Mathematics Assignment
Cramer's Rule
Q1) Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's Rule:
x + y + z = 6
x - y + z = 2
x + y - z = 0
Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B → X = A⁻¹B
| 1 1 1 | | x | | 6 |
| 1 -1 1 | | y | = | 2 |
| 1 1 -1 | | z | | 0 |
A X = B
By Using Cramer's Rule:
x = D₁/|A|, y = D₂/|A|, z = D₃/|A|
|A| = | 1 1 1 |
| 1 -1 1 |
| 1 1 -1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 1|−1 1 | − 1| 1 1| + 1| 1 −1|
| 1 -1| | 1 -1| | 1 1|
= 1[(−1)(−1) − (1)(1)] − 1[(1)(−1) − (1)(1)] + 1[(1)(1) − (−1)(1)]
= 1[1 − 1] − 1[−1 − 1] + 1[1 + 1]
= 1(0) − 1(−2) + 1(2)
= 0 + 2 + 2
|A| = 4
D₁ = | 6 1 1 |
| 2 -1 1 |
| 0 1 -1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 6[(−1)(−1) − (1)(1)] − 1[(2)(−1) − (1)(0)] + 1[(2)(1) − (−1)(0)]
= 6[1 − 1] − 1[−2 − 0] + 1[2 − 0]
= 6(0) − 1(−2) + 1(2)
= 0 + 2 + 2
D₁ = 4
D₂ = | 1 6 1 |
| 1 2 1 |
| 1 0 -1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 1[(2)(−1) − (1)(0)] − 6[(1)(−1) − (1)(1)] + 1[(1)(0) − (2)(1)]
= 1[−2 − 0] − 6[−1 − 1] + 1[0 − 2]
= 1(−2) − 6(−2) + 1(−2)
= −2 + 12 − 2
D₂ = 8
D₃ = | 1 1 6 |
| 1 -1 2 |
| 1 1 0 |
Expand from R₁:
= 1[(−1)(0) − (2)(1)] − 1[(1)(0) − (2)(1)] + 6[(1)(1) − (−1)(1)]
= 1[0 − 2] − 1[0 − 2] + 6[1 + 1]
= 1(−2) − 1(−2) + 6(2)
= −2 + 2 + 12
D₃ = 12
x = D₁/|A| = 4/4 = ┌───┐
│ 1 │ ← x = 1
└───┘
y = D₂/|A| = 8/4 = ┌───┐
│ 2 │ ← y = 2
└───┘
z = D₃/|A| = 12/4 = ┌───┐
│ 3 │ ← z = 3
└───┘
To Check: Put in any equation:
x + y + z = 6
1 + 2 + 3 = 6
6 = 6 ✓
Q2) Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's Rule:
x + 2y + 3z = 14
2x + y + z = 7
3x + 2y + z = 10
Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B → X = A⁻¹B
| 1 2 3 | | x | | 14 |
| 2 1 1 | | y | = | 7 |
| 3 2 1 | | z | | 10 |
A X = B
By Using Cramer's Rule:
x = D₁/|A|, y = D₂/|A|, z = D₃/|A|
|A| = | 1 2 3 |
| 2 1 1 |
| 3 2 1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 1[(1)(1) − (1)(2)] − 2[(2)(1) − (1)(3)] + 3[(2)(2) − (1)(3)]
= 1[1 − 2] − 2[2 − 3] + 3[4 − 3]
= 1(−1) − 2(−1) + 3(1)
= −1 + 2 + 3
|A| = 4
D₁ = | 14 2 3 |
| 7 1 1 |
| 10 2 1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 14[(1)(1) − (1)(2)] − 2[(7)(1) − (1)(10)] + 3[(7)(2) − (1)(10)]
= 14[1 − 2] − 2[7 − 10] + 3[14 − 10]
= 14(−1) − 2(−3) + 3(4)
= −14 + 6 + 12
D₁ = 4
D₂ = | 1 14 3 |
| 2 7 1 |
| 3 10 1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 1[(7)(1) − (1)(10)] − 14[(2)(1) − (1)(3)] + 3[(2)(10) − (7)(3)]
= 1[7 − 10] − 14[2 − 3] + 3[20 − 21]
= 1(−3) − 14(−1) + 3(−1)
= −3 + 14 − 3
D₂ = 8
D₃ = | 1 2 14 |
| 2 1 7 |
| 3 2 10 |
Expand from R₁:
= 1[(1)(10) − (7)(2)] − 2[(2)(10) − (7)(3)] + 14[(2)(2) − (1)(3)]
= 1[10 − 14] − 2[20 − 21] + 14[4 − 3]
= 1(−4) − 2(−1) + 14(1)
= −4 + 2 + 14
D₃ = 12
x = D₁/|A| = 4/4 = ┌───┐
│ 1 │ ← x = 1
└───┘
y = D₂/|A| = 8/4 = ┌───┐
│ 2 │ ← y = 2
└───┘
z = D₃/|A| = 12/4 = ┌───┐
│ 3 │ ← z = 3
└───┘
To Check: Put in any equation:
x + 2y + 3z = 14
1 + 2(2) + 3(3) = 14
1 + 4 + 9 = 14
14 = 14 ✓
Q3) Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's Rule:
2x − y + z = 3
x + 2y − z = 1
x − y + 2z = 4
Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B → X = A⁻¹B
| 2 -1 1 | | x | | 3 |
| 1 2 -1 | | y | = | 1 |
| 1 -1 2 | | z | | 4 |
A X = B
By Using Cramer's Rule:
x = D₁/|A|, y = D₂/|A|, z = D₃/|A|
|A| = | 2 -1 1 |
| 1 2 -1 |
| 1 -1 2 |
Expand from R₁:
= 2[(2)(2) − (−1)(−1)] − (−1)[(1)(2) − (−1)(1)] + 1[(1)(−1) − (2)(1)]
= 2[4 − 1] + 1[2 + 1] + 1[−1 − 2]
= 2(3) + 1(3) + 1(−3)
= 6 + 3 − 3
|A| = 6
D₁ = | 3 -1 1 |
| 1 2 -1 |
| 4 -1 2 |
Expand from R₁:
= 3[(2)(2) − (−1)(−1)] − (−1)[(1)(2) − (−1)(4)] + 1[(1)(−1) − (2)(4)]
= 3[4 − 1] + 1[2 + 4] + 1[−1 − 8]
= 3(3) + 1(6) + 1(−9)
= 9 + 6 − 9
D₁ = 6
D₂ = | 2 3 1 |
| 1 1 -1 |
| 1 4 2 |
Expand from R₁:
= 2[(1)(2) − (−1)(4)] − 3[(1)(2) − (−1)(1)] + 1[(1)(4) − (1)(1)]
= 2[2 + 4] − 3[2 + 1] + 1[4 − 1]
= 2(6) − 3(3) + 1(3)
= 12 − 9 + 3
D₂ = 6
D₃ = | 2 -1 3 |
| 1 2 1 |
| 1 -1 4 |
Expand from R₁:
= 2[(2)(4) − (1)(−1)] − (−1)[(1)(4) − (1)(1)] + 3[(1)(−1) − (2)(1)]
= 2[8 + 1] + 1[4 − 1] + 3[−1 − 2]
= 2(9) + 1(3) + 3(−3)
= 18 + 3 − 9
D₃ = 12
x = D₁/|A| = 6/6 = ┌───┐
│ 1 │ ← x = 1
└───┘
y = D₂/|A| = 6/6 = ┌───┐
│ 1 │ ← y = 1
└───┘
z = D₃/|A| = 12/6 = ┌───┐
│ 2 │ ← z = 2
└───┘
To Check: Put in any equation:
2x − y + z = 3
2(1) − 1 + 2 = 3
2 − 1 + 2 = 3
3 = 3 ✓
Inverse Method
Q4) Solve the following system of equations by Inverse Method:
2n₁ − n₂ + n₃ = 5
4n₁ + 2n₂ + 3n₃ = 8
3n₁ − 4n₂ − n₃ = 3
Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B
| 2 -1 1 | | n₁ | | 5 |
| 4 2 3 | | n₂ | = | 8 |
| 3 -4 -1 | | n₃ | | 3 |
A X = B
AX = B
X = A⁻¹B → ①
A⁻¹ = (1/|A|) · adj A
|A| = | 2 -1 1 |
| 4 2 3 |
| 3 -4 -1 |
Expand from R₁:
= 2| 2 3| − (−1)| 4 3| + 1| 4 2|
|−4 −1| | 3 −1| | 3 −4|
= 2[(2)(−1) − (3)(−4)] + 1[(4)(−1) − (3)(3)] + 1[(4)(−4) − (2)(3)]
= 2[−2 + 12] + 1[−4 − 9] + 1[−16 − 6]
= 2(10) + 1(−13) + 1(−22)
= 20 − 13 − 22
|A| = −15
Finding Cofactors of A:
A₁₁ = +| 2 3| = (2)(−1)−(3)(−4) = −2+12 = 10
|−4 −1|
A₁₂ = −| 4 3| = −[(4)(−1)−(3)(3)] = −[−4−9] = 13
| 3 −1|
A₁₃ = +| 4 2| = (4)(−4)−(2)(3) = −16−6 = −22
| 3 −4|
A₂₁ = −|−1 1| = −[(−1)(−1)−(1)(−4)] = −[1+4] = −5
|−4 −1|
A₂₂ = +| 2 1| = (2)(−1)−(1)(3) = −2−3 = −5
| 3 −1|
A₂₃ = −| 2 −1| = −[(2)(−4)−(−1)(3)] = −[−8+3] = 5
| 3 −4|
A₃₁ = +|−1 1| = (−1)(3)−(1)(2) = −3−2 = −5
| 2 3|
A₃₂ = −| 2 1| = −[(2)(3)−(1)(4)] = −[6−4] = −2
| 4 3|
A₃₃ = +| 2 −1| = (2)(2)−(−1)(4) = 4+4 = 8
| 4 2|
Cofactor Matrix:
Cofactor Matrix = | 10 13 −22 |
| −5 −5 5 |
| −5 −2 8 |
adj A = (Cofactor Matrix)ᵀ
adj A = | 10 −5 −5 |
| 13 −5 −2 |
|−22 5 8 |
A⁻¹ = (1/|A|) · adj A = (1/−15) | 10 −5 −5 |
| 13 −5 −2 |
|−22 5 8 |
From ①: X = A⁻¹B
X = (1/−15) | 10 −5 −5 | | 5 |
| 13 −5 −2 | | 8 |
|−22 5 8 | | 3 |
X = (1/−15) | (10)(5)+(−5)(8)+(−5)(3) |
| (13)(5)+(−5)(8)+(−2)(3) |
| (−22)(5)+(5)(8)+(8)(3) |
X = (1/−15) | 50 − 40 − 15 |
| 65 − 40 − 6 |
|−110 + 40 + 24|
X = (1/−15) | −5 |
| 19 |
| −46 |
n₁ = (−5)/(−15) = ┌─────┐
│ 1/3 │
└─────┘
n₂ = (19)/(−15) = ┌───────┐
│−19/15 │
└───────┘
n₃ = (−46)/(−15) = ┌──────┐
│ 46/15│
└──────┘
To Check: Put in any equation:
2n₁ − n₂ + n₃ = 5
2(1/3) − (−19/15) + (46/15) = 5
2/3 + 19/15 + 46/15 = 5
10/15 + 19/15 + 46/15 = 5
75/15 = 5
5 = 5 ✓