Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational (SAGE) University,
Bhopal
LAB MANUAL
Name of School : School of Computer Application
Name of Department : Advanced Computing
Program Name : BCA
Course Name & Code :
Session : Spring 2024-25
Semester/Year : II/I
Faculty Name: Ms. Priyanka Vishwakarma
Signature :
Head of School / Department
Dr. Kirti Jain
Experiment - 1
Installation of Ubuntu on a Virtual Machine
🎯 Objective
To deploy and configure the Ubuntu operating system within a virtualized environment using Oracle
VM VirtualBox.
🧰 System Requirements
● Host machine with:
○ Minimum 4 GB RAM (recommended ≥ 8 GB)
○ ≥ 20 GB free storage
○ Hardware virtualization support (Intel VT-x / AMD-V enabled in firmware)
● Software dependencies:
○ Oracle VM VirtualBox
○ Ubuntu ISO image (bootable disk image)
🧠 Theoretical Background
A virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a physical computing environment that operates using a
hypervisor.
Oracle VM VirtualBox is a Type-2 hypervisor, which runs on top of a host operating system and
enables the creation of isolated guest OS instances.
The Ubuntu ISO file acts as a bootable installation medium containing the OS kernel, filesystem, and
installer packages.
⚙️Methodology / Procedure
1. Hypervisor Installation
● Install Oracle VM VirtualBox on the host OS.
● Verify kernel drivers and virtualization modules are properly loaded.
2. Virtual Machine Configuration
● Initialize a new VM instance with the following parameters:
○ Guest OS Type: Linux
○ Version: Ubuntu (64-bit)
● Allocate system resources:
○ RAM: ≥ 2048 MB
○ CPU cores: 1–2 (depending on host capability)
3. Virtual Storage Allocation
● Create a virtual disk using:
○ Format: VDI (Virtual Disk Image)
○ Allocation: Dynamically allocated
○ Capacity: ≥ 20 GB
● The virtual disk acts as a logical block device for the guest OS.
4. Boot Media Attachment
● Mount the Ubuntu ISO image to the virtual optical drive via the VM storage controller.
● Configure boot order to prioritize the virtual optical device.
5. Guest OS Installation
● Boot the VM and initiate the Ubuntu installer.
● Configure installation parameters:
○ Locale and keyboard layout
○ Installation type: Guided partitioning (virtual disk)
○ User credentials and hostname
● The installer performs:
○ Filesystem creation (typically ext4)
○ Bootloader installation (GRUB)
○ Package deployment
6. Post-Installation Configuration
● Reboot the VM and detach the ISO image.
● Install Guest Additions (optional) for:
○ Enhanced display drivers
○ Clipboard sharing
○ Improved I/O performance
✅ Observations
● The VM successfully boots into the Ubuntu environment.
● System resources are virtualized and isolated from the host OS.
● Guest OS operates independently with allocated virtual hardware.
🧾 Result
The Ubuntu operating system was successfully installed and executed within a virtualized environment
using Oracle VM VirtualBox.
⚠️Limitations
● Performance overhead due to virtualization layer
● Limited direct access to physical hardware
● Dependent on host system resources
📌 Conclusion
Virtualization enables efficient resource utilization and OS isolation. Using a Type-2 hypervisor such as
Oracle VM VirtualBox, multiple operating systems can be deployed concurrently on a single physical
machine without requiring dedicated hardware.
Experiment - 2
Study and Use of Basic Linux Commands
🎯 Aim
To study and execute basic Linux commands such as ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, and rmdir in the Ubuntu
operating system.
🧰 Requirements
● System with Ubuntu installed (physical or virtual machine)
● Terminal (Command Line Interface)
🧠 Theory
Linux is a command-line based operating system where users interact using commands through the
terminal. These commands help in file and directory management.
⚙️Commands and Their Usage
1. pwd (Print Working Directory)
● Displays the current directory path
Syntax:
pwd
Example Output:
/home/user
2. ls (List Directory Contents)
● Lists files and directories
Syntax:
ls
ls -l
ls -a
Options:
● -l → detailed list
● -a → shows hidden files
3. cd (Change Directory)
● Changes the current directory
Syntax:
cd directory_name
cd ..
cd ~
Explanation:
● cd .. → move one level up
● cd ~ → go to home directory
4. mkdir (Make Directory)
● Creates a new directory
Syntax:
mkdir directory_name
Example:
mkdir test
5. rmdir (Remove Directory)
● Deletes an empty directory
Syntax:
rmdir directory_name
Note:
● Works only if the directory is empty
🧪 Procedure
1. Open Terminal in Ubuntu
2. Execute the following commands step by step:
pwd
ls
mkdir mydir
ls
cd mydir
pwd
cd ..
rmdir mydir
ls
3. Observe the changes after each command
📊 Observations
● pwd shows current location
● ls displays files/directories
● mkdir creates a directory
● cd navigates between directories
● rmdir removes empty directory
✅ Result
Basic Linux commands (ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir) were successfully executed and studied in the Ubuntu
environment.
⚠️Precautions
● Use correct command syntax
● Ensure directory is empty before using rmdir
● Avoid deleting important directories
📌 Viva Questions
1. What is the use of pwd command?
2. Difference between ls and ls -l?
3. What does cd .. do?
4. Why does rmdir fail sometimes?
5. What is a hidden file in Linux?