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Math Assignment

The document provides solutions to three systems of equations using Cramer's Rule and one using the Inverse Method. Each solution includes the formulation of matrices, the calculation of determinants, and the final values of the variables. The solutions are verified by substituting the values back into the original equations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views9 pages

Math Assignment

The document provides solutions to three systems of equations using Cramer's Rule and one using the Inverse Method. Each solution includes the formulation of matrices, the calculation of determinants, and the final values of the variables. The solutions are verified by substituting the values back into the original equations.

Uploaded by

cutemano590
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Mathematics Assignment

Cramer's Rule
Q1) Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's Rule:
x + y + z = 6
x - y + z = 2
x + y - z = 0

Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B → X = A⁻¹B

| 1 1 1 | | x | | 6 |
| 1 -1 1 | | y | = | 2 |
| 1 1 -1 | | z | | 0 |

A X = B

By Using Cramer's Rule:

x = D₁/|A|, y = D₂/|A|, z = D₃/|A|

|A| = | 1 1 1 |
| 1 -1 1 |
| 1 1 -1 |

Expand from R₁:

= 1|−1 1 | − 1| 1 1| + 1| 1 −1|
| 1 -1| | 1 -1| | 1 1|

= 1[(−1)(−1) − (1)(1)] − 1[(1)(−1) − (1)(1)] + 1[(1)(1) − (−1)(1)]


= 1[1 − 1] − 1[−1 − 1] + 1[1 + 1]
= 1(0) − 1(−2) + 1(2)
= 0 + 2 + 2
|A| = 4

D₁ = | 6 1 1 |
| 2 -1 1 |
| 0 1 -1 |

Expand from R₁:


= 6[(−1)(−1) − (1)(1)] − 1[(2)(−1) − (1)(0)] + 1[(2)(1) − (−1)(0)]
= 6[1 − 1] − 1[−2 − 0] + 1[2 − 0]
= 6(0) − 1(−2) + 1(2)
= 0 + 2 + 2
D₁ = 4

D₂ = | 1 6 1 |
| 1 2 1 |
| 1 0 -1 |

Expand from R₁:


= 1[(2)(−1) − (1)(0)] − 6[(1)(−1) − (1)(1)] + 1[(1)(0) − (2)(1)]
= 1[−2 − 0] − 6[−1 − 1] + 1[0 − 2]
= 1(−2) − 6(−2) + 1(−2)
= −2 + 12 − 2
D₂ = 8

D₃ = | 1 1 6 |
| 1 -1 2 |
| 1 1 0 |

Expand from R₁:


= 1[(−1)(0) − (2)(1)] − 1[(1)(0) − (2)(1)] + 6[(1)(1) − (−1)(1)]
= 1[0 − 2] − 1[0 − 2] + 6[1 + 1]
= 1(−2) − 1(−2) + 6(2)
= −2 + 2 + 12
D₃ = 12

x = D₁/|A| = 4/4 = ┌───┐


│ 1 │ ← x = 1
└───┘

y = D₂/|A| = 8/4 = ┌───┐


│ 2 │ ← y = 2
└───┘

z = D₃/|A| = 12/4 = ┌───┐


│ 3 │ ← z = 3
└───┘

To Check: Put in any equation:


x + y + z = 6
1 + 2 + 3 = 6
6 = 6 ✓

Q2) Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's Rule:


x + 2y + 3z = 14
2x + y + z = 7
3x + 2y + z = 10

Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B → X = A⁻¹B

| 1 2 3 | | x | | 14 |
| 2 1 1 | | y | = | 7 |
| 3 2 1 | | z | | 10 |

A X = B

By Using Cramer's Rule:

x = D₁/|A|, y = D₂/|A|, z = D₃/|A|

|A| = | 1 2 3 |
| 2 1 1 |
| 3 2 1 |

Expand from R₁:


= 1[(1)(1) − (1)(2)] − 2[(2)(1) − (1)(3)] + 3[(2)(2) − (1)(3)]
= 1[1 − 2] − 2[2 − 3] + 3[4 − 3]
= 1(−1) − 2(−1) + 3(1)
= −1 + 2 + 3
|A| = 4

D₁ = | 14 2 3 |
| 7 1 1 |
| 10 2 1 |

Expand from R₁:


= 14[(1)(1) − (1)(2)] − 2[(7)(1) − (1)(10)] + 3[(7)(2) − (1)(10)]
= 14[1 − 2] − 2[7 − 10] + 3[14 − 10]
= 14(−1) − 2(−3) + 3(4)
= −14 + 6 + 12
D₁ = 4

D₂ = | 1 14 3 |
| 2 7 1 |
| 3 10 1 |

Expand from R₁:


= 1[(7)(1) − (1)(10)] − 14[(2)(1) − (1)(3)] + 3[(2)(10) − (7)(3)]
= 1[7 − 10] − 14[2 − 3] + 3[20 − 21]
= 1(−3) − 14(−1) + 3(−1)
= −3 + 14 − 3
D₂ = 8

D₃ = | 1 2 14 |
| 2 1 7 |
| 3 2 10 |

Expand from R₁:


= 1[(1)(10) − (7)(2)] − 2[(2)(10) − (7)(3)] + 14[(2)(2) − (1)(3)]
= 1[10 − 14] − 2[20 − 21] + 14[4 − 3]
= 1(−4) − 2(−1) + 14(1)
= −4 + 2 + 14
D₃ = 12

x = D₁/|A| = 4/4 = ┌───┐


│ 1 │ ← x = 1
└───┘

y = D₂/|A| = 8/4 = ┌───┐


│ 2 │ ← y = 2
└───┘

z = D₃/|A| = 12/4 = ┌───┐


│ 3 │ ← z = 3
└───┘

To Check: Put in any equation:


x + 2y + 3z = 14
1 + 2(2) + 3(3) = 14
1 + 4 + 9 = 14
14 = 14 ✓

Q3) Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's Rule:


2x − y + z = 3
x + 2y − z = 1
x − y + 2z = 4

Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B → X = A⁻¹B

| 2 -1 1 | | x | | 3 |
| 1 2 -1 | | y | = | 1 |
| 1 -1 2 | | z | | 4 |
A X = B

By Using Cramer's Rule:

x = D₁/|A|, y = D₂/|A|, z = D₃/|A|

|A| = | 2 -1 1 |
| 1 2 -1 |
| 1 -1 2 |

Expand from R₁:


= 2[(2)(2) − (−1)(−1)] − (−1)[(1)(2) − (−1)(1)] + 1[(1)(−1) − (2)(1)]
= 2[4 − 1] + 1[2 + 1] + 1[−1 − 2]
= 2(3) + 1(3) + 1(−3)
= 6 + 3 − 3
|A| = 6

D₁ = | 3 -1 1 |
| 1 2 -1 |
| 4 -1 2 |

Expand from R₁:


= 3[(2)(2) − (−1)(−1)] − (−1)[(1)(2) − (−1)(4)] + 1[(1)(−1) − (2)(4)]
= 3[4 − 1] + 1[2 + 4] + 1[−1 − 8]
= 3(3) + 1(6) + 1(−9)
= 9 + 6 − 9
D₁ = 6

D₂ = | 2 3 1 |
| 1 1 -1 |
| 1 4 2 |

Expand from R₁:


= 2[(1)(2) − (−1)(4)] − 3[(1)(2) − (−1)(1)] + 1[(1)(4) − (1)(1)]
= 2[2 + 4] − 3[2 + 1] + 1[4 − 1]
= 2(6) − 3(3) + 1(3)
= 12 − 9 + 3
D₂ = 6

D₃ = | 2 -1 3 |
| 1 2 1 |
| 1 -1 4 |

Expand from R₁:


= 2[(2)(4) − (1)(−1)] − (−1)[(1)(4) − (1)(1)] + 3[(1)(−1) − (2)(1)]
= 2[8 + 1] + 1[4 − 1] + 3[−1 − 2]
= 2(9) + 1(3) + 3(−3)
= 18 + 3 − 9
D₃ = 12

x = D₁/|A| = 6/6 = ┌───┐


│ 1 │ ← x = 1
└───┘

y = D₂/|A| = 6/6 = ┌───┐


│ 1 │ ← y = 1
└───┘

z = D₃/|A| = 12/6 = ┌───┐


│ 2 │ ← z = 2
└───┘

To Check: Put in any equation:


2x − y + z = 3
2(1) − 1 + 2 = 3
2 − 1 + 2 = 3
3 = 3 ✓

Inverse Method
Q4) Solve the following system of equations by Inverse Method:
2n₁ − n₂ + n₃ = 5
4n₁ + 2n₂ + 3n₃ = 8
3n₁ − 4n₂ − n₃ = 3

Sol:
Writing in matrix form AX = B

| 2 -1 1 | | n₁ | | 5 |
| 4 2 3 | | n₂ | = | 8 |
| 3 -4 -1 | | n₃ | | 3 |

A X = B

AX = B
X = A⁻¹B → ①

A⁻¹ = (1/|A|) · adj A

|A| = | 2 -1 1 |
| 4 2 3 |
| 3 -4 -1 |

Expand from R₁:


= 2| 2 3| − (−1)| 4 3| + 1| 4 2|
|−4 −1| | 3 −1| | 3 −4|

= 2[(2)(−1) − (3)(−4)] + 1[(4)(−1) − (3)(3)] + 1[(4)(−4) − (2)(3)]


= 2[−2 + 12] + 1[−4 − 9] + 1[−16 − 6]
= 2(10) + 1(−13) + 1(−22)
= 20 − 13 − 22
|A| = −15

Finding Cofactors of A:

A₁₁ = +| 2 3| = (2)(−1)−(3)(−4) = −2+12 = 10


|−4 −1|

A₁₂ = −| 4 3| = −[(4)(−1)−(3)(3)] = −[−4−9] = 13


| 3 −1|

A₁₃ = +| 4 2| = (4)(−4)−(2)(3) = −16−6 = −22


| 3 −4|

A₂₁ = −|−1 1| = −[(−1)(−1)−(1)(−4)] = −[1+4] = −5


|−4 −1|

A₂₂ = +| 2 1| = (2)(−1)−(1)(3) = −2−3 = −5


| 3 −1|

A₂₃ = −| 2 −1| = −[(2)(−4)−(−1)(3)] = −[−8+3] = 5


| 3 −4|

A₃₁ = +|−1 1| = (−1)(3)−(1)(2) = −3−2 = −5


| 2 3|

A₃₂ = −| 2 1| = −[(2)(3)−(1)(4)] = −[6−4] = −2


| 4 3|

A₃₃ = +| 2 −1| = (2)(2)−(−1)(4) = 4+4 = 8


| 4 2|

Cofactor Matrix:

Cofactor Matrix = | 10 13 −22 |


| −5 −5 5 |
| −5 −2 8 |

adj A = (Cofactor Matrix)ᵀ

adj A = | 10 −5 −5 |
| 13 −5 −2 |
|−22 5 8 |

A⁻¹ = (1/|A|) · adj A = (1/−15) | 10 −5 −5 |


| 13 −5 −2 |
|−22 5 8 |

From ①: X = A⁻¹B

X = (1/−15) | 10 −5 −5 | | 5 |
| 13 −5 −2 | | 8 |
|−22 5 8 | | 3 |

X = (1/−15) | (10)(5)+(−5)(8)+(−5)(3) |
| (13)(5)+(−5)(8)+(−2)(3) |
| (−22)(5)+(5)(8)+(8)(3) |

X = (1/−15) | 50 − 40 − 15 |
| 65 − 40 − 6 |
|−110 + 40 + 24|

X = (1/−15) | −5 |
| 19 |
| −46 |

n₁ = (−5)/(−15) = ┌─────┐
│ 1/3 │
└─────┘

n₂ = (19)/(−15) = ┌───────┐
│−19/15 │
└───────┘

n₃ = (−46)/(−15) = ┌──────┐
│ 46/15│
└──────┘

To Check: Put in any equation:


2n₁ − n₂ + n₃ = 5
2(1/3) − (−19/15) + (46/15) = 5
2/3 + 19/15 + 46/15 = 5
10/15 + 19/15 + 46/15 = 5
75/15 = 5
5 = 5 ✓

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