Chapter 4
Transport Across Cell Membrane
Huyen Doan Van MD., PhD
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Topics
1. Diffusion 3. Osmosis
– Magnitude and direction – Osmolarity and tonicity
– Rate v. distance 4. Endocytosis and
– Crossing Membranes Exocytosis
2. Mediated transport 5. Epithelial transport
systems
– Facilitated diffusion
– Active transport
• Primary, secondary
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Diffusion
• The movement of molecules from one location
to another as a result of their random thermal
motion.
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Diffusion Equilibrium
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Diffusion Equilibrium
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Magnitude and Direction of
Diffusion
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Simple diffusion
• Is only form of transport that is not carrier-mediated
• Occur down an electrochemical gradient
• Does nor require energy there for is passive
• J = PA (C1 – C2) where
J = flux (mmol/sec)
P = permeability (cm/sec)
A = area (cm2)
C1 = concentration 1 ( higher concentration)
C2 = concentration 2 ( lower concentration)
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Simple diffusion
• Example: The urea concentration from blood is
10 mg/100 mL. The urea concentration of the
renal proximal tubular fluid is 20 mg/100 mL. If
the permeability to urea is 1x10-5 cm/sec and the
surface area is 100 cm2. What are the magnitude
and direction of the urea flux?
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Diffusion through Membrane lipid
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, and steroid
hormones are examples of nonpolar molecules that
diffuse rapidly through the lipid portions of
membranes.
• Remember that lipophilic (lipid-loving) substances
move through easily.
• Polar molecules and hydrophilic (water-loving) do
not diffuse readily through the membranes.
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Diffusion through Ion Channels
• Ions such as Na+, K+, Cl–, and Ca2+ all use specific protein channels
to diffuse into and out of cells.
• Channels are integral membrane proteins that span the lipid bilayer.
• A single protein may have a conformation that looks like a
doughnut, with the hole in the middle providing the channel for ion
movement.
• More often, several proteins aggregate, each forming a subunit of
the walls of a channel.
• Specificity is determined by pore size of the channel, charge, and
binding sites.
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Diffusion through Ion Channels
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Electrical force on Ion movement
• MP is a separation of electrical charges that
exists across plasma membranes.
• MP provides an electrical force that influences
the movement of ions across the membrane.
• Remember that like charges repel and
opposites attract.
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Membrane Potential
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Regulation of Diffusion through Ion Channels
• Channels are regulated to control the
movement of ions into and out of a cell.
• Types of Gated channels are:
– Ligand gated
– Voltage gated
– Mechanically gated
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Mediated-Transport Systems
• Many molecules (like glucose) are either too
large and charged to get into the cell without
help.
• Including: facilitated diffusion, primary and
secondary transport
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Mediated-Transport Systems
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Characteristics of carrier mediated
transport
• Specificity: Transporters are specific for their ligand.
• Saturation: the transport rate increases as the
concentration of transported solutes until the carriers
are saturated. This means that there is a maximum
flux of molecules that can be reached.
• Competition: structurally related solutes can
compete for transport sites on the carrier molecule.
Ex: galactose is a competitive inhibitor of glucose
transport in small intestine.
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Facilitated diffusion
• Is a diffusion so: passive down electrochemical
gradient
• Does not require energy
• Is carrier mediated, therefore exhibits specificity,
saturation and competition
• Example: in muscle and adipose tissue, glucose is
transported downhill and inhibited by galactose. In
Diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and
adipose tissue is impaired because the carriers
(GLUT4) for facilitated diffusion of glucose require
insulin.
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Simple diffusion vs Facilitated diffusion
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Active Transport
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Active Transport
• Active transport uses energy to move molecules against the
concentration gradient.
• These transporters are often called “pumps”.
• These pumps can also be saturated and use two types of
energy sources:
(1) The direct use of ATP in primary active transport
(2) The use of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to
drive the process in secondary active transport
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Na+/K+ ATPase
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Extracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
Na+ 145 mM
Na+ 15 mM
K+ 5 mM
K+ 150 mM
ATP
Na+/K+ -ATPase 3 Na+
2 K+
ADP
Primary Active-Transporters
• The Na+/K+-ATPase primary active transporter
is found in every cell and helps establish and
maintain the membrane potential of the cell.
• In addition to the Na+/K+-ATPase transporter,
the major primary active-transport proteins
found in most cells are:
(1) Ca2+-ATPase: Calcium pump
(2) H+-ATPase: in lysosome, mitochondrion
(3) H+/K+-ATPase: proton pump in parietal cells of
stomach
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Secondary Active Transport
• SAT uses an electrochemical gradient across a
plasma membrane as its energy source.
• Transporters that mediate secondary active
transport have two binding sites, one for an ion
(e.g., Na+) and another for the co-transported
molecule (e.g., Glucose).
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Secondary Active Transport
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Secondary Active Transport
Remember that Cotransporters (symporters) move molecules in the same direction.
Countertransporters (antiporters) move molecules in opposite directions.
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Membrane Transport Proteins
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Osmosis
• The net diffusion of water across a membrane
• Facilitated by channel proteins called
aquaporins
• Aquaporin expression and insertion into the
membrane varies among cell types. These are
especially important in the kidney.
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Osmolarity (nong do osmol/lit dung dinh)
• The total solute concentration of a solution is known as its osmolarity.
• One osmol is equal to 1 mol of solute particles.
• So a 1 M solution of glucose has a concentration of 1 Osm (1 osmol per liter),
whereas a 1 M solution of sodium chloride contains 2 osmol of solute per liter of
solution.
• A liter of solution containing 1 mol of glucose and 1 mol of sodium chloride has
an osmolarity of 3 Osm.
• Although osmolarity refers to the concentration of solute particles, it also
determines the water concentration in the solution because the higher the
osmolarity, the lower the water concentration.
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Water molecule Pure water
(high water concentration)
Solute molecule
Solution
(low water concentration)
Initial
Water
Solute
1 2
Solute 2 Osm 4 Osm
Water 53.5 M 51.5 M
volume 1L 1L
Equilibrium
Solute 3 Osm 3 Osm
Water 52.5 M 52.5 M
volume 1L 1L
A Initial B
Water
1 2
Solute 2 Osm 4 Osm
Water 53.5 M 51.5 M
volume 1L 1L
Equilibrium
Osmotic pressure:
prevent net flow of
the water into the
solution (B)
Solute 3 Osm 3 Osm What is B is
Water 52.5 M 52.5 M vasculature system?
volume 0.67 L 1.33 L
• Which one has the lowest water concentration?
Which two have the same osmolarity? (Unit mM)
Solution Glucose Urea NaCl CaCl2
A 20 30 150 10
B 10 100 20 50
C 100 200 10 120
D 30 10 60 100
• A
• B
• C
• D
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Intracellular fluid 300 mOsm
nonpenetrating solutes
Normal cell volume
400 mOsm 300 mOsm 200 mOsm
nonpenetrating solutes nonpenetrating solutes nonpenetrating solutes
Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution
Cell shrinks No change in cell volume Cell swells
What happens to cell volume if a cell is placed in each of the following
solution?
(concentration = mM)
Solution NaCl (non- Urea
penetrating) (penetration)
A 150 100
B 100 150
C 200 100
D 100 50
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Endocytosis
• Movement of molecules into the cell via
vesicles.
• There are three general types of endocytosis
that may occur in a cell:
1. Fluid endocytosis (pinocytosis)
2. Phagocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Endocytosis & Exocytosis
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Forms of Endocytosis
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Exocytosis
• Movement of molecules out of the cell via
vesicles.
• Exocytosis performs several functions for cells:
1. Provides a way to replace portions of the plasma
membrane that endocytosis has removed
2. Adds new membrane components to the membrane
3. Provides a route by which membrane-impermeable
molecules (such as protein hormones) the cell
synthesizes can be secreted into the extracellular fluid
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Epithelial Transport
• Paracellular pathway: diffusion between
adjacent cells
• Transcellular pathway: movement into a cell,
through the cytosol, and exit across the
opposite membrane
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Transepithelial Transport of Na+
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Transepithelial Transport of Organic
Solutes
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Transepithelial Osmosis
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