Solutions

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Solutions
• contain a solute, usually in
smaller quantity, and uniformly
mixed into another substance
called the solvent, usually
present in greater quantity.
• are homogeneous mixtures of
two or more substances.
– the particles of solute are
evenly dispersed in the solvent
– solute and solvent can be
separated via evaporation
but not filtration
•c
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Examples of Solutions
The solutes and solvents in solutions can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Gas Solutions Type Example Solute Solvent

Gas in a gas Air O2(g) N2(g)

Liquid Solutions Type Example Solute Solvent

Gas in a liquid Soda water CO2(g) H2O(l)
Gas in a liquid Household ammonia NH3(g) H2O(l)
Liquid in a liquid Vinegar HC2H3O2(l) H2O(l)
Solid in a liquid Seawater NaCl(s) H2O(l)
Solid in a liquid Tincture of iodine I2(s) C2H6O(l)

Solid Solutions Type Example Solute Solvent

Solid in a solid Brass Zn(s) Cu(s)
Solid in a solid Steel C(s) Fe(s)

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Water as a Solvent
• Water is a polar solvent
– oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen, which
makes the O–H bonds polar
– bond dipoles do not cancel out due to bent molecular shape
• Water molecules are attracted to one another via hydrogen
bonds

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Solute–Solvent Attractions
● Attractive forces occur between solute and solvent particles
when the solute and solvent are similar in polarity.
● The expression “like dissolves like” describes the
common polarities of the solute and solvent particles
needed to form a solution.
● Solvation: process by which solvent molecules surround
and interact with solute ions or molecules.

Solutions Will Form Solutions Will Not Form

Solute Solvent Solute Solvent

Polar Polar Polar Nonpolar

Nonpolar Nonpolar Nonpolar Polar

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Solutions: Ionic Solutes
When NaCl crystals are placed in water,
• partially negative O atoms in water
molecules attract Na+ ions
• Partially positive H atoms in other
water molecules attract Cl– ions
• The formation of the solution can be
represented as

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Solutions: Polar Solutes
Polar molecules such as methanol, are soluble
in water because of group forms hydrogen bonds
with the polar solvent water.

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Solutions: Nonpolar Solutes
Solutes that are nonpolar, such as iodine (I2), oil, or grease,
do not dissolve in the polar solvent water.
There are no attractions between the nonpolar solute
particles and the polar solvent.
Nonpolar molecules will form a solution with nonpolar
solvents.

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 Like dissolves Like

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Is it soluble?
Circle all test tubes containing a solution (a homogeneous
mixture containing a solvent and a soluble solute).

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Solute–Solvent Attractions
Decide which solvent, water or carbon tetrachloride, would
be most suitable for dissolving each of the solutes listed below.
a. ammonia, NH3

b. magnesium bromide, MgBr2

c. bromine, Br2

d. ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3

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Solutes: Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte
• When electrolytes dissolve in water, the process of
dissociation separates them into ions forming solutions
that conduct electricity.
• When nonelectrolytes dissolve in water, they do not
separate into ions, and their solutions do not conduct
electricity.

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Solutes: Strong Electrolytes
In water, strong electrolytes
• completely dissociate.
• produce ions.
• conduct an electric current.

Example:

A strong electrolyte in an
aqueous solution completely
dissociates into ions.
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Solutes: Weak Electrolytes
In water, weak electrolytes
• partially dissociate
• produce a few ions.
• conduct a weak current.

Example:

A weak electrolyte forms

mostly molecules and a few
ions in an aqueous solution.
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Solutes: Nonelectrolytes
In water, nonelectrolytes
• do not dissociate
• do not produce ions.
• do not conduct a current.

Example:

A nonelectrolyte dissolves in
water only as molecules,
which do not ionize.
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Classification of Solutes in Aqueous
Solutions
Type of Solute In Solution Type(s) of Particles Conducts Examples
in Solution Electricity?
Strong Dissociates Only ions Yes Ionic compounds such as
electrolyte completely N a C l, K B r, M g C l2, N a N O3;
bases such as N a O H, K O H;
acids such as H C l, H B r, H I,
H N O 3, H C l O 4, H 2S O 4
Weak Dissociates Mostly molecules Weakly H F, H2O, N H3, H C2H3O2
electrolyte partially and a few ions (acetic acid)
Nonelectrolyte No Only molecules No Carbon compounds such as
dissociation C H4O (methanol), C2H6O
(ethanol), C12H22O11
(sucrose), C H4N2O (urea)

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Sample Problem
Write the equation for the formation of a solution for each of
the following:
a. Na2SO4(s), a strong electrolyte

b. sucrose, C12H22O11(s), a nonelectrolyte

c. acetic acid, HC2H3O2(l), a weak electrolyte

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Sample Problem
Write the equation for the formation of a solution for each of
the following:
a. Na2SO4(s), a strong electrolyte

b. sucrose, C12H22O11(s), a nonelectrolyte

c. acetic acid, HC2H3O2(l), a weak electrolyte

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Factors Affecting Solution Formation

The compositions of the solvent and the solute

determine whether or not a substance will dissolve.
Factors that affect how fast a substance dissolves
include:
• Agitation
• Temperature
• Particle size of the solute

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Agitation
Stirring continually exposes solute (sugar) to
fresh solvent (water)
● Affects only the rate at which
a solid solute dissolves.
● Does not affect amount of
solute that will dissolve.
● Mixing cannot make
something that is insoluble
dissolve.

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Temperature
Temperature influences the rate at which
a solute dissolves.
• More rapid motion of solvent
molecules leads to an increase
in the frequency and force of
the collisions between solvent
and solute

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Particle Size of the Solute
The dissolving process is a surface
phenomenon.
• Smaller particles expose a
much greater surface area
to the colliding solvent
molecules.

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Heterogeneous Liquid Mixtures
• Suspensions - particles settle out upon standing.
○ Particles are greater than 1000 nm
○ Muddy water

• Colloids - particles cannot be retained by filter paper

but, they do not settle out with time.
○ Particles are between 1 nm and 1000 nm
○ Appear cloudy (due to presence of solid particles)
○ Milk, glue, paint, fog, whipped cream

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 Suspensions

Solution Suspension

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The Tyndall Effect
• The scattering of visible light by particles.
• Visible in colloid and suspension due to
suspended particles

Flashlight
Solution Colloid Suspension
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Emulsions
Type of colloid - dispersion of a liquid in a liquid
● Two liquids that would otherwise be immiscible in each
other that combine due to the presence of an
emulsifying agent.

Example: Soap and Water

● One end of soap is polar and attracted to water
molecules.
● Other end of soap is nonpolar and soluble in oil or
grease.
● Another example is mayonnaise: Oil, vinegar, and egg
yolk (emulsifying agent)

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Emulsifying Agent

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Properties of Different Types of Mixtures

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 Solutions, Colloids, Suspensions
Type of Type of Settling Separation Examples
Mixture Particle
Solution Small Particles do Particles cannot Hydrochloric acid
particles such not settle be separated by solution, salt water
as atoms, filters or
ions, or small semipermeable
molecules membranes

Colloid Larger Particles do Particles can be Milk (liquid

molecules or not settle separated by dispersed in liquid),
groups of semipermeable marshmallows (gas
molecules or membranes but dispersed in solid),
ions not by filters clouds (liquid
dispersed in gas),
Suspension Very large Particles Particles can be Clay and water,
particles that settle rapidly separated by Kaopectate (shake
may be filters before using)
visible

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