Discrete-Time Systems
John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, Digital Signal
Processing – Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, Fourth Edition.
Contents
Discrete-time System – Definition
Accumulator
Block diagram representation
Static and Dynamic Systems
Time-invariant and time-variant systems
Linear and Nonlinear Systems
Causal and Noncausal Systems
Stable and Unstable Systems
Resolution of a Discrete-Time System into impulses
Convolution
Resolution of a Discrete-Time System into impulses
Example: The impulse response of a line time-invariant system is:
Determine the response of the system to the input signal
Resolution of a Discrete-Time System into impulses
Resolution of a Discrete-Time System into impulses
Resolution of a Discrete-Time System into impulses
Convolution
Convolution is commutative:
Convolution
Example: Determine the output 𝑦(𝑛) of a relaxed linear time-invariant
system with impulse response:
when the input is a unit step sequence, that is,
Convolution
Convolution
Convolution
Properties of Convolution
It is convenient to simplify the notation by using an asterisk to denote the
convolution operation:
Interpretation of the commutative property of convolution
Properties of Convolution
Identity and Shifting Property: Unit sample sequence 𝛿(𝑛) is the
identity element for convolution:
If we shift 𝛿(𝑛) by 𝑘, the convolution sequence is shifted also by 𝑘:
Commutative Law:
Properties of Convolution
Associative Law:
Implications of the associative (a) and the associative and commutative (b) properties
of convolution.
Properties of Convolution
Example: Determine the impulse response for the cascade of two linear
time-invariant systems having impulse responses:
and
Properties of Convolution
Distributive Law:
Interpretation of the distributive property of convolution: two LTI systems connected
in parallel can be replaced by a single system with ℎ(𝑛) = ℎ1 (𝑛) + ℎ2 (𝑛).
Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems
In the case of a linear time-invariant system, causality can be translated to
a condition on the impulse response.
Let us consider a linear time-invariant system having an output at time
𝑛 = 𝑛0 given by
Subdivide the sum into two sets of terms
Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems
If the output at time 𝑛 = 𝑛0 is to depend only on the present and past
inputs, then, clearly, the impulse response of the system must satisfy the
condition
Since ℎ(𝑛) is the response of the relaxed linear time-invariant system to a
unit impulse applied at 𝑛 = 0, it follows that ℎ(𝑛) = 0 for 𝑛 < 0 is both
a necessary and a sufficient condition for causality.
Hence an LTI system is causal if and only if its impulse response is zero
for negative values of 𝑛.
Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Thus we have the two equivalent forms
If the input to a causal linear time-invariant system is a causal sequence
[i.e., if 𝑥(𝑛) = 0 for 𝑛 < 0]
Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Example: Determine the unit step response of the linear time-invariant
system with impulse response: