5.
01
UNIT - V
802 .X AND TCP /IP PROTOCOLS
5.1. Overview of TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used f
internet and other networks. Thi~ wa~·developed by ~dvanc:~
research projects agency (ARPA) during 1970. This is a
combination of two protocols n~mely transmission control
protocol (TCP) and internet protocol (IP) .
TCP/IP is a two layer program: The higher _layer is
TCP and lower layer is IP. The higher layer manages the
grouping of data that are transmitted in the fof'f'!) of pa~kels
, internet and the lower -,de Jlve rs thepa4?kettothe
.,✓ over the _
·- · • correct destination. .........-1"\,Y,.,.,..,,;,~,, - • ·
( .J!cP/IP aryd OSI
TCP/IP
layer .
Transport
layer ..
Internet
layer
Host to
network
, \ ·..- ~,~~,\ ll\,' \\ \.\\ 1.'r
' .
1111 ~ l.\~ i.~ l ~,,,nt\in$ m1mbtH of· survico:, thnt nro
,\'." ·: ,':~.~ nt.~1..'dt.'d by thl1 ll~~,~ - Thuy mo
Flit~ t1 ~,11$f 1.'r pi ot0c0l lFTP) to trnnsfor dntn oHiciontly ( , [
t1 "'m 0th.) m.,d,ino to anotllor.
~' \ TELNET to l0g into a remoto machino·. ·· )
1..') n)
El~'l~tr0nic m~liling facility. : ~f'\.'l·
d) D0m;1in n..1mo $C1vices (DNS) for mapping host names
on to tht:ir network nddresses. . ' \ \
~) NNTP protocol for getting news and articles around .
the \\ 01ld.
f) HTTP protocol for fetching pages on the WWW. ~[Link]
,ii) [Link]~}-'l'ft l.1ycr
1
eD f>
This layer is used to provide a reliable, cos~ effective '.
. . 't . t --port between source and destination machi~e. For
-..~, .1 ran~
. f
::--.:s t\\'O pro toc ols are defined in this layer.. They· are
·
. :; 0 n control protocol (TCP). ·
a) Transm1 55,, .
er datagram protocol (UD: ) .
b) U s . .
.
',~)' T -1,,i,,wn ~onrro l protocol
rJib · d r
d' ides the sen e . inform
-- ation In tit
.
This protocol ,v Th nit delivers it to the recel ¥.,
·~s2reate message P
ackets. e ·
. ·
l
.
In tlHl 1n 1t'I · usln<J n phyt,lc nl co111wctlon lH~tW(}o
llt'I
• • n thorn
At II10 IU · 'Cl'ivirHJ o11d ii ft ln!:!;Prn l>lo :: tho rocolvotl ,.•
, 111 n,,;,iltJ
• , 1 t'l" • oriqin:11 (bin . I Ill!: 111~:o co11lrol:: tho (l,il 11
p,)(,I\ , ,, 11110 ' ' . (1 1 1ow
bctwe()ll 1110 ~,endt'r nnd rt ~c:rnvrn .
(h) l ):,;l'I' d;t1:1!',lill ll I''\ it, l\.'PI
Tliis protocol nlso divicio!, lllo so11efor lr1rorma1iori iri
10 discrcato rnossano packols . Tl1on it dolivom it to tho ro.
coiver in t110 internet without any physical connection
between them. So there is no guranteo .tll~t tho rocoivor
receives all the messages sent by the sender.
(iii) In ternel layer
This layer is responsible for controlling the operation
of the network. The main functions are
a) this defines an official packet format for the data to send.
b) to deliver the IP packets from source to destination.
. ' .. '
c) to find the shortest route from sender to receiver.
d) to co~trol the congestion (deadlock) of packets In the
internet.
(iv) Host to networ k layer
· This layer is the lowest layer. The main functions are
a) '
it is ,responsible for estabil shin· g a physical
.connect(on_(activating, m·aintaining and deactivating the
physical circuit) between the se·nder and receiver.
. . '
b) it is res~ons_ible for sendin g and receivi ng 1/~
packets.) off' •
\ ; .
[Link]. ·
I
·t layer protocol
~pol
ffil fl, .
The transport layer protocol sits above the network
. ternet layer and .just below the application and other
r ,n
0
er layer protocols. The general service provided by
oPP . ·
iransport layer protocol 1s the end-to-e nd. transport of data
tram the sender to receiver and vice versa.
Th_is protocol divides the sender information in to
'
discreate message packets. Then _ it delivers it to the receiver
in the internet l:JSing a physical connection between them.
At ·the receiving ·end it reassembles the received m~ssage
packets into . original data. This al~o controls _the data flow
between the sender and receiver.
The figure given below shows the position [Link]
layer in the four layer internet ~odel.
Application _layer .
. ·, '
Gives services to
[Link] layer
-- -- -- -- ,\) -I Addressingl .
Packetizing
Quality
I.I ~eliability I
. .
of -,-C-0-nn-e-ct-io_n_c_o_nt-ro-:,1
sevices . .
Receives services from · ..
Network layer .
. ·n the above figure the trart• SP
As sho wn 1 . .
.. provides
f · m the network layer and
receives services ro ·
\ ,1 l q•, •
11,111 11111! I 111 I11111,,11i, ljf,I 1,
I //111 I
1111 I t:. I' 111 td 111 •I,
1111 11 llul1 I I lullt ltl lt II Ill 11 ,1 .11 1b t 1..
• ,, ,rl1I
11111111111 11, ,, 1,111111,l,1; 111,, 11 t,I II,,,
1111 •111 11• 111ld1htH1 111,d "'" ,,,,,,
111hh1u111 1,t lllll lt,11111 t111r,llw111,,,,
p111u111111 .
I hlr• llulc I doriru,r1 lt1tJ rhrfl<,1'1
ta 11 ·l,ul tU let, Ut1h, It oc,mblrthtl(,n c,f
lilt, 1011101«, IP h<JcJr~,-,- amd the
purl uchlru11u uf tho remote
,,pplloullon progr11m,
\ 1\.'t' .uHt llllt'
h.'t' 1:: ., ~:,,1 \\I 1ulo:i uuott lo ttend data b1tw1111
,\' ~1 i•u h ' 1~: \ l\ , ,, 111 h,111t,1 . 1~1 trrnmrnlt ctnto betweenoomPutlfl
.i ,· ,, 111 1,•,·t,,,n 111u~: t h,, t•~:tuhllnhod between both •••
l , ' t' ~:,·1h• r,1t,,:: ., v11tu,,1 rl,nnocllon between 11ndtr ft
:\\\ ' \ \', ll' I lt,\f\!;1111:;::i,,n of d.,tn.
h.' t • t, ,m::lt,, ~: d.,t,, hotwt,on two ay1t1m1 lntlrrM
~t'~l m cnts ,, , d,,t, , p,wkot~ . Suument con1l1t1 of
·, ::h.' i ,,t t,\ h'~ . 1tw ''Hur,, nivt,n lmlow show, th1
,,• 1 \..' ~' ,1,\t.\ ~t'~l ll Wl\ t,
5 .08
s
[Link] address Destination port addres
16 16
2)
Sequence number (3
r (32)
Acknowledge numbe
Reser ved .U A P A S F
Dat a
Window size (32)
fset(4) (6) R C S S Y 1
of
GKHTNN
Urgent pointer (16
Checksum (16)
g
Options and paddin
· ~ . Data
---~
- - 32 b it -·- - - - -
I' .I
-- - - - - I
~
.. .
~ I ' • ,. ., : • .
.
are
T h e different fields • I~ ! I . I ' ..
..
.
'.J•
~ .,
Source port address rt.
ld contains the address o f sending po
This fie
s
Destination port addres
ns the address o f receiving pod.
This field contai
Sequence number . .t -
num be r o f ttie • ,IIGll.
·inital ...
the
This field specifies
is va lu e is u se d fo r numb1rl119
s end. Th ence
bseq ue nt data to
_ send. (That is sequ
su
value-+1)
Acknowledgement en t • •~
the acknowledgem
This field specifies
ived.
data segment rece
5.09
Data offset
It contains the length of the TCP seg . .
ment 1n ·3
length. · 2 bit
Reserved ·
This field is reserved for future use.
Flags
There a six flag fields. They are
URG - This indicates that urgent .pointer field is.
significant
ACK - This indicates that acknowledge field is
significant
PSH - This indicates that the data must be pushed
AST - This indicates that connection is Jo be [Link]
SYN This indicates to synchronize sequence numbers
\Vindow size
. . .
This specifies the _number of bytes the· recei~er_is
currently willing to receive.
Checksum
This field is used for error checking of header and dat$.
Urgent pointer
This field is valid only when URG flag is.
•
Options
. .
This field is used to include optional
the TCP header. J /IS&i:i )