D Y PATIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Sector 29, Pradhikaran, Akurdi, Pune - Maharashtra, INDIA 411044

(Establishment by Maharashtra Act No. LXIII of 2017)
School of Computer Science, Engineering & Applications

Module I: Tutorial

Topics: Matrices and matrix operations, Elementary row operations,

Row echelon form, Reduced row echelon form, Gauss–Jordan
elimination, Rank and inverse of a matrix using row operations,
Systems of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear equations,
Matrix equation Ax = b, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.

1. Define the following with examples: (a) Row matrix (b) Column matrix (c)
Square matrix (d) Diagonal matrix (e) Scalar matrix (f) Identity matrix (g)
Zero matrix (h) Symmetric matrix (i) Skew-symmetric matrix.
   
1 −2 3 −1 2 0
2. For A = 0 4 −1 , B =  3 −4 1 , compute: (a) A + B (b) A − B
2 5 6 5 2 −3
(c) 2A − 3B.
 
  0 −1
1 2 3
3. Compute the transpose of: (a) (b) 2 3 .
4 5 6
4 5

4. 
Check whether
 thefollowing aresymmetric, skew-symmetric, or neither: (a)
2 −1 3 0 2 −3
−1 5 4 (b) −2 0 4 .
3 4 6 3 −4 0
 
1 2
5. Perform the following multiplications (state size of result): (a) A = ,B =
 3 4
    2 1
5 6 1 0 −1
, compute AB and BA. (b) C = , D = −3 0, compute
7 8 2 3 4
5 4
CD.
 6. Show by example that matrix multiplication is not commutative.
   
2 3 1 0
7. For A = ,I = , verify that AI = IA = A.
0 1 0 1
8. Find the reduced row echelon form of the following matrices:
   
    1 −1 2 −3 3 −2
3 −2 −1 6
, , 3 0 2 ,  2 2 3 .
1 −10 −2 4
1 −3 −1 1 1 0

9. Find the rank of the following matrices using row operations:

     
1 2 3 2 3 7 1 1 1
1 4 2 , 3 −2 4  , 1 2 3 .
2 6 5 1 −3 −1 2 3 5

10. Solve the systems using Gauss–Jordan elimination. Write the general and par-
ticular solution, and verify the solution.

(a) (
x + 3y = 7
2x + 4y = 11

(b) 
2x + y + 2z = 10

x + 2y + z = 8

3x + y − 2z = 2


(c) 
2x + 2y = 6

x+y+z =1

3x + 4y − 2z = 13


11. Solve the following systems. Write the general and particular solution, and
verify the solution.

(a) 
x + 3y − 2z = 0

2x − y + 4z = 0

x − 11y + 14z = 0


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 (b) 
4x − 2y + 6z = 8

x + y − 3z = −1

15x − 3y + 9z = 21


(c) 
x + y + z = −3

3x + y − 2z = −2

2x + 4y + 7z = 7


12. For the following systems, determine the values of the parameters so that the
system has (a) a unique solution, (b) no solution, and (c) infinitely many solu-
tions (as specified).

(a) Find a such that the system

(
ax + y = 2
2x + 3y = 5

has (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution, (iii) infinitely many solutions.
(b) Find m such that the system
(
x + 2y = 4
mx + 4y = 8

has (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution, (iii) infinitely many solutions.
(c) Determine p and q so that the system
(
px + y = 3
2x + qy = 6

has (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution, (iii) infinitely many solutions.
(d) For what values of a, b, c does the system

ax + y + z = 1

x + by + z = 2

x + y + cz = 3


have (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution, (iii) infinitely many solutions?

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 (e) Find the condition on k such that the system
(
x+y =2
2x + 2y = k

has (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution, (iii) infinitely many solutions.

More Problems
Solve the following systems of linear equations using the Gauss–Jordan Elimina-
tion Method. Begin with the augmented matrix, and transform it step by step
into reduced row echelon form (RREF). State whether a solution exists. If a solution
exists, determine whether it is unique or infinite. If the solution is infinite, write both
the general solution and one particular solution. Also verify a particular solution and
the general solution.
—

Systems with No Solution

1.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 3,
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 = 7,
3x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 = 10

2.
x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 4,
2x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 + 2x6 = 9,
3x1 + 6x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 + 3x6 = 14

3.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 = 2,
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 + 2x6 + 2x7 = 5,
3x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 + 3x6 + 3x7 = 9
—

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Systems with a Unique Solution
1.
x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 6,
2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 12,
3x1 + 5x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 + 2x5 = 20
2.
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 7,
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 + x5 + 2x6 = 15,
3x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 + 3x4 + 2x5 + 3x6 = 24,
4x1 + 5x2 + 6x3 + 4x4 + 3x5 + 4x6 = 31
3.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 + x6 + x7 = 10,
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 + x6 + 2x7 = 21,
3x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + 3x4 + 2x5 + 2x6 + 3x7 = 30,
4x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 + 4x4 + 3x5 + 3x6 + 4x7 = 40
—

Systems with Infinitely Many Solutions

1.
x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 5,
2x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 = 10,
3x1 + 6x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 = 15,
4x1 + 8x2 + 4x3 + 4x4 + 4x5 = 20
2.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 6,
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 + 2x6 = 12,
3x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 + 3x6 = 18,
4x1 + 4x2 + 4x3 + 4x4 + 4x5 + 4x6 = 24
3.
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 = 7,
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 + 2x6 + 2x7 = 14,
3x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 + 3x5 + 3x6 + 3x7 = 21,
4x1 + 4x2 + 4x3 + 4x4 + 4x5 + 4x6 + 4x7 = 28

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