer: The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place. 

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2.1.2 Redraw the set of axes alongside in your ANSWER BOOK and then complete the potential
energy diagram for this reaction. Indicate the value of the potential energy of the following
on the y-axis:
• Activated complex
• Products
(The graph does NOT have to be drawn to scale.) (3)
Answer:
Marking criteria
75 Shape of curve for exothermic
Potential energy (kJ)


reaction as shown.
Energy of activated complex shown
0 
as 75 kJ in line with the peak.
Energy of products shown as −

196 kJ below the zero.
IF: Wrong shape, e.g. straight line. 0
3
-196
Course of reaction (3)
When powdered manganese dioxide is added to the reaction mixture, the rate of the reaction increases.
2.1.3 On the graph drawn for QUESTION 2.1.2, use broken lines to show the path of the reaction
when the manganese dioxide is added. (2)
Answer: Dotted line on graph above.
Marking criteria
• Dotted line (---) on graph in Q2.1.2 showing lower energy for activated complex. 
• Dotted curve starts at/above energy of reactants and ends at/above energy of products
on the inside of the original curve. 
2.1.4 Use the collision theory to explain how manganese dioxide influences the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (3)
Answer: A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 
More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
More effective collisions per unit time. 
2.2 Graphs A and B below were obtained for the volume of oxygen produced over time under different
conditions.
60 ● ● ● ●
●
Graph A
● ●
50
Volume of oxygen gas (dm3)

● Graph B
40

●
30 ●

20
●

10

Time (s)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

2.2.1 Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in dm3∙s-1) between t = 10 s and t = 40 s for
graph A. (3)
∆V V(final) - V(initial) (52 - 16) 
Answer: Ave rate = =( )=
∆t t(final) - t(initial) (40 - 0 ) 
= 1,2 dm3∙s-1 

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2.2.2 Use the information in graph A to calculate the mass of hydrogen peroxide used in the
reaction. Assume that all the hydrogen peroxide decomposed. Use 24 dm 3·mol-1 as the molar
volume of oxygen. (4)
Answer:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
V 60 24 dm 3 : 1 mol
V 60
n(O2) = =  60 dm3 : 2,5 mol  n(O2) = = = 2,5 mol
Vm 24 Vm 24 
n(H2O2) = 2n(O2)
= 2,5 mol m
n(H2O2) = 2n(O2) = 2(2,5) 
= 2(2,5) 
= 5 mol n(O2) =  2,5 = m
M 32
= 5 mol
m
34 g : 1 mol
  m = 80 g
n(H2O2) =  5 = m x : 5 mol
x = 170 g 
2(34) g  H2O2 .......32 g O2
M 34 x g H2O2 ................ 80 g O2
 m = 170 g  m(H2O2) = 170 g 
2.2.3 How does the mass of hydrogen peroxide used to obtain graph B compare to that used to
obtain graph A? Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
Answer: Equal to 
2.3 Three energy distribution curves for the oxygen gas produced under different conditions are shown in
the graph below. The curve with the solid line represents 1 mol of oxygen gas at 90 °C.

P
Number of molecules

Kinetic energy
Choose the curve (P or Q) that best represents EACH of the following situations:
2.3.1 1 mol of oxygen gas produced at 120 °C (1)
Answer: Q 
2.3.2 2 moles of oxygen gas produced at 90 °C (1)
Answer: P 
[20]
EXAMPLE 3 (June 2018)
Two experiments are carried out to investigate one of the factors that affects the reaction rate between
magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction that takes place is represented by the following
balanced equation: Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

In experiment 1 a certain mass of magnesium ribbon reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
In experiment 2 magnesium powder of the same mass as the magnesium ribbon, reacts with the same volume
of excess dilute hydrochloric acid. The concentration of the acid is the same in both experiments.
3.1 Define reaction rate. (2)
Answer: Change in concentration of products/reactants per (unit) time. 

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3.2 For this investigation, write down the:

3.2.1 Independent variable (1)
Answer: Surface area/State of division 
3.2.2 Controlled variable (1)
Answer: Amount/mass of magnesium  OR Concentration of HCℓ/acid
OR Initial temperature
The change in mass of magnesium is calculated and recorded in 2-minute intervals for both experiments. The
results obtained are shown in the graph alongside (NOT drawn to scale).

3.3 Use the information on the graph to:

3.3.1 Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced in experiment 1 from t = 2 minutes to
t = 10 minutes. (Take the molar gas volume as 25 dm3∙mol-1.) (5)
Answer:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
△m(Mg) = 2,6 - 0,2  = 2,4 g m 2,6
m 2,4
n(Mg)t = 2 s = = = 0,1083 mol
M 24 
n(Mgused) = = = 0,1 mol 0,2
M 24  n(Mg)t = 10 s = = 0,0083 mol
24
n(H2) = n(Mg) = 0,1 mol  △n(Mg) = 0,1083 - 0,0083  = 0,1 mol
V(H2) = nVm = (0,1)(25)  = 2,5 dm3  n(H2) = n(Mg) = 0,1 mol 
V(H2) = nVm = (0,1)(25)  = 2,5 dm3 
(5)
3.3.2 Calculate the initial mass of magnesium used if the average rate of formation of hydrogen
gas in experiment 2 was 2,08 x 10-4 mol·s-1.
Answer:
∆n ∆n
Ave rate = =( )
∆t t(final) - t(initial)
Δn
∴ 2,08 x 10-4  =  ∴ △n = 0,125 mol
(10 × 60) - 0 )

n(Mg) = n(H2) = 0,125 mol 

m(Mg) = nM = 0,125 x 24  = 3 g  (2,995 g) (5)
3.4 Use the collision theory to explain why the curve of experiment 2 is steeper than that of
experiment 1. (3)
Answer: Larger surface area/state of division. 
More particles per unit volume. 
More effective collisions per (unit) time./Frequency of effective collisions increases. 
[17]

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TYPICAL QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1 Define the term reaction rate in words. (2)
Learners use the reaction between IMPURE POWDERED calcium carbonate and excess hydrochloric acid
to investigate reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
They perform four experiments under different conditions of concentration, mass and temperature as shown
in the table below. They use identical apparatus in the four experiments and measure the volume of gas
released in each experiment.
EXPERIMENT
1 2 3 4
Concentration of acid (mol·dm ) -3 1 0,5 1 1
Mass of impure calcium carbonate (g) 15 15 15 25
Initial temperature of acid (°C) 30 30 40 40
1.2 The results of experiments 1 and 3 are compared in the investigation. Write down the:
1.2.1 Independent variable (1)
1.2.2 Dependent variable (1)
1.3 Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate in experiment 4 will be higher than that in
experiment 3. (3)
The learners obtain graphs A, B, C and D below from their results.
A
Volume CO2 (cm3)

B
C
D

Time (s)
1.4 Which ONE of the graphs (A, B, C or D) represents experiment 1? Fully explain the answer by
comparing experiment 1 with experiments 2, 3 and 4. (6)
1.5 When the reaction in experiment 4 reaches completion, the volume of gas formed is 4,5 dm3.
Assume that the molar gas volume at 40 °C is equal to 25,7 dm3. Calculate the mass of the impurities
present in the calcium carbonate. (Answer: 7,00 g) (5)
[18]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
A group of learners uses the reaction of EXCESS hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) with zinc (Zn) to investigate factors
which influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)
They use the same volume of hydrochloric acid and 1,2 g of zinc in each of five experiments. The reaction
conditions and temperature readings before and after completion of the reaction in each experiment are
summarised in the table below.
REACTION CONDITIONS
Time
Experiment Concentration of Temperature (°C) State of division
(s)
HCℓ (mol·dm-3) Before After of the 1,2 g of Zn
1 0,5 20 34 granules 50
2 0,5 20 35 powder 10
3 0,8 20 36 powder 6
4 0,5 35 50 granules 8
5 0,5 20 34 granules 11
2.1 Is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a
reason for the answer by referring to the data in the table. (2)
2.2 Give a reason for the difference in reaction rate observed for Experiments 1 and 2. (1)
2.3 The learners compare the results of Experiments 1 and 3 to draw a conclusion regarding the effect
of concentration on reaction rate. Give a reason why this is not a fair comparison. (1)

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2.4 How does the rate of the reaction in Experiment 5 compare to that in Experiment 1? Write down
FASTER THAN, SLOWER THAN or EQUAL TO.
Write down the factor responsible for the difference in the rate of reaction and fully explain, by
referring to the collision theory, how this factor affects reaction rate. (5)
2.5 Calculate the rate at which the hydrochloric acid reacts in Experiment 4 in mol·s-1.
(Answer: 4,63 x 10-3 mol∙s-1) (6)
[15]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
A group of learners uses the reaction of clean magnesium ribbon with dilute hydrochloric acid to investigate
factors that influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H < 0
3.1 Is the above reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
3.2 In one of the experiments 5 g magnesium ribbon was added to the hydrochloric acid solution.
3.2.1 If 30 cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid solution of concentration 1,5 mol∙dm-3 is USED UP in
1 minute, calculate the average reaction rate in mol∙s-1.
(Answer: 7,5 x 10-4 mol∙s-1) (5)
The volume of hydrogen gas produced as a function of time in this experiment is represented by
graph S below. (The graph is NOT drawn to scale.)

S
Volume (cm3)

Time (s)
0 t1 t2 t3

3.2.2 How does the rate of the reaction change between:

(Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or NO CHANGE.)
(a) t1 and t2
Use the collision theory to explain the answer. (4)
(b) t2 and t3
Give a reason for the answer without referring to the graph. (2)
3.3 In another experiment they add 5 g of magnesium to 30 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid of
concentration 1,5 mol∙dm-3. They obtained graph T below. (The graph is NOT drawn to scale.)

T
Volume (cm3)

Time (s)

Give TWO possible reasons why graph T differs from graph S. (2)
[15]

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QUESTION 4 (November 2015)

Dilute acids, indicated in the table below, react with EXCESS zinc in each of the three experiments to produce
hydrogen gas. The zinc is completely covered with the acid in each experiment.
EXPERIMENT DILUTE ACID
1 100 cm3 of 0,1 mol∙dm-3 H2SO4
2 50 cm3 of 0,2 mol∙dm-3 H2SO4
3 100 cm3 of 0,1 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ

The volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured in each experiment.

4.1 Name TWO essential apparatuses needed to determine the rate of hydrogen production. (2)
The graph below was obtained for Experiment 1.
Use this graph and answer the questions that follow.

Experiment 1 4.2 At which time (t1, t2 or t3) is the:

Volume (cm3)

4.2.1 Reaction rate the highest (1)

4.2.2 Mass of zinc present in the flask the
smallest (1)
4.3 In which time interval, between t1 and t2 OR
Time (s) between t2 and t3, does the largest volume
of hydrogen gas form per second? (1)
0 t1 t2 t3

4.4 Redraw the graph for Experiment 1 in the ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes, sketch
the graphs that will be obtained for Experiments 2 and 3. Clearly label the three graphs as
EXPERIMENT 1, EXPERIMENT 2 and EXPERIMENT 3. (4)
4.5 The initial mass of zinc used in each experiment is 0,8 g. The balanced equation for the reaction in
Experiment 3 is: Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)
4.5.1 Calculate the mass of zinc present in the flask after completion of the reaction in
Experiment 3. (Answer: 0,48 g) (5)
4.5.2 How will the mass of zinc present in the flask after completion of the reaction in
Experiment 2 compare to the answer to QUESTION 4.5.1? Write down only LARGER
THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
[15]
QUESTION 5 (June 2016)
The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate (Na 2S2O3) is used to investigate one
of the factors that influences reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)

The hydrochloric acid solution is added to the sodium thiosulphate

flask solution in a flask. The flask is placed over a cross drawn on a sheet
of white paper, as shown in the diagram below. The time that it takes
Na2S2O3(aq) for the cross to become invisible is measured to determine the
+ HCℓ(aq) reaction rate. Four experiments, A to D, are conducted during this
investigation. The volumes of reactants used in each of the four
white paper experiments and the times of the reactions are summarised in the
table below.
Volume of Volume of H2O(ℓ) Volume of
Experiment Time (s)
Na2S2O3(aq) (cm3) (cm3) HCℓ(aq) (cm3)
A 25 0 5 50,0
B 20 5 5 62,5
C 15 10 5 83,3
D 10 15 5 125,0
5.1 State TWO factors that can influence the rate of the reaction above. (2)
5.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the product that causes the cross to become invisible. (1)
5.3 Give a reason why water is added to the reaction mixture in experiments B to D. (1)
5.4 Write down an investigative question for this investigation. (2)
5.5 In which experiment (A, B, C or D) is the reaction rate the highest? (1)
5.6 Use the collision theory to explain the difference in reaction rate between experiments B and D. (3)
5.7 The original Na2S2O3 solution was prepared by dissolving 62,50 g Na2S2O3 crystals in distilled water
in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Calculate the mass of sulphur, S, that will form in experiment D if
Na2S2O3 is the limiting reactant. (Answer: 0,51 g) (7)
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QUESTION 6 (March 2017)

The reaction of copper(II) carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid is used to investigate the rate of
reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CuCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CuCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
The apparatus used is illustrated below.

Conical flask

Dilute
hydrochloric acid Copper(II) carbonate lumps

170,00 g Scale

6.1 State TWO ways in which the rate of the reaction above can be increased. (2)

During the investigation, samples of both PURE and IMPURE copper(II) carbonate of EQUAL mass are used.
The graphs below are obtained from the results.

170,00

169,95 ----- Impure CuCO3

––– Pure CuCO3
Mass of flask and contents (g)

169,90

169,85

169,80

169,75

169,70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)
6.2 Write down the reaction time for the reaction of the pure CuCO 3 with HCℓ. (1)
6.3 Assume that all the gas formed during the two reactions escape from the flask and that the impurities
do not react.
Calculate the:
6.3.1 Average rate of the reaction of the pure sample over the first 20 s
(Answer: 0,012 g·s-1) (3)
6.3.2 Percentage purity of the impure sample
(Answer: 81,48%) (4)
6.3.3 Maximum volume of CO2(g) produced during the reaction of the pure sample of CuCO 3 if
the reaction takes place at STANDARD CONDITIONS (Answer: 0,137 dm3) (3)
6.4 Sketch a graph of the volume of gas produced versus time for the reaction of the pure CuCO 3.
Indicate the reaction time on the x-axis. (2)
[15]

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QUESTION 7 (June 2017)

The apparatus below is used to investigate one of the factors that affects the rate of decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2. The balanced equation for the reaction is: 2H2O2(ℓ) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g)
Two experiments are conducted. The reaction conditions are as follows:
Experiment I: 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide is allowed to decompose at 30 °C.
Experiment II: 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide decompose at 30 °C in the presence of copper(II) oxide powder
(CuO).

The results of the investigation are summarised in the table below.

Total volume of O2(g) Time taken for complete
Experiment
produced(dm3) decomposition (min.)
I 0,4 12,3
II 0,4 5,8
7.1 For this investigation, write down the function of the:
7.1.1 Graduated syringe (1)
7.1.2 Copper(II) oxide (1)
7.2 How will you know when the reaction is completed? (1)
7.3 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)
7.4 Use the collision theory to fully explain the difference in reaction rates of experiment I and II. (3)
7.5 The graphs below show changes in the potential energy during the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide in experiment I and experiment II.

7.5.1 Is energy ABSORBED or RELEASED during this reaction? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
7.5.2 Which ONE of the curves, A or B, represents experiment II? (1)
7.6 Calculate the rate, in mol∙dm-3∙min-1, at which 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide decomposes in
experiment II. Assume that 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 25 dm3 at 30 °C.
(Answer: 0,11 mol∙dm-3∙min-1) (6)
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QUESTION 8 (November 2017)

A group of learners uses the reaction between powdered zinc and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid to investigate
one of the factors that affects the rate of a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)
They conduct two experiments. The reaction conditions used are summarised in the table below.
TEMPERATURE VOLUME OF CONCENTRATION OF MASS OF
EXPERIMENT
(°C) HCℓ (cm3) HCℓ (mol∙dm-3) Zn (g)
I 25 200 0,25 x
II 25 200 0,40 x
The results obtained are shown in the graph (not drawn to
scale).
8.1 Define reaction rate. (2)
8.2 Write down an investigative question for this
investigation. (2)
8.3 Which curve, P or Q, represents the results of
experiment I? Explain the answer. (3)
8.4 The average rate of the production of hydrogen gas,
as represented by graph P, was 15 cm3∙s-1. Calculate
the mass of zinc used. Take the molar gas volume
at 25 °C as 24 000 cm3.
(Answer: 1,22 g) (5)

8.5 In a third experiment (experiment III), 200 cm3 of a 0,25 mol∙dm-3 dilute hydrochloric acid solution at
35 °C reacts with the same amount of zinc powder as in experiment I and experiment II.
8.5.1 How will the heat of reaction of experiment II compare with that of experiment III? Choose
from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
8.5.2 How will the activation energy of the reaction in experiment I compare with that of the
reaction in experiment III? Choose from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
8.6 The rate of the reaction in experiment III is higher than that of experiment I.
Fully explain this statement by referring to the collision theory.
(3)
[17]
QUESTION 9 (March 2018)
Learners use the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid to investigate one of the
factors that affects reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g) + S(s)
In the first experiment, 50 cm3 of the sodium thiosulphate
solution is added to 100 cm3 of a 2 mol∙dm-3 dilute
flask hydrochloric acid solution in a flask that is placed over a
cross drawn on a sheet of white paper. The hydrochloric
acid is in EXCESS.
Na2S2O3(aq) + HCℓ(aq)
The time taken for the cross to become invisible, when
viewed from the top, is recorded. The experiment is then
white paper repeated four times with different volumes of the sodium
thiosulphate solution. The results obtained are shown in
the table below.

9.1 Define reaction rate. (2)

9.2 How does the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution used in experiment 2 compare to
that used in experiment 5? Choose from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)

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9.3 Draw a graph of average reaction rate versus volume of sodium thiosulphate used on a GRAPH
SHEET. (3)
9.4 Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.
9.4.1 Determine the volume of dilute sodium thiosulphate solution that needs to react in order for
the cross to become invisible in 40 seconds. USE DOTTED LINES ON THE GRAPH TO
SHOW HOW YOU ARRIVED AT THE ANSWER. (3)
9.4.2 Write down a conclusion for this investigation. (2)
9.5 Use the collision theory to explain the effect of an increase in concentration on reaction rate. (3)
9.6 The mass of sulphur produced in experiment 1 is 1,62 g. Calculate the mass of the sodium
thiosulphate used in experiment 1.
(Answer: 7,90 g) (4)
[18]
QUESTION 10 (November 2018)
The reaction of zinc and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid is used to investigate factors that affect reaction rate.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) ⟶ ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)
The reaction conditions used and the results obtained for each experiment are summarised in the table below.
The same mass of zinc is used in all the experiments. The zinc is completely covered in all reactions. The
reaction time is the time it takes the reaction to be completed.
REACTION
CONCENTRATION VOLUME OF STATE OF TEMPERATURE
EXPERIMENT TIME
OF HCℓ (mol∙dm-3) HCℓ (cm3) DIVISION OF HCℓ OF HCℓ (°C)
(min.)
1 2,0 200 Powder 25 7
2 1,5 200 Granules 25 14
3 5,0 200 Powder 25 5
4 1,5 400 Granules 25 x
5 2,0 200 powder 35 4
10.1 Experiment 1 and experiment 5 are compared. Write down the independent variable. (1)
10.2 Define reaction rate. (2)
10.3 Write down the value of x in experiment 4. (2)
10.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves for particles in each of experiments 1,
3 and 5 are shown below.

Identify the graph (A or B or C) that represents the following:

10.4.1 Experiment 3
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
10.4.2 Experiment 5
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
10.5 Experiment 6 is now conducted using a catalyst and the SAME reaction conditions as for
experiment 1.
13.5.1 What is the function of the catalyst in this experiment? (1)
13.5.2 How will the heat of reaction in experiment 6 compare to that in experiment 1?
Choose from: GREATER THAN, EQUAL TO or LESS THAN. (1)
10.6 Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in mol·min-1) with respect to zinc for experiment 2 if 1,5 g
of zinc is used. (Answer: 1,65 x 10-3 mol·min-1) (4)
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QUESTION 11 (June 2019)

Learners use the reaction of a sodium thiosulphate solution with dilute hydrochloric acid to investigate several
factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ)
11.1 Define reaction rate. (2)
Three investigations (I, II and III) are carried out.
11.2 INVESTIGATION I
The results obtained in INVESTIGATION I are shown in the graph.
Graph of reaction rate versus concentration of Na2S2O3(aq)

For this investigation, write down the:

11.2.1 Dependent variable (1)
11.2.2 Conclusion that can be drawn from the results (2)
11.3 INVESTIGATION II
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves, A and B, represent the number of particles against kinetic
energy for the reaction at two different temperatures.

11.3.1 What does line P represent? (1)

11.3.2 Which curve (A or B) was obtained at the higher temperature? (1)
11.3.3 Explain, in terms of the collision theory, how an increase in temperature influences the rate
of a reaction. (4)
11.4 INVESTIGATION III
The potential energy diagrams, X and Y, represent the reaction under two different conditions.

Give a reason why curve Y differs from curve X. (1)

11.5 In one of the investigations, 100 cm3 of 0,2 mol·dm–3 HCℓ(aq) reacts with excess Na2S2O3(aq) and
the solution is then filtered. After filtration of the solution, 0,18 g of sulphur is obtained.
Calculate the PERCENTAGE YIELD of sulphur. (Answer: 56,25%) (6)
[18]
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QUESTION 12 (November 2019)

The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in antacid tablets reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) according to the
following balanced equation:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) ΔH < 0
12.1 Is the above reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
An antacid tablet of mass 2 g is placed in HCℓ(aq). After 30 s the mass of the tablet was found to be 0,25 g.
12.2 Calculate the average rate (in g∙s-1) of the above reaction.
(Answer: 0,0583 g·s-1) (3)
The antacid tablet contains 40% calcium carbonate. Another antacid tablet of mass 2 g is allowed to react
completely with HCℓ(aq).
12.3 Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, CO2(g) that will be collected at STP. Assume that all the
CO2(g) produced is from the calcium carbonate.
(Answer: 0,18 dm3) (5)
The reaction rate of similar antacid tablets with excess HCℓ(aq) of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm -3 at DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURES is measured. The graph below was obtained.

Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.

12.4 Write down ONE controlled variable for this investigation. (1)
12.5 Write down a conclusion that can be made from the graph. (2)
12.6 Use the collision theory to fully explain the answer to QUESTION 12.5. (3)
12.7 Redraw the graph above in the ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes, sketch the curve that will
be obtained if HCℓ(aq) of concentration 0,2 mol∙dm-3 is now used. Label this curve Y. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 13 (November 2020)
The reaction of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) is used to investigate
one of the factors that affects reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
The same mass of CaCO3 is used in all the experiments and the temperature of the hydrochloric acid in all
experiments is 40°C.
The reaction conditions for each experiment are summarised in the table below.
CONCENTRATION
VOLUME OF STATE OF
EXPERIMENT OF HCℓ(aq)
HCℓ(aq) (cm3) DIVISION OF CaCO3
(mol·dm-3)
A 500 0,1 granules
B 500 0,1 lumps
C 500 0,1 powder
13.1 For this investigation write down the:
13.1.1 Dependent variable (1)
13.1.2 Independent variable (1)

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The carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g), produced during EXPERIMENT A, is collected in a gas syringe. The volume of
gas collected is measured every 20 s and the results obtained are shown in the graph.

13.2 What can be deduced from the graph regarding the RATE OF THE REACTION during the time interval:
13.2.1 20 s to 40 s (1)
13.2.2 60 s to 120 s (1)
13.3 Calculate the average rate (in cm3∙s-1) at which CO2(g) is produced in the experiment.
(Answer: 8,33 cm3·s-1) (3)
13.4 How will the volume of CO2(g) produced in experiment B compare to that produced in experiment A?
Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
13.5 A graph is now drawn for experiment C on the same set of axes. How will the gradient of this graph
compare to the gradient of the graph for experiment A? Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER
THAN or EQUAL TO. Use the collision theory to fully explain the answer. (4)
13.6 Assume that the molar gas volume at 40°C is 25,7 dm3∙mol-1. Calculate the mass of CaCO3(s) used in
experiment A. (Answer: 1,95 g) (4)
[16]
QUESTION 14 (June 2021)
Two experiments, I and II, are conducted to investigate one of the factors that affects the rate of the reaction
of aluminium carbonate, Aℓ2(CO3)3, with EXCESS hydrochloric acid, HCℓ. The balanced equation for the
reaction is: Aℓ2(CO3)3(s) + 6HCℓ(aq) → 2AℓCℓ3(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 3CO2(g)
The apparatus used is shown below.

The reaction conditions used for each experiment are as follows:

Experiment I: 100 cm3 of 1,5 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ(aq) reacts with 0,016 mol Aℓ2(CO3)3 granules at 25 °C
Experiment II: 50 cm3 of 2 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ(aq) reacts with 0,016 mol Aℓ2(CO3)3 granules at 25 °C
14.1 Define the term rate of a reaction. (2)
14.2 Using the experimental setup above, state the measurements that must be made to determine the
rate of this reaction. (2)
14.3 Use the collision theory to explain how the average reaction rate in Experiment I differs from the
average reaction rate in Experiment II. (3)
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14.4 The average rate of the reaction in Experiment II during the first 2,5 minutes is 4,4 x 10-3 mol∙min-1.
Calculate the number of moles of Aℓ2(CO3)3 that remains in the flask after 2,5 minutes.
(Answer: 0,005 mol) (3)
14.5 Calculate the maximum volume of CO2(g) that can be prepared at 25 °C in Experiment I.
Take molar gas volume at 25 °C as 24 000 cm3∙mol-1.
(Answer: 1 152 cm3) (3)
[13]
QUESTION 15 (September 2021)
15.1 Study the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for a certain reaction below.

P and Q are the labels of the axes. What quantity is represented by:
15.1.1 P (1)
15.1.2 Q (1)
15.2 Line R represents the minimum energy required for the reaction to take place.
15.2.1 Write down the term for the underlined phrase. (1)
15.2.2 How will the shaded area on the graph be affected when a catalyst is added? Choose from
INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
15.3 Use the collision theory to explain how a catalyst influences the rate of reaction. (4)
15.4 The reaction between POWDERED calcium carbonate, CaCO 3(s), and EXCESS hydrochloric acid,
HCℓ(aq), is used to investigate reaction rate at 25 °C. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
Several experiments are conducted using the same mass of IMPURE calcium carbonate and different
initial concentrations of dilute hydrochloric acid. The graph below represents the results obtained.
Assume that the impurities do not react.

For this investigation, write down a:

15.4.1 Controlled variable (1)
15.4.2 Conclusion (2)
The CaCO3(s) in 6 g of the impure sample reacts completely with 0,03 mol dm-3 in 26 minutes.
15.4.3 Use the information in the graph to calculate the percentage purity of the calcium carbonate.
Assume that the molar gas volume at 25 °C is 24 000 cm3. (Answer: 83,33% to 90,33%) (6)
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QUESTION 16 (November 2021)

The reaction of 15 g of an IMPURE sample of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, with EXCESS hydrochloric acid, HCℓ,
of concentration 1,0 mol∙dm-3, is used to investigate the rate of a reaction.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
The volume of CO2(g) produced is measured at regular intervals. A sketch graph representing the total
volume of carbon dioxide gas produced as a function of time is shown below.

16.1 Define the term reaction rate. (2)

16.2 Give a reason why the gradient of the graph decreases between t 2 and t3. (1)
16.3 Changes in the graph between t1 and t2 are due to temperature changes within the reaction mixture.
16.3.1 Is the reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? (1)
16.3.2 Explain the answer by referring to the graph. (3)
16.4 The percentage purity of the sample is 82,5%. Calculate the value of X on the graph assuming that
the gas is collected at 25 °C. Take the molar gas volume at 25 °C as 24 000 cm 3.
(Answer: 2880 to 2970 cm3) (5)
16.5 How will the reaction rate change if 15 g of a PURE sample of CaCO3 reacts with the same
HCℓ solution? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
16.6 Use the collision theory to explain the answer to QUESTION 16.5. (2)
[15]
QUESTION 17 (June 2022)
Learners use the reaction of MgCO3(s) with EXCESS dilute HCℓ(aq) to investigate the relationship between
temperature and the rate of a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
MgCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
The results obtained are represented in the graph below.
Graph of average rate of production of CO2 (in g·min-1) versus temperature

17.1 Define the term rate of reaction. (2)

17.2 State TWO conditions that must be kept constant during this investigation. (2)
17.3 Use the collision theory to explain the relationship shown in the graph. (4)
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17.4 The learners obtained the graph above using 5 g MgCO 3(s) with EXCESS HCℓ at 40 °C.
Calculate the:
17.4.1 Time taken for the reaction to run to completion (Answer: 5,238 to 5,28 min) (6)
17.4.2 Molar gas volume at 40 °C if 1,5 dm3 CO2 is collected in a syringe
(Answer: 25 to 25,21 dm3·mol-1) (2)
17.5 The graph below represents the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for CO2(g) at 40 °C.

Redraw the graph above in your workbook. Clearly label the curve as A.
On the same set of axes, sketch the curve that will be obtained for the CO2(g) at 20 °C. Label this
curve as B. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 18 (November 2022)
Three experiments, A, B and C, are carried out to investigate some of the factors that affect the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(ℓ).
The balanced equation for the reaction is: 2H2O2(ℓ) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g)
Identical samples of hydrogen peroxide are used in each experiment.
The conditions used in each experiment are summarised in the table below.
EXPERIMENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
A 25 Without catalyst
B 25 With catalyst
C 35 Without catalyst
18.1 In which experiment, A or B, is the reaction rate higher? Use the collision theory to explain the
answer. (4)
18.2 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves, X and Y, for two of the above experiments are shown
below.

Identify the curve (X or Y) that represents experiment C. (2)

18.3 The volume of oxygen gas, O2(g), produced in experiment B during the first 3,6 s is collected in a
syringe, as shown below.

18.3.1 Write down the volume of O2(g) collected in the syringe. (Answer: 560 cm3) (2)
18.3.2 Calculate the mass of water, H2O(ℓ), that was produced during the first 3,6 s. Take the molar
gas volume to be 24 000 cm3∙mol-1 at 25 °C. (Answer: 0,72 to 0,9 g) (4)

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18.4 The graph below, NOT drawn to scale, is obtained for the mass of oxygen gas produced over a period
of time in experiment A.

Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions:

18.4.1 Write down the rate of production of oxygen gas for the interval 30 s to 36 s. (1)
18.4.2 Will the rate of the reaction in the interval 3 s to 9 s be GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN
or EQUAL TO the rate of the reaction in the interval 9 s to 20 s? (1)
18.4.3 The average rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is 2,1 x 10-3 mol∙s-1
Calculate the value of time t on the graph. (Answer: 26,67 to 28,57 s) (5)
[19]
QUESTION 19 (June 2023)
Consider the following decomposition reaction that takes place in a sealed 2 dm3 container:
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
The graph below shows how the concentrations of N 2O5(g) and NO2(g) change with time.

19.1 Refer to the graph above and give a reason why curve A represents the change in the concentration
of NO2(g). (1)
19.2 Consider the statement below:
The rate of decomposition of N2O5(g) is half the rate of formation of NO2(g).
Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

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19.3 Calculate the:

19.3.1 Mass of NO2(g) present in the container at 400 s
(Answer: 1,84 g) (4)
19.3.2 Average rate of production of O2(g) in mol∙dm-3∙s-1 in 700 s
(Answer: 1 x 10-5 mol·dm-3·s-1) (4)
19.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for the N2O5(g) initially present in the container is shown
below.

The initial concentration of the N2O5(g) is now INCREASED.

19.4.1 Redraw the distribution curve above in the ANSWER BOOK and label this curve as P.
On the same set of axes, sketch the curve that will be obtained for the higher concentration
of N2O5(g). Label this curve as Q. (2)
19.4.2 Will the rate of decomposition of N2O5(g) at the higher concentration be HIGHER THAN,
LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO the original rate of decomposition? Explain the answer using
the collision theory. (3)
[16]
QUESTION 20 (November 2023)
The reaction between EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate is used to investigate factors
that influence reaction rate.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)
The concentration of HCℓ(aq) used is 1 mol·dm-3. The same volume of HCℓ(aq) is used in each run.
The time taken for the cross on the paper under the flask to become invisible is measured.

VOLUME VOLUME H2O(ℓ) CONCENTRATION

RUN TIME (s)
Na2S2O3(aq) (cm3) ADDED (cm3) Na2S2O3(aq) (mol·dm-3)
1 50 0 0,13 20,4
2 40 10 0,10 26,7
3 30 20 P 33,3
20.1 Define reaction rate. (2)
20.2 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)
20.3 Calculate the value of P in the table.
(Answer: 0,075 to 0,08 mol·dm-3) (3)
20.4 When 0,21 g of sulphur has formed in Run 1, the cross becomes invisible.
Calculate the average reaction rate with respect to sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3(aq), in g·s-1.
(Answer: 0,048 tot 0,08 g·s-1) (5)

Another investigation is performed at different temperatures.

20.5 Sketch the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for the reaction at 20 °C.
Label this curve as A. On the same set of axes, draw the curve that will be obtained at 35 °C and
label it as B. (4)
20.6 Explain the effect of temperature on reaction rate in terms of the collision theory. (4)
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Chemistry Revision Book © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 86 FS/2025

QUESTION 21 (June 2024)

The reaction between aluminium and EXCESS sulphuric acid is used to investigate factors affecting rates of
reactions.
2Aℓ(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Aℓ2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
21.1 INVESTIGATION I
The effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction is determined.
Aluminium powder of mass 5 g reacts with excess 0,1 mol·dm-3 H2SO4 at 60 °C.
Consider the following energy diagrams (not drawn to scale) for this investigation. X and Y in
diagram B represent the activation energies.

21.1.1 Is the reaction between Aℓ(s) and dilute H2SO4(aq) ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC?
Give a reason for the answer by referring to the above diagrams. (2)
21.1.2 What does the shaded area to the right of line P represent? (1)
21.1.3 Determine the numerical value represented by the letter X on diagram B. (Answer: 32,6 kJ) (2)
21.2 INVESTIGATION II
The investigation is now repeated at 30 °C using the same reactants (5g Aℓ powder and excess
0,1 mol·dm-3 H2SO4) and catalyst.
How will this affect EACH of the following when compared to INVESTIGATION I? Choose from
INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
21.2.1 The size of the shaded area (diagram B) (1)
21.2.2 The value of Y (1)
21.2.3 The TOTAL volume of hydrogen gas produced (1)
21.3 INVESTIGATION III
In this investigation, 5 g of the same sample of IMPURE aluminium powder reacts with an EXCESS
diluted H2SO4 at 60 °C in each of three runs. The table below summarises the conditions and the
results obtained. (Assume that the impurities do not react.)
2Aℓ(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Aℓ2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
AVERAGE RATE OF
CONCENTRATION
RUN VOLUME H2(g) PRODUCED
H2SO4(aq) (1 mol·dm-3)
(cm3·s-1)
1 0,1 15
2 0,2 19
3 0,4 40
21.3.1 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)
21.3.2 Use the collision theory to explain how the average rate of the reaction is affected in this
investigation. (3)
21.3.3 The time for the reaction to reach completion in RUN 3 is 2,6 minutes.
Calculate the percentage purity of the aluminium. Take the molar gas volume at 60 °C to
be 27 000 cm3·mol-1. (Answer: 81% – 83,3%) (6)
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Chemistry Revision Book © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 87 FS/2025

QUESTION 22 (November 2024)

22.1 The reaction between pure aluminium, Aℓ(s), and EXCESS hydrochloric acid, HCℓ(aq), is used to
investigate the factors that affect the rate of a reaction.
The balanced equation for the reaction is: 2Aℓ(s) + 6HCℓ(aq) → 2AℓCℓ 3(aq) + 3H2(g)
22.1.1 Define the term reaction rate. (2)
EXPERIMENT I
In this experiment, 1 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ solution reacts with a 0,5 g Aℓ strip from an aluminium roll at
room temperature.
The graph of volume H2(g) versus time for this experiment, not drawn to scale, is shown below.

22.1.2 For the time interval t = 0 to t = 5 minutes, the average reaction rate for the formation of
H2(g) is 0,033 dm3·min-1.
Calculate the mass of Aℓ present in the container at t = 5 minutes. Take the molar gas
volume as 24,5 dm3·mol-1. (Answer: 0,365 – 0,42 g) (6)
Assume that the concentration of the HCℓ(aq) stays constant for the duration of the reaction.
22.1.3 Use the collision theory to explain the change in the reaction rate from t = 0 to t = 5 minutes. (4)
EXPERIMENT II
Experiment I is repeated using a 2 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ solution.
22.1.4 Redraw the above graph (NO numerical values need to be shown) in your ANSWER BOOK
and label the curve A. On the same set of axes, draw the curve that will be obtained for
Experiment II. Label this as curve B. (2)
EXPERIMENT III
Experiment I is repeated using 0,5 g pure powdered Aℓ.
22.1.5 How will the volume of H2(g) produced in Experiment III compare to that in Experiment I?
Choose from GREATER THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
22.2 Curve X is the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution curve for a reaction under a set of reaction conditions.
A change was made to one of the reaction conditions to obtain curve Y.

22.2.1 What change was made to obtain curve Y? (1)

22.2.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 22.2.1. (1)
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Chemistry Revision Book © Free State Department of Education