Unit I — Vector Analysis

Full Detailed Step-by-Step Solutions

Engineering Electromagnetics | All PYQ Papers

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS — Dot Product, Cross Product &

Projections
Q1. Given A(2,5,-1), B(3,-2,4), C(-2,3,1). Find: (i) [Link] (ii) Angle between RAB and
RAC (iii) Projection length of RAB on RAC (iv) Vector projection of RAB on RAC [8 Marks]

Step 1: Find position vectors RAB and RAC

RAB = B - A = (3-2)ax + (-2-5)ay + (4-(-1))az = 1ax - 7ay + 5az
RAC = C - A = (-2-2)ax + (3-5)ay + (1-(-1))az = -4ax - 2ay + 2az

Step 2: Compute RAB . RAC (Dot Product)

RAB . RAC = (1)(-4) + (-7)(-2) + (5)(2)
= -4 + 14 + 10 = 20
=> RAB . RAC = 20

Step 3: Find magnitudes |RAB| and |RAC|

|RAB| = sqrt(1^2 + (-7)^2 + 5^2) = sqrt(1 + 49 + 25) = sqrt(75) = 8.660
|RAC| = sqrt((-4)^2 + (-2)^2 + 2^2) = sqrt(16 + 4 + 4) = sqrt(24) = 4.899

Step 4: Find angle theta between RAB and RAC

cos(theta) = (RAB . RAC) / (|RAB| * |RAC|) = 20 / (8.660 x 4.899)
cos(theta) = 20 / 42.43 = 0.4714
theta = cos^-1(0.4714) = 61.9 degrees
=> Angle theta = 61.9 degrees

Step 5: Projection length of RAB on RAC (scalar projection)

Proj = RAB . aRAC = (RAB . RAC) / |RAC|
Proj = 20 / 4.899 = 4.082
=> Projection length of RAB on RAC = 4.082 units

Step 6: Vector projection of RAB on RAC

aRAC = RAC / |RAC| = (-4ax - 2ay + 2az) / 4.899 = -0.8165ax - 0.4082ay + 0.4082az
Vector Proj = (Proj) x aRAC = 4.082 x (-0.8165ax - 0.4082ay + 0.4082az)
= -3.333ax - 1.667ay + 1.667az
=> Vector projection = -3.333ax - 1.667ay + 1.667az

Q2. RAB from A(1,2,3) to B. Length = 10 units, direction a = 0.6ax + 0.64ay + 0.48az. Find
coordinates of B. [6 Marks]

Step 1: Understand the given information

RAB = Length x direction unit vector
RAB = 10 x (0.6ax + 0.64ay + 0.48az)
RAB = 6ax + 6.4ay + 4.8az

Step 2: Verify unit vector magnitude

|a| = sqrt(0.6^2 + 0.64^2 + 0.48^2) = sqrt(0.36 + 0.4096 + 0.2304) = sqrt(1.0) = 1 (confirmed)

Step 3: Find B using RAB = B - A

B = A + RAB = (1,2,3) + (6, 6.4, 4.8)
Bx = 1 + 6 = 7
By = 2 + 6.4 = 8.4
Bz = 3 + 4.8 = 7.8
=> Coordinates of B = (7, 8.4, 7.8)

Q3. A = -4ax + 2ay + 3az, B = 3ax + 4ay - az. Find: (i) Component of A parallel to B (ii) Unit
vector perpendicular to plane of A and B [6 Marks]

Step 1: Find unit vector of B

|B| = sqrt(3^2 + 4^2 + (-1)^2) = sqrt(9 + 16 + 1) = sqrt(26) = 5.099
aB = B / |B| = (3ax + 4ay - az) / 5.099 = 0.5883ax + 0.7845ay - 0.1961az

Step 2: Component of A parallel to B (scalar projection of A onto B)

A_parallel = A . aB = (-4)(0.5883) + (2)(0.7845) + (3)(-0.1961)
= -2.353 + 1.569 - 0.588 = -1.372

Step 3: Vector component of A parallel to B

A_parallel_vec = (A . aB) * aB = -1.372 x (0.5883ax + 0.7845ay - 0.1961az)
= -0.808ax - 1.077ay + 0.269az
=> Component of A parallel to B = -0.808ax - 1.077ay + 0.269az

Step 4: Unit vector perpendicular to plane of A and B (use cross product)

A x B = |ax ay az |
|-4 2 3 |
| 3 4 -1 |
ax component: (2)(-1) - (3)(4) = -2 - 12 = -14
ay component: -[(-4)(-1) - (3)(3)] = -[4 - 9] = 5
az component: (-4)(4) - (2)(3) = -16 - 6 = -22
A x B = -14ax + 5ay - 22az

Step 5: Find unit vector

|A x B| = sqrt((-14)^2 + 5^2 + (-22)^2) = sqrt(196 + 25 + 484) = sqrt(705) = 26.55
a_perp = (A x B) / |A x B| = (-14ax + 5ay - 22az) / 26.55
= -0.527ax + 0.188ay - 0.829az
=> Unit vector perpendicular to plane = -0.527ax + 0.188ay - 0.829az

Q4. P(rho=5, phi=60 deg, z=2), Q(rho=2, phi=110 deg, z=-1). Find: (i) Unit vector in
Cartesian at P towards Q (ii) Unit vector in cylindrical at P towards Q [8 Marks]

Step 1: Convert P and Q to Cartesian

P: x = 5 cos(60) = 5 x 0.5 = 2.5, y = 5 sin(60) = 5 x 0.866 = 4.330, z = 2
P_cart = (2.5, 4.330, 2)
Q: x = 2 cos(110) = 2 x (-0.342) = -0.684, y = 2 sin(110) = 2 x 0.940 = 1.880, z = -1
Q_cart = (-0.684, 1.880, -1)

Step 2: Find vector RPQ from P to Q

RPQ = Q - P = (-0.684-2.5)ax + (1.880-4.330)ay + (-1-2)az
= -3.184ax - 2.450ay - 3az

Step 3: Magnitude of RPQ

|RPQ| = sqrt((-3.184)^2 + (-2.450)^2 + (-3)^2)
= sqrt(10.14 + 6.00 + 9) = sqrt(25.14) = 5.014

Step 4: Unit vector in Cartesian

aPQ = RPQ / |RPQ| = (-3.184ax - 2.450ay - 3az) / 5.014
= -0.635ax - 0.489ay - 0.598az
=> Unit vector in Cartesian at P towards Q = -0.635ax - 0.489ay - 0.598az

Step 5: Convert unit vector to cylindrical at P (phi_P = 60 deg)

a_rho = cos(phi)ax + sin(phi)ay = cos(60)ax + sin(60)ay = 0.5ax + 0.866ay
a_phi = -sin(phi)ax + cos(phi)ay = -sin(60)ax + cos(60)ay = -0.866ax + 0.5ay
a_z stays the same

Component along a_rho: aPQ . a_rho = (-0.635)(0.5) + (-0.489)(0.866) + 0

= -0.3175 + (-0.4235) = -0.741
Component along a_phi: aPQ . a_phi = (-0.635)(-0.866) + (-0.489)(0.5) + 0
= 0.5499 + (-0.2445) = 0.305
Component along a_z : -0.598
Unit vector in cylindrical = -0.741 a_rho + 0.305 a_phi - 0.598 az
=> Unit vector in cylindrical at P towards Q = -0.741 a_rho + 0.305 a_phi - 0.598 az
 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
Q5. Transform vector W = 10ax - 8ay + 6az into cylindrical coordinate system at point
P(10, -8, 6). [6 Marks]

Step 1: Find phi at point P(x=10, y=-8, z=6)

phi = arctan(y/x) = arctan(-8/10) = arctan(-0.8) = -38.66 deg
Since x>0, y<0: phi is in 4th quadrant => phi = -38.66 deg (or 321.34 deg)
cos(phi) = 10/rho, sin(phi) = -8/rho
rho = sqrt(10^2 + (-8)^2) = sqrt(100+64) = sqrt(164) = 12.806
cos(phi) = 10/12.806 = 0.7809, sin(phi) = -8/12.806 = -0.6247

Step 2: Use transformation matrix

W_rho = Wx*cos(phi) + Wy*sin(phi) = (10)(0.7809) + (-8)(-0.6247)
= 7.809 + 4.998 = 12.807
W_phi = -Wx*sin(phi) + Wy*cos(phi) = -(10)(-0.6247) + (-8)(0.7809)
= 6.247 - 6.247 = 0
W_z = Wz = 6
=> W in cylindrical = 12.807 a_rho + 0 a_phi + 6 az
=> W = 12.807 a_rho + 6 az

Q6. Diametrically opposite corners: P1(r=5, theta=20 deg, phi=0.1pi) and P2(r=12,
theta=80 deg, phi=0.4pi). Find: (i) Length of line joining them (ii) Volume enclosed (iii)
Area of enclosing surfaces [8 Marks]

Step 1: Convert P1 and P2 to Cartesian

P1: x = 5 sin(20)cos(0.1pi) = 5 x 0.342 x 0.951 = 1.627
y = 5 sin(20)sin(0.1pi) = 5 x 0.342 x 0.309 = 0.529
z = 5 cos(20) = 5 x 0.940 = 4.698
P2: x = 12 sin(80)cos(0.4pi) = 12 x 0.985 x 0.309 = 3.650
y = 12 sin(80)sin(0.4pi) = 12 x 0.985 x 0.951 = 11.240
z = 12 cos(80) = 12 x 0.174 = 2.080

Step 2: Length of straight line

L = sqrt((3.650-1.627)^2 + (11.240-0.529)^2 + (2.080-4.698)^2)
= sqrt((2.023)^2 + (10.711)^2 + (-2.618)^2)
= sqrt(4.093 + 114.73 + 6.854) = sqrt(125.67) = 11.21 units
=> Length of line joining P1 and P2 = 11.21 units

Step 3: Volume of the spherical region

Volume = INTEGRAL r^2 sin(theta) dr dtheta dphi
r: 5 to 12, theta: 20 to 80 deg (= pi/9 to 4pi/9), phi: 0.1pi to 0.4pi

V = [r^3/3] from 5 to 12 x [-cos(theta)] from 20 to 80 x [phi] from 0.1pi to 0.4pi

r integral = (12^3/3) - (5^3/3) = 576 - 41.667 = 534.333
theta integral = -cos(80) + cos(20) = -0.1736 + 0.9397 = 0.7661
phi integral = 0.4pi - 0.1pi = 0.3pi = 0.9425
Volume = 534.333 x 0.7661 x 0.9425 = 385.9 m^3
=> Volume enclosed = 385.9 m^3
Step 4: Area of enclosing surfaces (6 surfaces)
Surface 1 (r=5): A = r^2 x (theta integral) x (phi integral) = 25 x 0.7661 x 0.9425 = 18.07 m^2
Surface 2 (r=12): A = 144 x 0.7661 x 0.9425 = 103.96 m^2
Surface 3 (theta=20): A = INTEGRAL r dr x INTEGRAL sin(20)dphi = [r^2/2] from 5 to 12 x sin(20) x 0.3pi
= (72-12.5) x 0.342 x 0.9425 = 59.5 x 0.3225 = 19.19 m^2
Surface 4 (theta=80): A = 59.5 x sin(80) x 0.9425 = 59.5 x 0.9848 x 0.9425 = 55.22 m^2
Surface 5 (phi=0.1pi): A = INTEGRAL r dr x INTEGRAL dtheta = 59.5 x (80-20)pi/180 = 59.5 x 1.047 = 62.30 m^2
Surface 6 (phi=0.4pi): same = 62.30 m^2
Total Area = 18.07+103.96+19.19+55.22+62.30+62.30 = 321.04 m^2
=> Area of enclosing surfaces = 321.04 m^2
 VECTOR OPERATIONS — Dot Product, Cross Product & Unit
Vectors
Q7. F_A = -ax - 3ay - 4az, F_B = 2ax + 2ay + 2az, point C(1,3,4). Find: (a) R_AB (b)|F_A| (c)
aA (d) aAB (e) unit vector from C to A (Treat A and B as position points) [6 Marks]

Given: treat FA and FB as position vectors of points A and B

A = (-1, -3, -4), B = (2, 2, 2)

(a) R_AB = B - A = (2-(-1))ax + (2-(-3))ay + (2-(-4))az = 3ax + 5ay + 6az

=> R_AB = 3ax + 5ay + 6az

(b) |F_A| = |(-1,-3,-4)| = sqrt(1 + 9 + 16) = sqrt(26) = 5.099

=> |F_A| = 5.099

(c) aA = F_A / |F_A| = (-ax - 3ay - 4az) / 5.099 = -0.196ax - 0.588ay - 0.784az
=> aA = -0.196ax - 0.588ay - 0.784az

(d) |R_AB| = sqrt(9+25+36) = sqrt(70) = 8.367

aAB = R_AB / |R_AB| = (3ax + 5ay + 6az) / 8.367 = 0.359ax + 0.598ay + 0.717az
=> aAB = 0.359ax + 0.598ay + 0.717az

(e) Vector from C(1,3,4) to A(-1,-3,-4):

R_CA = A - C = (-1-1)ax + (-3-3)ay + (-4-4)az = -2ax - 6ay - 8az
|R_CA| = sqrt(4+36+64) = sqrt(104) = 10.198
a_CA = (-2ax - 6ay - 8az) / 10.198 = -0.196ax - 0.588ay - 0.785az
=> Unit vector from C to A = -0.196ax - 0.588ay - 0.785az

Q8. Triangle M(-1,2,1), N(3,-3,0), P(-2,-3,-4). Find: (i) R_MN x R_MP (ii) R_MN.R_MP (iii)
Angle at vertex M (iv) Vector projection of R_MN on R_MP (v) Unit vector perpendicular
to triangle [8 Marks]

Step 1: Find position vectors

R_MN = N - M = (3-(-1))ax + (-3-2)ay + (0-1)az = 4ax - 5ay - az
R_MP = P - M = (-2-(-1))ax + (-3-2)ay + (-4-1)az = -ax - 5ay - 5az

Step 2: (ii) Dot Product R_MN . R_MP

= (4)(-1) + (-5)(-5) + (-1)(-5) = -4 + 25 + 5 = 26
=> R_MN . R_MP = 26

Step 3: Magnitudes
|R_MN| = sqrt(16+25+1) = sqrt(42) = 6.481
|R_MP| = sqrt(1+25+25) = sqrt(51) = 7.141

Step 4: (iii) Angle at vertex M

cos(theta_M) = R_MN.R_MP / (|R_MN| x |R_MP|) = 26 / (6.481 x 7.141) = 26/46.28 = 0.5619
theta_M = cos^-1(0.5619) = 55.77 degrees
=> Angle at vertex M = 55.77 degrees

Step 5: (i) Cross Product R_MN x R_MP

R_MN x R_MP = |ax ay az |
| 4 -5 -1 |
|-1 -5 -5 |
ax: (-5)(-5) - (-1)(-5) = 25 - 5 = 20
ay: -[(4)(-5) - (-1)(-1)] = -[-20 - 1] = 21
az: (4)(-5) - (-5)(-1) = -20 - 5 = -25
R_MN x R_MP = 20ax + 21ay - 25az
=> R_MN x R_MP = 20ax + 21ay - 25az

Step 6: (iv) Vector projection of R_MN on R_MP

a_MP = R_MP / |R_MP| = (-ax - 5ay - 5az) / 7.141 = -0.140ax - 0.700ay - 0.700az
Scalar proj = R_MN . a_MP = (4)(-0.140) + (-5)(-0.700) + (-1)(-0.700)
= -0.560 + 3.500 + 0.700 = 3.640
Vector proj = 3.640 x a_MP = 3.640 x (-0.140ax - 0.700ay - 0.700az)
= -0.510ax - 2.548ay - 2.548az
=> Vector projection of R_MN on R_MP = -0.510ax - 2.548ay - 2.548az

Step 7: (v) Unit vector perpendicular to triangle plane

|R_MN x R_MP| = sqrt(400+441+625) = sqrt(1466) = 38.29
a_perp = (20ax + 21ay - 25az) / 38.29
= 0.522ax + 0.548ay - 0.653az
=> Unit vector perpendicular to triangle = 0.522ax + 0.548ay - 0.653az
 SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
Q9. Find unit vector in spherical coordinates at M(5, 20 deg, 100 deg) directed towards
N(4, 70 deg, 50 deg). [6 Marks]

Step 1: Convert M and N to Cartesian

M: x = 5 sin(20)cos(100) = 5(0.342)(-0.174) = -0.297
y = 5 sin(20)sin(100) = 5(0.342)(0.985) = 1.684
z = 5 cos(20) = 5(0.940) = 4.698
N: x = 4 sin(70)cos(50) = 4(0.940)(0.643) = 2.416
y = 4 sin(70)sin(50) = 4(0.940)(0.766) = 2.880
z = 4 cos(70) = 4(0.342) = 1.368

Step 2: Vector from M to N

R_MN = N - M = (2.416-(-0.297))ax + (2.880-1.684)ay + (1.368-4.698)az
= 2.713ax + 1.196ay - 3.330az
|R_MN| = sqrt(7.360+1.430+11.089) = sqrt(19.879) = 4.459

Step 3: Unit vector in Cartesian

a_MN = (2.713ax + 1.196ay - 3.330az) / 4.459 = 0.608ax + 0.268ay - 0.747az

Step 4: Convert to spherical at M (theta_M=20 deg, phi_M=100 deg)

a_r = sintheta*cosphi ax + sintheta*sinphi ay + costheta az
= sin(20)cos(100)ax + sin(20)sin(100)ay + cos(20)az
= (0.342)(-0.174)ax + (0.342)(0.985)ay + (0.940)az
= -0.0595ax + 0.3369ay + 0.9397az

a_theta = costheta*cosphi ax + costheta*sinphi ay - sintheta az

= cos(20)cos(100)ax + cos(20)sin(100)ay - sin(20)az
= (0.940)(-0.174)ax + (0.940)(0.985)ay - (0.342)az
= -0.1636ax + 0.9259ay - 0.3420az

a_phi = -sinphi ax + cosphi ay

= -sin(100)ax + cos(100)ay = -0.9848ax - 0.1736ay

Component along a_r: a_MN . a_r = (0.608)(-0.0595)+(0.268)(0.3369)+(-0.747)(0.9397)

= -0.0362 + 0.0903 - 0.7019 = -0.648
Component along a_theta: a_MN . a_theta = (0.608)(-0.1636)+(0.268)(0.9259)+(-0.747)(-0.3420)
= -0.0995 + 0.2481 + 0.2555 = 0.404
Component along a_phi: a_MN . a_phi = (0.608)(-0.9848)+(0.268)(-0.1736)
= -0.5987 - 0.0465 = -0.645
=> Unit vector at M towards N in spherical = -0.648 a_r + 0.404 a_theta - 0.645 a_phi

Q10. Obtain spherical coordinates of: (i) 10az at P(-3,2,4) (ii) 10az at P(4, 110 deg, 120
deg) [6 Marks]

PART (i): Convert vector 10az at P(-3, 2, 4) to spherical

Find spherical angles at P(-3,2,4):
r = sqrt(9+4+16) = sqrt(29) = 5.385
theta = arccos(z/r) = arccos(4/5.385) = arccos(0.743) = 42.07 deg
phi = arctan(y/x) = arctan(2/-3) => x<0,y>0 so 2nd quadrant
phi = 180 - arctan(2/3) = 180 - 33.69 = 146.31 deg

Transformation: az in spherical at angles (theta,phi):

az = costheta * a_r - sintheta * a_theta
10az = 10costheta * a_r - 10sintheta * a_theta
= 10cos(42.07) a_r - 10sin(42.07) a_theta
= 10(0.743) a_r - 10(0.669) a_theta
= 7.43 a_r - 6.69 a_theta
=> 10az at P(-3,2,4) in spherical = 7.43 a_r - 6.69 a_theta + 0 a_phi

PART (ii): P is given in spherical as P(4, 110 deg, 120 deg) => theta=110, phi=120
10az = 10costheta * a_r - 10sintheta * a_theta
= 10cos(110) a_r - 10sin(110) a_theta
= 10(-0.342) a_r - 10(0.940) a_theta
= -3.42 a_r - 9.40 a_theta
=> 10az at P(4,110,120 deg) in spherical = -3.42 a_r - 9.40 a_theta + 0 a_phi
 ELECTRIC FIELD & COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
Q11. E = (50costheta/r^3)ar + (sintheta/r^2)a_theta at P(2, 60 deg, 30 deg). Find: (i)
Magnitude of E (ii) Transform to Cartesian and evaluate unit vector. [8 Marks]

Step 1: Substitute r=2, theta=60 deg, phi=30 deg

E_r = 50cos(60) / 2^3 = 50(0.5) / 8 = 25/8 = 3.125
E_theta = sin(60) / 2^2 = 0.866 / 4 = 0.2165
E = 3.125 a_r + 0.2165 a_theta

Step 2: Magnitude
|E| = sqrt(3.125^2 + 0.2165^2) = sqrt(9.766 + 0.0469) = sqrt(9.813) = 3.133 V/m
=> |E| = 3.133 V/m

Step 3: Convert E to Cartesian at theta=60, phi=30

Transformation matrix:
Ex = E_r sintheta cosphi + E_theta costheta cosphi
= (3.125)(0.866)(0.866) + (0.2165)(0.5)(0.866)
= 2.344 + 0.0937 = 2.438
Ey = E_r sintheta sinphi + E_theta costheta sinphi
= (3.125)(0.866)(0.5) + (0.2165)(0.5)(0.5)
= 1.353 + 0.0541 = 1.407
Ez = E_r costheta - E_theta sintheta
= (3.125)(0.5) - (0.2165)(0.866)
= 1.5625 - 0.1875 = 1.375
E in Cartesian = 2.438ax + 1.407ay + 1.375az

Step 4: Unit vector of E

|E| = sqrt(2.438^2 + 1.407^2 + 1.375^2) = sqrt(5.944+1.980+1.891) = sqrt(9.815) = 3.133
aE = (2.438ax + 1.407ay + 1.375az) / 3.133
= 0.778ax + 0.449ay + 0.439az
=> Unit vector of E in Cartesian = 0.778ax + 0.449ay + 0.439az

Q12. P(delta=5, phi=60 deg, Z=2) and Q(delta=2, phi=110 deg, Z=-1). Find: (i)|R_PQ| (ii)
Unit vector Cartesian at P towards Q (iii) Unit vector cylindrical at P towards Q [7 Marks]

Step 1: Convert P and Q to Cartesian

P: x=5cos(60)=2.5, y=5sin(60)=4.330, z=2 => P=(2.5, 4.330, 2)
Q: x=2cos(110)=-0.684, y=2sin(110)=1.879, z=-1 => Q=(-0.684, 1.879, -1)

Step 2: R_PQ = Q - P
R_PQ = (-0.684-2.5)ax + (1.879-4.330)ay + (-1-2)az
= -3.184ax - 2.451ay - 3az

Step 3: |R_PQ|
|R_PQ| = sqrt(3.184^2 + 2.451^2 + 3^2) = sqrt(10.138 + 6.007 + 9) = sqrt(25.145) = 5.015
=> |R_PQ| = 5.015 units

Step 4: Unit vector in Cartesian

a_PQ = R_PQ/|R_PQ| = (-3.184ax - 2.451ay - 3az) / 5.015
= -0.635ax - 0.489ay - 0.598az
=> Unit vector (Cartesian) = -0.635ax - 0.489ay - 0.598az

Step 5: Convert to cylindrical at P (phi_P = 60 deg)

a_rho component = a_PQ . a_rho_P = (-0.635)cos(60) + (-0.489)sin(60)
= (-0.635)(0.5) + (-0.489)(0.866) = -0.3175 - 0.4235 = -0.741
a_phi component = a_PQ . a_phi_P = (-0.635)(-sin60) + (-0.489)(cos60)
= (0.635)(0.866) + (-0.489)(0.5) = 0.550 - 0.2445 = 0.305
a_z component = -0.598
=> Unit vector (cylindrical) at P = -0.741 a_rho + 0.305 a_phi - 0.598 az
 VECTOR COMPONENTS & CYLINDRICAL TRANSFORMS
Q13. A = -4ax + 2ay + 3az, B = 3ax + 4ay - az. Find: (i) Component of A parallel to B (ii)
Unit vector perpendicular to plane of A and B [NRJ/KS/18 version with B = 3ax+4ay-3az] [6 Marks]

Using B = 3ax + 4ay - 3az (NRJ/KS/18 version)

|B| = sqrt(9+16+9) = sqrt(34) = 5.831
aB = (3ax+4ay-3az)/5.831 = 0.5145ax + 0.6860ay - 0.5145az

Dot product [Link]:

[Link] = (-4)(0.5145)+(2)(0.6860)+(3)(-0.5145)
= -2.058 + 1.372 - 1.544 = -2.23

Component of A parallel to B (vector):

= ([Link]) * aB = -2.23 x (0.5145ax + 0.6860ay - 0.5145az)
= -1.147ax - 1.530ay + 1.147az
=> Component of A parallel to B = -1.147ax - 1.530ay + 1.147az

Cross product A x B (using B = 3ax+4ay-3az):

ax: (2)(-3)-(3)(4) = -6-12 = -18
ay: -[(-4)(-3)-(3)(3)] = -[12-9] = -3
az: (-4)(4)-(2)(3) = -16-6 = -22
A x B = -18ax - 3ay - 22az
|AxB| = sqrt(324+9+484) = sqrt(817) = 28.58
a_perp = (-18ax - 3ay - 22az)/28.58 = -0.630ax - 0.105ay - 0.770az
=> Unit vector perpendicular to plane = -0.630ax - 0.105ay - 0.770az

Q14. Give Cartesian components of H = 20a_rho - 10a_phi + 3az at P(5, 2, -1). [TKN/KS/16] [5 Marks]

Step 1: Find phi at P(x=5, y=2)

phi = arctan(2/5) = arctan(0.4) = 21.80 deg
cos(phi) = 5/sqrt(29) = 0.9285, sin(phi) = 2/sqrt(29) = 0.3714

Step 2: Use transformation:

Hx = H_rho*cos(phi) - H_phi*sin(phi) = 20(0.9285) - (-10)(0.3714)
= 18.570 + 3.714 = 22.284
Hy = H_rho*sin(phi) + H_phi*cos(phi) = 20(0.3714) + (-10)(0.9285)
= 7.428 - 9.285 = -1.857
Hz = H_z = 3
=> H in Cartesian = 22.284ax - 1.857ay + 3az

Q15. A(x=2,y=3,z=-1) and B(rho=4, phi=-50 deg, z=2). Find distances: (i) A to origin (ii) B
to origin (iii) A to B. [NKT/KS/17] [6 Marks]

Step 1: Convert B to Cartesian

Bx = 4cos(-50) = 4(0.643) = 2.572
By = 4sin(-50) = 4(-0.766) = -3.064
Bz = 2 => B = (2.572, -3.064, 2)

(i) Distance A to origin:

|A| = sqrt(4+9+1) = sqrt(14) = 3.742
=> A to origin = 3.742 units

(ii) Distance B to origin:

|B| = sqrt(2.572^2 + 3.064^2 + 4) = sqrt(6.615+9.388+4) = sqrt(20.003) = 4.472
=> B to origin = 4.472 units (= sqrt(rho^2+z^2) = sqrt(16+4) = sqrt(20) = 4.472)

(iii) Distance A to B:
R_AB = B-A = (2.572-2)ax + (-3.064-3)ay + (2-(-1))az = 0.572ax - 6.064ay + 3az
|R_AB| = sqrt(0.327+36.77+9) = sqrt(46.097) = 6.789
=> A to B = 6.789 units

Q16. Three points A(2,-1,2), B(-1,1,4), C(4,3,-1). Find: (i) Angle between R_AB and R_AC
(ii) Area of triangle ABC (iii) Unit vector perpendicular to ABC. [NKT/KS/17] [7 Marks]

Step 1: Find R_AB and R_AC

R_AB = B-A = -3ax+2ay+2az
R_AC = C-A = 2ax+4ay-3az

(i) Dot product and angle:

R_AB.R_AC = (-3)(2)+(2)(4)+(2)(-3) = -6+8-6 = -4
|R_AB| = sqrt(9+4+4) = sqrt(17) = 4.123
|R_AC| = sqrt(4+16+9) = sqrt(29) = 5.385
cos(theta) = -4/(4.123 x 5.385) = -4/22.20 = -0.1802
theta = cos^-1(-0.1802) = 100.37 degrees
=> Angle between R_AB and R_AC = 100.37 degrees

(ii) Cross product R_AB x R_AC:

ax: (2)(-3)-(2)(4) = -6-8 = -14
ay: -[(-3)(-3)-(2)(2)] = -[9-4] = -5
az: (-3)(4)-(2)(2) = -12-4 = -16
R_AB x R_AC = -14ax - 5ay - 16az
|R_AB x R_AC| = sqrt(196+25+256) = sqrt(477) = 21.84
Area = |R_AB x R_AC|/2 = 21.84/2 = 10.92 sq units
=> Area of triangle ABC = 10.92 sq units

(iii) Unit vector perpendicular:

a_perp = (-14ax-5ay-16az)/21.84 = -0.641ax - 0.229ay - 0.733az
=> Unit vector perpendicular to ABC = -0.641ax - 0.229ay - 0.733az
 ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q17. P(2,-3,1), Q(-4,-2,6), R(1,5,-3). Find: (a) Vector P to R (b) Unit vector P to R (c)
Distance P to Q. [NIR/KW/18] [6 Marks]

(a) R_PR = R - P = (1-2)ax + (5-(-3))ay + (-3-1)az = -ax + 8ay - 4az

=> Vector P to R = -ax + 8ay - 4az

(b) |R_PR| = sqrt(1+64+16) = sqrt(81) = 9

a_PR = (-ax+8ay-4az)/9 = -0.111ax + 0.889ay - 0.444az
=> Unit vector P to R = -0.111ax + 0.889ay - 0.444az

(c) R_PQ = Q-P = (-4-2)ax+(-2+3)ay+(6-1)az = -6ax+ay+5az

|R_PQ| = sqrt(36+1+25) = sqrt(62) = 7.874
=> Distance P to Q = 7.874 units

Q18. A(10,12,-6), B(16,8,-2), C(8,1,4), D(-2,-5,8). Find vector projection of R_AB + R_BC on
R_AD. [NIR/KW/18] [6 Marks]

Step 1: Find all vectors

R_AB = B-A = 6ax-4ay+4az
R_BC = C-B = -8ax-7ay+6az
R_AB + R_BC = (6-8)ax + (-4-7)ay + (4+6)az = -2ax - 11ay + 10az
R_AD = D-A = -12ax-17ay+14az
|R_AD| = sqrt(144+289+196) = sqrt(629) = 25.08
a_AD = (-12ax-17ay+14az)/25.08

Step 2: Scalar projection

Proj = (R_AB+R_BC) . a_AD
= [(-2)(-12)+(-11)(-17)+(10)(14)] / 25.08
= [24+187+140] / 25.08
= 351/25.08 = 13.99

Step 3: Vector projection

= 13.99 x a_AD = 13.99 x (-12ax-17ay+14az)/25.08
= 13.99/25.08 x (-12ax-17ay+14az)
= 0.5577 x (-12ax-17ay+14az)
= -6.693ax - 9.480ay + 7.808az
=> Vector projection = -6.693ax - 9.480ay + 7.808az

Q19. E = (100costheta/r^3)ar + (50sintheta/r^3)a_theta at point (2, 60 deg, 20 deg) in

spherical. Find: (i) Magnitude of E (ii) Unit vector in Cartesian. [NIR/KW/18] [7 Marks]

Step 1: Substitute r=2, theta=60 deg

E_r = 100cos(60)/2^3 = 100(0.5)/8 = 6.25
E_theta = 50sin(60)/2^3 = 50(0.866)/8 = 5.4125
E = 6.25 a_r + 5.4125 a_theta + 0 a_phi

Step 2: Magnitude
|E| = sqrt(6.25^2 + 5.4125^2) = sqrt(39.063+29.295) = sqrt(68.358) = 8.268 V/m
=> |E| = 8.268 V/m
Step 3: Convert to Cartesian at theta=60, phi=20
Ex = E_r sin(60)cos(20) + E_theta cos(60)cos(20)
= 6.25(0.866)(0.940) + 5.4125(0.5)(0.940) = 5.084 + 2.544 = 7.628
Ey = E_r sin(60)sin(20) + E_theta cos(60)sin(20)
= 6.25(0.866)(0.342) + 5.4125(0.5)(0.342) = 1.850 + 0.926 = 2.776
Ez = E_r cos(60) - E_theta sin(60)
= 6.25(0.5) - 5.4125(0.866) = 3.125 - 4.687 = -1.562
aE = (7.628ax+2.776ay-1.562az)/|E|
|E_cart| = sqrt(58.19+7.706+2.440) = sqrt(68.34) = 8.267
aE = 0.923ax + 0.336ay - 0.189az
=> Unit vector in Cartesian = 0.923ax + 0.336ay - 0.189az

End of Unit I — Vector Analysis Solutions | Prepare Unit II next