Microprocessor Systems
Complete Exam Solutions (Group A, B, C & D)
Prepared for: ABC | Location: Kathmandu | Date: April 25, 2026
Group “A” – Brief Answer Questions
1. Microprocessor Components: ALU, Control Unit, Register Array, Internal Bus.
2. Instruction Code: Bits telling the CPU to perform an operation (Opcode + Operands).
3. Logic Micro-operations: AND, OR, XOR, NOT (Complement).
4. Program Control Instructions: JMP (Jump), CALL.
5. Data Dependency: When a pipelined instruction awaits results from a previous incomplete instruction.
6. Priority Interrupt: System that handles multiple interrupts based on assigned priority levels.
7. Associative Memory Limitation: High cost, high power usage, and lower storage density.
8. Virtual Memory: Technique using disk space to extend RAM capacity beyond physical limits.
9. Representing (-10): Signed Magnitude = 10001010; 2’s Complement = 11110110.
10. SAPI: System Application Program Interface; routines for software-hardware communication.
Group “B” – Short Answer Questions
11. RISC Computers:
Reduced Instruction Set Computer focused on simple instructions. Characteristics: Fixed length, Load/
Store architecture, large register set, single-cycle execution.
12. Multiplexed Bus in 8085:
AD0-AD7 pins carry low-order address (A0-A7) during T1 cycle (latched by ALE signal) and data (D0-D7) in
later cycles to save pins.
13. Memory Stack:
LIFO structure using a Stack Pointer (SP). Grows downward in 8085. Used by PUSH/POP and CALL/RET
instructions.
14. Pipelining Branch Solutions:
1. Branch Prediction (Guessing outcome). 2. Branch Delay Slot (Executing independent instructions). 3.
Branch Target Buffer (Caching target addresses).
15. I/O Interface Importance:
1. Speed Synchronization. 2. Signal/Level Conversion. 3. Physical Device Address Decoding.
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Group “C” – Long Answer Questions
17. 8085 Addressing Modes:
• Immediate: MVI A, 05H
• Register: MOV B, C
• Direct: LDA 2000H
• Indirect: MOV A, M
• Implied: CMA
19. Restoring Division (10/4):
Initial: Dividend=1010, Divisor=0100, Remainder=0000. Process involves shifting left and subtracting.
Result: Quotient = 0010 (2) and Remainder = 0010 (2).
20. 16-bit Addition Program (8085):
LHLD 8050H ; Load 1st number
XCHG ; Move to DE
LHLD 8052H ; Load 2nd number
DAD D ; 16-bit Addition (HL = HL + DE)
SHLD 8000H ; Store result
HLT
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Group “D” – Comprehensive Questions
21. Programmed I/O Limitations & DMA:
Programmed I/O wastes CPU cycles by polling. DMA (Direct Memory Access) allows high-speed transfer
without CPU usage. Principle: CPU grants bus control to DMA controller (HOLD/HLDA), DMA transfers
blocks directly, then interrupts CPU upon completion.
22. Functional Block Diagram of 8085:
Includes: ALU, Accumulator, Flag Register, Timing/Control Unit, Register Array (B,C,D,E,H,L), Program
Counter, Stack Pointer, and Interrupt Control. The ALU processes 8-bit data; the PC/SP manage 16-bit
memory addresses; the timing unit generates control signals like RD, WR, and IO/M.
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