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Fluids

The document discusses various principles of fluid mechanics, including Pascal's Law, Archimedes' Principle, and Bernoulli's Theorem, which describe how pressure and buoyancy behave in liquids. It also covers concepts like viscosity, surface tension, and the behavior of fluids in different flow conditions as described by Reynolds number. Additionally, it includes formulas related to the flow of liquids in pipes and the effects of temperature on surface tension.

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nainikarthik42
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6 views7 pages

Fluids

The document discusses various principles of fluid mechanics, including Pascal's Law, Archimedes' Principle, and Bernoulli's Theorem, which describe how pressure and buoyancy behave in liquids. It also covers concepts like viscosity, surface tension, and the behavior of fluids in different flow conditions as described by Reynolds number. Additionally, it includes formulas related to the flow of liquids in pipes and the effects of temperature on surface tension.

Uploaded by

nainikarthik42
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FLUIDS

Pressure exerted by a liquid


Low
Up/Down accelerating Pressure
container

Horizontal accelerating
container
High
Pressure

Pascal's Law
The increase in pressure at a point in
the enclosed liquid in equilibrium is
transmitted
equally in all directions in the liquid.
Relative Density
P2
(Specific density)
P1

38
Density of Mixture of Substances
For Same Mass For Same Volume

Archimedes Principle

When a body is partially or fully


immersed in a liquid, it loses some
of its weight and it is equal to the 6
weight of the liquid displaced by
2 kg
the immersed part of the body. Buoyant
Force
2
Buoyancy
Gravity
v = volume of submerged solid

39
Hydrodynamics
Equation of continuity a1 v1 = a2 v2 a
If a liquid is flowing n streamline
flow in a pipe of non-uniform v1 v2
cross-sectional area, then rate of
a1
liquid across any cross-section
remains constant. av=constant
Bernoulli's Theorem
If an ideal liquid is flowing in streamlined flow, then total
energy, i.e. sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and
potential energy per unit volume remains constant at
every cross-section of the tube.

Torricelli's Theorem
Velocity Efflux Acceleration
P
h
a
Time required
A
H to make the t
tank empty
Range

40
Viscous Force (Viscosity) Stoke's Law
When a small spherical
body falls in a liquid column
A=area of cross-section with terminal velocity, then
viscous force acting on it is

Terminal Velocity
𝛔=density of
object
= density of
liquid
Pressure at depth Gauge pressure at depth

P=absolute pressure
h=depth
Surface Tension of liq-air
S
interface
Loss in surface energy ∆T=Tx(Change in surface area)
Reynold's Number
V=velocity of fluid w.r.t fluid
D=characteristic linear
dimension
41
Dynamic viscosity of Kinematic viscosity of
fluid fluid

Now; Reynold's number


R < 2000 Flow is steady
3000 < R < 2000 Flow becomes unsteady
R > 3000 Flow is turbulent
Surface area of soap
W.D. on soap bubble
bubble

Atmospheric pressure with height

p= pressure at height 'h'


above earth's surface
Liquid in accelerated vessel
Upward acceleration
A
a₀
dh
B Downward acceleration

42
Horizontal acceleration

a₀
h₁ h₂ 𝞱
A B

Excess pressure on curved Effect of Temperature on


surface surface tension
D
B
C
A
R₁ R₂
O₂
O₁

43
Rate of Volume Flow
through Pipe
(Poiseuille's Formula)
Surface Tension

Surface Tension
= Force per unit length
= Energy per unit area
Surface Energy
Work done in Splitting a When n liquid drop coalesce
Bigger drop into n smaller to form one drop
Droplets Percentage Loss in Energy

Excess Pressure inside a Excess Pressure inside a


Liquid Drop Soap Bubble

Radius of Interface in Radius under


Double Bubble isothermal condition
two bubble coalesce

Ascent of Liquid in a
Capillary Tube 44

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