WHAT IS ESCHATOLOGY

Eschatology is the branch of theology that deals with the “last things”. Events connected to the
end of history and the fulfillment of God’s plan.

The word Eschatology comes from the Greek word eschatos (last) and logos(study or teaching).

In Christian theology, eschatology includes topics like

1. Death and Judgement

2. Heaven and Hell
3. The resurrection of the dead
4. The Second coming of Christ
5. The End of the world and the renewal of creation.

Eschatology appears throughout the Bible, not just in one place.

In the Old testament it is found in the books of:

a) Daniel 7-12 –The visions of the end times, resurrection and final judgement .
Vision of the four beasts
Vision of the Ancient of days
b) Isaiah 24-27,65-66- the “day of the Lord” New Heavens and new earth
c) Ezekiel 37-48 resurrection imagery and future restoration

In the New Testament it is found in the books of

a) Matthew 24-25, Mark 13, Luke 21- Jesus’ teachings on the end times (often called the
Olivet discourse)
b) 1 Thessalonians 4-5- Christ’s return and resurrection
c) 1 Corinthians 15- resurrection of the dead.
d) 2 Peter 3- the final judgement and new creation
e) Revelation- the most detailed apocalyptic book focusing on the end of history, final
judgement and God’s ultimate victory.

Eschatology is woven throughout scripture pointing towards God’s final justice, restoration and
hope for the future.
Eschatology is also the study of what God has promised about the end of history and the ultimate
destiny of humanity.

Its core Christian eschatology focus on Jesus Christ and what Christians believe will happen
when God fully restores creation. Key themes include:

1. The second coming of Christ

Christians believe Jesus will return to:
 Defeat evil completely
 Establish God’s final kingdom
 Judge the living and dead
2. The death and the intermediate state after death:
 Souls are conscious and await resurrection
 Believers are with Christ.
 Full judgement has not yet occurred.
3. In the resurrection of the dead at the end of time:
 All people will be bodily resurrected
 Believers receive glorified bodies
 Death is permanently defeated
4. Final judgement – God will judge every person:
 Based on their response to Christ
 Resulting in eternal life or separation from God
5. Heaven and Hell
 Heaven is eternal life in God’s presence
 Hell is eternal separation from God
 And now comes the new heaven and the new earth.

The different types of Eschatology

a) Individual personal eschatology- What happens to a person after death:

Death, judgement, heaven and hell.
Key scriptures: Hebrew 9:27, Luke 16:19-31.
b) General universal eschatology- What happens to the whole world at the end:
Second coming, resurrection and final judgement.
 Key scriptures: Matthew 24-25, Revelation 20-22.
c) Realized eschatology- End time promises are already fulfilled
God’s kingdom is present now
Key scriptures: Luke 17:20-21
d) Inaugurated eschatology-God’s kingdom has started but is not finished
Partly now, fully in the future.
Key scriptures: Matthew 12:28, Romans 8:18-25
e) Futurist Eschatology- Most end-time events will happen in the future.
Key scriptures: Revelation 19-21, 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17
f) Apocalyptic eschatology- End time explained using visions and symbols often expressed
through dreams and imagery. Found especially in the book of Daniel and Revelation.

Millenialism

Millenialism is the belief there will be a millennium- a 1000 year reign of Christ on earth based
on Revelation 20:16.

It focuses on:

 Christ’s reign, peace and justice on earth and the defeat of evil. To elaborate further, it is
a belief found in various religions and cultures, particularly in Christianity that
anticipates a golden age as paradise on earth where peace, prosperity and righteousness
will prevail for a thousand years.
 The era is often believed to be initiated by a divine figure or event.
 Utopian society – it typically envisions a perfect society free from suffering, injustice and
evil.
 In Christian eschatology, millennialism is often linked to the return of Jesus Christ who
will establish his kingdom on earth for a thousand years before the final judgement.
There are different interpretations of when and how this millennium will occur e.g pre-
millenialism, post-millennialism and amillennialism.
Pre-millennialism

It is a view in Christian eschatology that holds that Jesus Christ will return before a literal
thousand year reign on earth often referred to as the millennium.

Key characteristics include:

 Christ’s return- Jesus will physically return to earth

 The millennium- After his return, there will be a literal 1000 year period of peace and
righteousness during which Christ will rule.
 Resurrection- There will be at least two resurrections- one of beilievers before or at the
beginning of the millennium and one of unbelievers after the millennium.
 Tribulation- Many pre-millennialists believe in a period of great tribulation before
Christ’s return though views vary on whether the church will experience it (pre-
tribulation, rapture, mid-tribulation rapture or post-tribulation rapture). This perspective
often emphasizes a literal interpretation of biblical prophecies particularly those found in
the book of Revelation.
 Simple meaning- Christ return millennium begins

Post-millennialism

Post-millennialism teaches that Christ will return after the 1000-year reign.

Key ideas

 The world will gradually improve through the gospel.

 The long period of peace and righteousness occurs(the millennium)
 Christ returns after this golden age
 Simple meaning- Millennium occurs- Christ returns

Memory tip- Pre-Christ comes before the millennium and Post-Christ comes after the
millennium.

Post-millennialism is an eschatological view that holds that Christ’s second coming will occur
after the millennium, unlike pre-millennialism which is generally not a literal 1000 year period
but rather an extended indefinite era( often interpreted symbolically). This view gained
preeminence in the 18th and 19th centuries often associated with periods of revival and societal
improvement, suggesting that the world is progressively getting better under the influence of the
gospel.

Interpreting the thousand years symbolically draws support from various scriptures that speak to
the progressive victory of God’s kingdom and the widespread of the Gospel. Some key
references:

Matt13:31-33- Parables of the mustard seed and leaven bread.

Psalm 2:8- “Ask of me and I will make the nations your inheritance, the ends of the earth your
possession.” This verse is seen as a promise of the global extent of Christ’s dominion, which will
be realized through the church’s missionary efforts.

Isaiah 2:2-4 and Micah 4:1-4(Prophecies of the global peace)- In the last days the mountain of
the Lord’s temple will be established as the highest of the mountains and all nations will stream
to it.

Daniel 2:34-35, 44-45(The stone Kingdom)- The stone was cut out, but not by human hands. It
struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay and smashed them but the stone that struck the statue
became a huge mountain and filled the whole earth.

Matthew 28:18-20(The Great commission)

All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to you. Therefore, go and make disciples of
all nations and surely I am with you always to the very end of the age. The success and ultimate
fulfillment of the Great commission leading to the evangelization and discipleship of all nations
is a core tenant of the post-millennial optimism.

These scriptures are used to argue for a future time when the world will largely be Christianized
and experience a golden age of peace and righteousness before Christ’s second coming.
Church and Tribulation

This usually comes up in Christian theology about how the church relates to the tribulation.

In the Bible (especially Daniel, Matthew24 and Revelation 6-18), the tribulation is described as a
future period of intense suffering, judgement and upheaval before Christ’s return.

The church generally means all believers in Christ not just a building or institution.

Main views on the Church and the tribulation

1. Pre-tribulation view
 The church is raptured before the tribulation begins.
 Believers are taken to be with Christ while the world enters the tribulation.
 Common in evangelical and dispensational theology.
 Key idea is the church is spared from God’s wrath(I Thess 4:16-17, Rev 3:10)
2. Mid –tribulation view
 The church goes through the entire tribulation.
 Rapture happens around the midpoint(31/2 years)
 Less common but tries to balance suffering and deliverance.
3. Post –tribulation view
 The church goes through the entire tribulation.
 Rapture and second coming happen at the same time
 Emphasizes perseverance and endurance.
 Often cites Matthew 24:29-31

Big picture (where most agree)

 Jesus will return
 Evil will be judged
 God remains in control
 The church is called to faithfulness, endurance and hope.

Pre-tribulation( Church removed before the tribulation)

The key scriptures used in the Bible include:
a. 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17. Believers are caught up to meet the Lord
b. 1 Thessalonians1:10 Jesus delivers us from the wrath to come
c. Revelation 4-5 Church seen in heaven; church not mentioned again on earth during
judgement.
d. Romans 5:9 saved from wrath through him.
e. Revelation 6-18 God’s wrath
f. Since the church isn’t appointed to wrath it must be gone

Mid-tribulation (church removed half-way through tribulation)

The key scriptures used is
a. Daniel 9:27. Tribulation divided into two halves
b. Revelation 11:15. Seventh trumpet marks a turning point.
c. 1 Corinthians15:52. Rapture at the last trumpet
d. Revelation 12:14- 3 and ½ years of protection images
How they read Revelation is:
1st half- persecution by man
2nd half –wrath of God.
Post –tribulation(Church goes through tribulation)
Key scriptures used is:
a. Matthew 24:29-31- Immediately after the tribulation He will gather his elect.
b. John 16:33- In the world you will have tribulation
c. Revelation 7:14- Saints “who come out of the great tribulation”
d. 1 Thessalonians1:6-10- Relief comes when Jesus is revealed.
e. Daniel 7:21-22- Saints persecuted until Christ comes.
How they read Revelation:
The church is present under persecution
God’s people are protected spiritually, not removed physically.
 The Second coming of Christ
The second coming is the future literal, visible return of Jesus Christ to earth in power
and glory to:
 Judge the world
 Raise the dead
 Gather his people
 Establish his eternal kingdom

This is distinct from Christ’s first coming (humble and as a suffering servant)

a. Jesus will return personally and visibly

Scriptures to read:
 Acts 1:11- This same Jesus will come in the same way you saw Him go into
heaven.
 Matthew 24:30- They will see the Son of man come in the clouds.
 Revelation 1:7- Every eye will see Him
 John 14:3- I will come again and receive you to myself.
Meaning – Christ returns not symbolically, not secretly but physically and
publicly.
b. The second coming will be sudden and unexpected
Scriptures to read:
 Matthew 24:36- No one knows the day or the how
 Matthew 24:42-44- Be ready the son of man is coming at an hour you do not
expect.
 1 Thessalonians 5:2- The day of the Lord comes like a thief in the night.
Meaning – believers are called to watchfulness not date-setting.
c. Christ returns in power and glory
Scriptures to read:
 Matthew 24:27- like lighting across the sky.
 Matthew 25:31- The son of man comes in His glory and all the angels with Him.
 Revelation 19:11-16- Christ as the conquering King.
 2 Thessalonians 1:7-10- Revealed in flaming fire.
 Meaning-No longer mocked or rejected Jesus returns as King and Judge.
d. The resurrection and gathering of believers
Scriptures to observe:
 1Thessalonians 4:16-17- Dead in Christ rise first, believers are caught up in the
air.
 1 Corinthians 15:22-23,51-52- Resurrection at Christ’s coming.
 Matthew 24:31- Angels gather His elect
 John 5:28-29- Resurrection of the righteous and the wicked.
Meaning –the second coming brings resurrection, transformation and reunion.
e. Judgement of the world
Scriptures to observe:
 Matthew 25:31-46- Sheep and goats judgement
 Acts 17:31-God will judge the world by Christ.
 2 Corinthians 5:10- Everyone appears before Christ.
 Revelation 20:11-15- Final judgement(Great white throne)
Meaning – Justice is fully and finally done, no one escapes accountability
f. Defeat of Satan and evil.
Scriptures to observe:
 Revelation 19:19-21- Defeat of the beast and false prophets
 Revelation 20:1-3,10- Satan judged and destroyed
 2 Thessalonians 2:8-Lawless one destroyed by Christ’s appearing
 1 Corinthians 15:24-26-Last enemy destroyed- death
g. New heaven and new earth
Scriptures to observe:
 Revelation 21:1-5- God dwells with his people
 2 Peter 3:10-13- New heavens and new earth
 Isaiah 65:17- Prophetic promise fulfilled
 Romans 8:18-23- Creation redeemed
Meaning – the second coming leads to restoration not escape
Why the second Coming matters

 Hope for the suffering(Titus 2:13)

 Motivation for holy living(2 Peter 3:11-12)
 Assurance of justice( Revelation 22:12)
 Victory over death( 1 Corinthians 15:54-57)
One core summary verse
Hebrews 9:28-Christ will appear a second time not to deal with sin, but to save those who
are eagerly waiting for him.

What is Rapture?

The Rapture refers to the event where believers are caught up to meet Christ when He returns.
The word Rapture is not in the English bible but it comes from the Latin(rapturo) translating the
Greek word(harpazo) meaning ‘caught up’.

Core scripture

1 Thessalonians 4:16-17- The Lord Himself will descend from Heaven and the dead in Christ
will rise first. Then we who are alive will be caught up together in the clouds to meet the Lord in
the air.

What happens in the rapture?

From the text, most agree on these steps:

1. Christ descends from heaven

2. A shout, the voice of an archangel, trumpet of GOD
3. Dead believers are resurrected
4. Living believers are transformed
5. Believers meet Christ in the air.

Support text
 1 Corinthians 15:51-52- We shall all be changed
 Philippians 3:20-21- Our bodies will be transformed
 John 14:1-3- Jesus receives His people to Himself.

Main views on the timing of the rapture

1. Pre-tribulation rapture
Belief – the church is raptured before the tribulation begins
Key scriptures used
 1 Thessalonians 1:10- Delivered from wrath
 Revelation 3:10- kept from the hour of trial
 1 Thessalonians 5:9- not appointed to wrath

Distinctive idea is that Rapture and Second coming are separate events.

2. Mid- tribulation rapture

Belief- the church is raptured halfway through the tribulation.
Key scriptures used
 Daniel 9:27- three and a half years division
 1 Corinthians 15:52-the last trumpet
 Revelation 11:15- seventh trumpet
3. Post-tribulation rapture
Belief- the church is raptured at the second coming of Christ after the tribulation.
Key scriptures used
 Matthew 24:29-31- after the tribulation
 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17- Meeting Christ as he descends
 2 Thessalonians 1:6-10- relief at his appearing

Distinctive idea- rapture= welcome procession, not escape

4. No separate rapture( Millennial view)

Belief – No distinct rapture event separate from Christ’s return.
Key scriptures used
 John 5:28-29-one resurrection event
 Matthew 25:31-46- Judgement at his coming
 2 Peter 3:10- One climatic day of the LORD
 One key interpretive question is:
Where do believers go after meeting Christ in the air?
a. Pre-tribulation- Back to heaven
b. Post-tribulation- Escort Christ to earth( like a royal welcome).
Matthew25:6,Acts 28:15

What all Christians agree on.

1. Jesus will return

2. Believers will be resurrected
3. We will be with the Lord forever- 1 Thessalonians4:17
4. This is meant to comfort not confuse-1 Thessalonians4:18

One anchoring verse: Titus 2:13- Waiting for our blessed hope, the
appearing of the glory of our Great God and Savior Jesus Christ.

Biblical Crowns

The Bible speaks of several crowns as rewards given by Christ to believers.

This are not about salvation which is by grace but about faithfulness, perseverance and love for
Christ.

1. The imperishable(incorruptible) crown

Reward for self-discipline and faithfulness in the Christian life.
Scriptures to observe:
 1 Corinthians 9:24-25- They do it to obtain a perishable crown but we an
imperishable one.
Explanation: Paul compares the Christian life to an athletic race. This crown
represents victory over the flesh, perseverance and living with eternal purpose
2. The Crown of rejoicing(soul winner’s crown)
Reward for leading others to Christ and spiritual influence
Scriptures to observe:
  1 Thessalonians 2:19-20- For what is our hope or joy as crown of rejoicing. Is it
not even you?
 Philippians 4:1
Explanation: This crown reflects joy in seeing others saved and growing in Christ-
People themselves are called Paul’s crown.
3. The Crown of righteousness
Reward for loving and longing for Christ’s appearing
Scriptures to observe:
 2 Timothy 4:7-8- There is laid up for me the crown of righteousness to all who
have loved his appearing
Explantion: This crown is given to believers who live expectantly and faithfully,
keeping their eyes on Christ’s return.
4. The Crown of life
Reward for endurance under trials and faithfulness in suffering.
Scriptures to observe:
 James 1:12- He will receive the crown of life which the Lord has promised to
those who love him.
 Revelation 2:10- Be faithful unto death and I will give you the crown of life.
Explanation: Often associated with persecution and steadfast faith even to the
point of martyrdom.
5. The Crown of Glory
Reward for faithful shepherding and service of God’s people
Scriptures to observe:
 1 Peter 5:2-4 – When the chief shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading
crown of glory
Explanation: Primarily directed to elders/pastors but applies broadly to humble,
faithful leadership in God’s work.

Important clarifications

 These crowns are rewards not salvation- Ephesians 2:8-9 salvation is by grace
  Crowns are given by Christ Himself- Revelation22:12- “My reward is with me”
 Crowns ultimately bring glory to God not self- Rev 4:10-11-Elders cast their
crowns before the throne.
 The big picture: Crowns are expressions of Christ’s approval not status symbols.
In the end every reward becomes an act of worship- Matthew 25:21- “Well done
good and faithful servant”
 Biblical crowns are not material objects in the normal sense. Theologically they
function as eschatological symbols, signs of God’s approval participation in
Christ’s reign and the fulfillment of Salvation.
 Crowns reflect God’s justice and generosity in rewarding faithfulness without
contradicting grace.

Christ as the source of all crowns

Jesus is portrayed as the true crown-bearer

 Hebrews 2:9- Jesus crowned with glory and honor

 Revelation 19:12- Many Crowns on Christ.
 Theological point- Believers receive crowns only in union with Christ. Any honor given
to believers is derivative not independent.
 Crowns as participation in Kingship, believers are promised participation in Christ’s
reign. Revelation 1:6,5:10- A kingdom of priests, 2 Tim2:12- if we endure we will also
reign with him.
 Theologically biblical crowns express:
God’s faithfulness
The completion of sanctification
Participation in Christ’s reign
Worship returned to God
Grace crowned with glory.

TYPES OF THEOLOGY
1. Biblical Theology
It focuses on what the Bible teaches in its own historical and literary development.
 It traces themes across scripture(creation, covenant, kingdom, Messiah).
It respects progressive revelation( how doctrine unfolds over time).
2. Systematic Theology
It focuses on organizing biblical teaching into coherent doctrines
Topics or doctrines like God, Christ, salvation, church, last things.
It pulls from all of scripture at once.
3. Historical theology
It focuses on how doctrine has developed throughout church history.
It includes church fathers, councils, reformation, modern debates.
It helps avoid repeating old errors.
4. Dogmatic theology
It focuses on authoritative teachings of a particular tradition.
It is closely tied to confessions and creeds
It is common in catholic, Orthodox and confessional protestant settings.
5. Philosophical theology
It focuses on using philosophy to clarify theological claims.
It has something to do with arguments for God’s existence and attributes of
God(omniscience, omnipotence etc.)
6. Practical(pastoral) theology
It focuses on applying theology to life and ministry e.g preaching, counselling, worship,
ethics, leadership.
The key question is how should theology shape Christian living and ministry?
7. Moral/ ethical theology
It focuses on Christian moral reasoning
These include: Sin, virtue, law, conscience, social justice, bioethics, sexuality, economics
and war.
The key question how should Christians live in light of God’s will?

8. Natural theology
It focuses on what can be known about God apart from scripture.
These include: Creation, conscience and reason.
 It is often contrasted with revealed theology
What can believers reason/know about God?
9. Contextual theology
It focuses on theology shaped by culture and context e.g liberation theology, feminist
theology, black theology etc
It emphasizes lived experiences.
10. Spiritual/mystical theology
It focuses on experience of God and spiritual formation.
It deals with prayer, contemplation and union with God.
It is prominent in Catholic and Orthodox traditions.
11. Apologetic theology
It focuses on defending the Faith.
It engages skeptics and other world views.
It engages in historical, philosophical and evidential arguments.
The key question is why is Christian belief credible?
12. Political/public theology
It focuses on faith in the public square.
It deals with the church and state relations.
It handles issues of law, power, justice, society etc.
The key question is what does theology say about public life and governance?

ANGELS AND DIFFERENT ROLES OF JOBS

1. Major Archangels
Role – Protector, Warrior, defender of justice
 Known for- leading heavenly armies, fighting evil.
Title – archangel, prince of heaven.
2. Gabriel
Role –messenger, revealer of divine truth
Known for- delivering major revelations
Examples – announced Jesus’ birth.
3. Raphael
Role – healer, guide, protector of travelers
Known for- physical and spiritual healing(God heals).
4. Uriel
Role –wisdom, enlightenment, prophecy
Known for- interpreting visions, warning of danger
Often linked to knowledge and repentance.

Angels with specific duties

5. Azrael
Role – angel of death
Known for – separating the soul from the body.
Tradition – Islam, Jewish mysticism
6. Metatron
Role – heavenly scribe, record keeper
Known for- recording human deeds, overseeing divine records
7. Sandalphon
Role – angel of prayers and music
Known for- carrying human prayers to heaven
Often associated with earth and harmony.
8. Guardian and guidance angels
Role- personal protection and guidance
Known for- watching over individuals
Names usually unnamed
9. Angels of nature and power
 Seraphim
Role –pure worship, divine love
Known for- constant praise to God
Appearance – described with six wings
Cherubim
Role – guardians of divine knowledge
Known for- protecting sacred spaces
Example – Guardians of Eden
10. Thrones
Role- justice and divine authority
Known for- carrying God’s judgements
11. Fallen angels
Lucifer
Original role- light bearer, high ranking angel
Fall – pride and rebellion
Later identity- Satan

The battle of Armageddon

The battle of Armageddon refers to a prophesied final war described in the book of
Revelation in the Bible. It appears in the book of Revelation 16:16- And they gathered
them together place called in Hebrew Armageddon
The word comes from Hebrew – Megiddo( Mount of Megiddo) referring to the ancient
city of Megiddo in modern day of Israel.
What is Armageddon?
In Christian eschatology( end times prophecy), Armageddon is:
 The final battle between good and evil
 Led by Christ against the force of evil
 Associated with the second coming of Jesus
 Followed by the defeat of Satan and the establishment of God’s kingdom.

Historical Megiddo
 Megiddo was a strategic military site in antiquity.

Many real battles occurred here due to its location along major trade routes. Because
of its history as a battle ground it became a powerful symbol of final conflict.

Different Christian traditions interpret Armageddon differently

 Literal view- a future physical battle in Israel.

 Symbolic view- a spiritual or cosmic struggle between good and evil.
 Premillennialist view- linked to Christ’s return and a 1000 year reign.

In popular culture, Armageddon has come to mean any catastrophic or world-

ending event and appears in books, movies.

There is no Armageddon in Jewish scripture. The word does not appear in the
Hebrew bible instead Jewish end-times beliefs are drawn from Ezekiel, Zechariah
and Daniel.

The war of Gog and Magog

The closest parallel to Armageddon in Judaism is the war of Gog and Magog
described in the book of Ezekiel chapters 38-39.

What happens

 A coalition of nations led by “Gog” from the land of Magog attacks Israel.
 God intervenes directly and defeats them.
 This occurs before or during messianic era unlike the Christian
Armageddon.
 The focus is not a cosmic battle between Christ and Satan
 It is more of a geopolitical conflict involving nations
 God’s intervention is decisive and supernatural.

The Messiah in Judaism

In Judaism the Messiah is:

  A human descendent of King David
 Restores Jewish sovereignity
 Rebuilds the temple in Jerusalem
 Brings global peace

There is no concept of a returning divine savior defeating Satan in a final apocalyptic

showdown.

The Messianic age

After the conflict

 The exiles of Israel are gathered

 Peace spreads among nations
 Knowledge of God fills the world
 Some traditions include the resurrection of the dead. Emphasis is less on destruction and
more on restoration and justice.
Different Jewish views
Jewish thought is diverse:
 Literal view- A real future war involving nations
 Symbolic view- represents spiritual or moral struggle
 Rationalist view- the messianic age will be mostly natural and political not supernatural.

The Antichrist’s reign of Terror

The climax of Gentile dominion, ending in the battle of Armageddon.

Israel will definitely need protection as she borders on four Arab states: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan
and Egypt. These Arab states are Israel’s enemies today. Shortly after the beginning of the
tribulation Israel and Syria will form a military alliance. This gives protection during the first
three and half years of tribulation.

Russia’s three defeats

The Northern country(Russia) is set for three major defeats. The first defeat will come as she
loses control of the countries over which she has power today. Several of these satellite countries
such as Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary belong to the old Roman empire. Therefore,
according to prophecy, they will break from communism and be controlled by the Antichrist.
Even in our present day there is a weakening of Russian control as the turbulent winds of
national sweep through the Eastern Europe satellite countries.

Russsia’s second defeat will come when the Antichrist conquers and leads her down into the
valley of Megiddo where he will mobilize armies to fight the great battle of Armageddon.

The third defeat will be when Antichrist leads Russia together with the ten kingdoms and the
other countries he has conquered into Palestine. They rob and plunder and spoil Jerusalem, doing
their utmost to hinder Christ from setting up His kingdom but they will suffer defeat at the battle
of Armageddon according to Ezekiel 38 and 39.