Intro Arcs& Unateness Setup& Hold Paths SDC Report

Static Time Analysis

How to verify your chip timing

Ahmed Abdelazeem

Faculty of Engineering
Zagazig University

RTL2GDSII Flow, March 2022

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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What is Static Timing Analysis (STA)?

Static Timing Analysis (STA) is a method for determining if

a circuit meets timing constraints without having to simulate.

Static timing analysis:

Verifies Timing
verifies timing between synchronous clocks
does not verify functionality

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What is Static Timing Analysis (STA)?

Static Timing Analysis (STA) is a method for determining if

a circuit meets timing constraints without having to simulate.

Static timing analysis:

Verifies Timing
verifies timing between synchronous clocks
does not verify functionality
Is Exhaustive
uses formal, mathematical techniques instead of vectors
does not use dynamic logic simulation

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What is Static Timing Analysis (STA)?

Static Timing Analysis (STA) is a method for determining if

a circuit meets timing constraints without having to simulate.

Static timing analysis:

Verifies Timing
verifies timing between synchronous clocks
does not verify functionality
Is Exhaustive
uses formal, mathematical techniques instead of vectors
does not use dynamic logic simulation
Is Fast
significantly faster than gate level simulation
orders of magnitude Faster than Tx level (spice) simulation

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STA is Path-Based

STA identifies timing paths within design for analysis

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STA is Path-Based

STA identifies timing paths within design for analysis

Timing arcs within each path are calculated

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STA is Constraint Driven

STA in PT is constraint driven

PT does not report a path, by default, that is not constrained
for timing
Incomplete or inaccurate constraints will lead to incorrect
analysis and wasted runtime

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PrimeTime Inputs and Outputs

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Timing Analysis

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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Timing arcs

Timing arcs
means a path from each input to each output of the cell.

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Timing arcs

Timing arcs
means a path from each input to each output of the cell.
Combinational Cells has Timing Arcs from each Input to each
Output of the cell

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Timing arcs

Timing arcs
means a path from each input to each output of the cell.
Combinational Cells has Timing Arcs from each Input to each
Output of the cell
Flip-flops have Timing Arcs from the Clock Input pin to Data
Output Q pin (Propagation delay/ Delay Arc) and from Clock
Input pin to Data Input D pin (setup, hold checks/ Constraint
Arc)

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Timing arcs

Timing arcs
means a path from each input to each output of the cell.
Combinational Cells has Timing Arcs from each Input to each
Output of the cell
Flip-flops have Timing Arcs from the Clock Input pin to Data
Output Q pin (Propagation delay/ Delay Arc) and from Clock
Input pin to Data Input D pin (setup, hold checks/ Constraint
Arc)
Latches have 2 timing arcs:
Clock pin to Output Q pin, when D is stable
Data D pin to Output Q pin when D changes (Latch is
transparent)

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Timing Unate

Unateness
How Output changes for different types of transitions on Input

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Timing Unate

Unateness
How Output changes for different types of transitions on Input
Positive Unate if Output Transition is same as Input
Transition

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Timing Unate

Unateness
How Output changes for different types of transitions on Input
Positive Unate if Output Transition is same as Input
Transition
Negative Unate if Output Transition opposite to Input
Transition

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Timing Unate

Unateness
How Output changes for different types of transitions on Input
Positive Unate if Output Transition is same as Input
Transition
Negative Unate if Output Transition opposite to Input
Transition
Non-Unate if the Output Transition cannot be determined
solely from the direction of change of an Input. It also
depends upon the state of the other Inputs

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Positive unate

If a rising transition on the input gives the output to rise and

falling transition on the input gives the output to fall i.e.
there is no change in transition of input and output then that
timing arc is called positive unate.

Timing Arc AND falling edge Timing Arc AND rising edge

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Negative unate

If a rising transition on the input gives the output to fall and

falling transition on the input gives the output to rise i.e.
there is a change in transition of input and output then that
timing arc is called negative unate.

Timing Arc NAND falling edge Timing Arc NAND rising edge

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Non-unate

The output transition cannot be determined by not only the

direction of an input but also depends on the state of the
other inputs.

Timing Arc XOR falling edge Timing Arc XOR rising edge

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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Transmission Gate

The transmission gate is consists of a parallel connection of

PMOS & NMOS.
Two gate voltage of PMOS and NMOS are the complement
of each other
The effective resistance of the transmission gate is almost
constant because of the parallel connection of PMOS and
NMOS.
It is a bidirectional circuit and it carries the current in either
direction.

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D Latch

The latch is a level-sensitive device and it is transparent when

the clock is high if it is a positive level-sensitive latch and
when the clock is low it is called negative level-sensitive latch.
In latch the output (Q) is dependent only on the level of the
clock (Clk). In this latch D is control the output (Q)

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Positive/Negative D latch using transmission Gate

It consists of two transmission gates and two inverters.

Positive D-Latch Negative D-Latch

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D Flip flop:

A D flip flop is an edge-triggered device which means the

output (Q) follows the input (D) only at the active edge (for
positive rising edge) of the clock (for the positive
edge-triggered) and retain the same value until the next rising
edge i.e. output does not change between two rising edges, it
should be changed only at the rising edge.

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D Flip flop using a transmission gate

It is a combination of negative level-sensitive latch and

positive level-sensitive latch that giving an edge-sensitive
device. Data is change only at the active edge of the clock.

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Timing Parameters, tcq

tcq is the time from the clock edge until the data appears at
the output
The tcq for rising and falling outputs is different

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Timing Parameters, tsetup

tsetup - Setup time is the time the data has to arrive before
the clock to ensure correct sampling.

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Timing Parameters, thold

thold - Hold time is the time the data has to be stable after
the clock to ensure correct sampling.

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Understanding Launch and Capture Clock Edges

The launch clock is the clock signal that triggers the data.
The launch edge is the edge of the launch clock, which
triggers the data into the initial flop.
The capture clock is the clock that captures the data.
The capture edge is the edge of the capture clock, which
allows the data to be stored in the receiving flop

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Setup (Max) Constraint

Setup time is the duration of time that the synchronous input

data must be stable before the triggering-edge of the clock.

Tclk + Tskew ≥ Tc2q + Tcomb + Tsetup

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Hold (Min) Constraint

Hold time is the duration that the synchronous input (D)

must be stable after the triggering edge of the clock.

Thold + Tskew ≤ Tc2q + Tcomb

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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What Are Timing Paths?

Timing path
A timing path is a combination of all the timing arcs from a start
point to an end point. You can break down timing paths into four
simple types or categories.

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Start Points

There are two types of start points in a timing path:

The input port of a design (other than a clock port).
The clock pin of a sequential cell.

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End Points

There are two types of End points in a timing path:

The Output port of a design .
The Data pin of a sequential cell.

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What Is Slack?

Slack
Required time is defined by the timing constraints like your clock
period. Arrival time is when the signal actually arrives.

Slack is defined as the difference between the required time and

the arrival time of a signal at the endpoint
Slack = Required Time – Arrival Time (setup)
Slack = Arrival Time – Required Time (hold)

The synthesis engine uses the slack value to identify the paths for
further optimization to meet timing or to reduce area.

The calculating equation for slack is different for the different

types of paths.

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How Do You Time Timing Paths?

Delay
To calculate the delay of a path, simply add the delays of all the
timing arcs in the path.
Calculate all the cell delays.
Cell delay timing arcs are determined by the type of cell delay
model used in the technology library
Calculate all the net delays.
Net delay timing arcs are determined by the layout estimator
or the wire-load model selected
Add all the cell and net delays together to arrive at the path
delay.

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Register-to-Register Setup Requirement

The following equation is the setup requirement for the

register-to-register path:
Required time = Clock Period + Skew – Setup Time
Arrival time = tCK2Q + Combo delay
Slack = Required time – Arrival time

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Register-to-Register Hold Requirement

The following equation is the Hold requirement for the
register-to-register path:
Required time = Hold Time + Skew
Arrival time = tCK2Q + Combo delay
Slack = Arrival time – Required time

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Input-to-Register Setup Requirement

The following equation is the setup requirement for the
input-to-register path:
Required time = Clock Period + Skew – Setup Time of R2
Arrival time = tCK2Q + Combo Delay 1 + Combo delay 2
Input Delay = clk to q + combo1
Slack = Required time – Arrival time

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Input-to-Register Hold Requirement

The following equation is the Hold requirement for the
input-to-register path:
Required time = Hold Time of R2 + Skew
Arrival time = Input delay + Combo delay
Input Delay = clk to q + combo1
Slack = Arrival time – Required time

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Register-to-Output Setup Requirement

The following equation is the setup requirement for the
register-to-output path:
Required time = Clock Period + Skew – Output Delay
Output Delay = combo 2 delay + setupR2
Arrival time = tCK2Q + Combo Delay 1
Slack = Required time – Arrival time

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Register-to-Output Hold Requirement

The following equation is the Hold requirement for the
register-to-output path:
Required time = Output Delay + Skew
output delay2 = combo 2 delay - holdR2
Arrival time = tCK2Q + Combo delay 1
Slack = Arrival time – Required time

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Input to Output Path Timing Requirement

Combinational paths have no clock defined. Therefore, you

need to use either a virtual clock or set max/min.
If you define a virtual clock or a dummy clock, then slack is
calculated as:
Slack = Clock Period – Input Delay – Output Delay –
Combinational Delay
Remember that input delay and output delay are set with
respect to a clock.
You can also set max/min delays using the following syntax:
set max delay
set mix delay
Then the slacks for the input to output paths are calculated
as below.
Setup (late) slack = max delay – combo delay
Hold (early) slack = min delay – combo delay

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Activity: Timing Paths

Here are the parameters for this activity:
The clock-to-Q delay of each flop is 0.5 ns.
The setup of each flop is 0.5 ns.
All input and output delays are 0.5 ns.
The clock period of Clk is 4 ns.
What is the worst timing slack based on this illustration?

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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What Are Constraints?

Constraints provide specifications that the design must meet

through optimization.
Typical examples of constraints are:
1 Clock constraints
2 External constraints
3 Power constraints
4 Net Delay constraints
5 Environmental constraints
6 Design rules for manufacturing

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Common SDC Constraints

1 Timing set max leakage power

create clock 4 Operating conditions
create generated clock set operating conditions
set clock latency 5 Wire-load models
set clock transition
set wire load mode
set clock uncertainty
set wire load model
set input delay
set output delay 6 Environmental
set driving cell
2 Exceptions set input transition
set false path set load
set multicycle path set fanout load
set max delay 7 Design rules
set mmin delay
set max capacitance
3 Power set max fanout
set max dynamic power set max transition
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Design Objects

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Design Objects

Designs: {TOP, ENCODER, REGFILE}

References: {ENCODER, REGFILE , INV}
Cells: {U1, U2, U3, U4}

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Design Objects [for all Synopsys tools]

Design: A circuit description that performs some logical
function.
Cell(Instants): It is the instantiated name of the sub-design
in the design.
Reference(Module): The original design to which the cell or
instance refers.
Port: These are the primary inputs, outputs or IO’s of the
design.
Pin: Pins are the input and output of cells (such as gates and
flip-flops) within a design. The ports of a sub-design are pins
within the parent design.
Net: Nets are the wires that connect ports to pins and pins to
each other.
Clock: The port or pin that is identified as a clock source.
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Timing Goals: Synchronous Designs

1 Synchronous Designs:
Data arrives from a clocked device
Data goes to a clocked device
2 Objective:
Define the timing constraints for all paths within a design:
all input logic paths
the internal (register to register) paths, and
all output paths

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Timing Goals: Synchronous Designs (cont)

Question
What information must you provide to constrain all the
register-to-register paths in your design?
Does the duty cycle of your clock matter?

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Defining a Clock

User MUST Define: User may also define:

Clock Source (port or Duty Cycle
pin) Clock Name
Clock Period Offset/Skew

dc_shell>create_clock -name CLK -period 10 [get_ports Clk]

dc_shell>set_dont_touch_network [get_clocks Clk]
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Default Clock Behavior

Defining the clock in a single-clock design constrains all

timing paths between registers for single-cycle, setup time
By default the clock rises at 0ns and has a 50% duty cycle
By default DC will not “buffer up” the clock network, even
when connected to many clock/enable pins of
flip-flops/latches
The clock network is treated as “ideal” - infinite drive
capability
1 Zero rise/fall transition times
2 Zero skew
3 Zero insertion delay or latency
Estimated skew, latency and transition times can, and should
be modeled for a more accurate representation of clock
behavior

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Modeling Clock Trees

Design Compiler is NOT used for synthesis of the clock tree

Clock tree synthesis is usually done by PnR tool, based on
physical placement data

Question
What design considerations need to be taken into account by the
synthesis tool, prior to layout?

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Modeling Uncertainty on Clock Edges

To account for varying delays between the clock network

branches (commonly called clock skew):
dc_shell>set_clock_uncertainty -setup 0.65 [get_clocks Clk]
dc_shell>set_clock_uncertainty -hold 0.45 [get_clocks CLlk]

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set clock uncertainty and Setup Timing

Example

dc_shell> create_clock -period 10 [get_ports CLK]

dc_shell> set_clock_uncertainty 0.5 [get_clocks CLK]

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Setting Clock Transition

Transition models the rise and fall times of the clock

waveform at the register clock pins:

dc_shell>set_clock_transition 0.38 -rise [get_clocks Clk]

dc_shell>set_clock_transition 0.25 -fall [get_clocks Clk]

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Modeling Latency or Insertion Delay

Network latency models the average ‘internal’ delay from
the create clock port or pin to the register clock pins
Source latency models the delay from the actual clock origin
to the create clock port or pin:

dc_shell>create_clock -period 10 [get_ports CLK]

dc_shell>set_clock_latency -source {max 3 [get_clocks CLK]
dc_shell>set_clock_latency {max 1 [get_clocks CLK]

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Pre/Post Layout Clock

Synthesis Constraints Post-CTS STA Constraints

Example Example

reset_design reset_design
.... .....

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Timing Goals: Synchronous Designs, I/O

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Constraining Input Paths

Question
What information must you provide to constrain the input paths?

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Constraining Input Paths in DC

dc_shell> set_input_delay -max 4 -clock Clk [get_ports A]

The set input delay command constrains input paths

You specify how much time is

used by external logic...

DC calculates how much time

is left for the internal logic

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Constraining Input Paths

Question
What information must you provide to constrain the output paths?

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Constraining Output Paths in DC

dc_shell>set_output_delay -max 5.4 -clock Clk [get_ports B]

The set output delay command constrains input paths

You specify how much time is

needed by external logic...

DC calculates how much time

is left for internal logic

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Factors Affecting Timing

create_clock -period 2 [get_ports Clk]

set_input_delay -max 0.6 -clock Clk [get_ports A]
set_output_delay -max 0.8 -clock Clk [get_ports B]

Note
The above constraints are required, but not sufficient for DC to
accurately model and optimize all logic path delays. Need to take
into account: Input drivers/transition times, Output loading, PVT
corners and parasitic RCs
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Describing Environmental Attributes

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Effect of Output Capacitive Load

Note
Capacitive loading on an output port affects the transition
time, and thereby the cell delay, of the output driver.
By default DC assumes zero capacitive loading on outputs. It
is therefore important to accurately model capacitive loading
on all outputs.

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Modeling Output Capacitive Load: Example 1

Spec:
Chip-level: Maximum capacitive load on output port B =
30fF

set_load [expr 30.0/1000] [get_ports B]

Question
What if a specific capacitance value is not known, at ablock-level
output port for example?

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Modeling Output Capacitive Load: Example 2

Spec:
Block-level: Maximum load on output port B = 1
“AN2”gate load, or= 3 “inv1a0”gates

Answer
Use load oflib/cell/pinto place the load of a gate from the
technology library on the port:

set_load [load_ofmy_lib/AN2/A][get_ports OUT1]

set_load [expr[load_of my_lib/inv1a0/A] * 3] \
[get_ports OUT1]
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Effect of Input Transition Time

Note
Rise and fall transition times on an input port affect the cell
delay of the input gate.
By default DC assumes zero transition times on inputs. It is
therefore important to accurately model transition times on all
inputs.

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Modeling Input Transition: Example 1

Spec:
Chip-level: Maximum rise/fall input transition on input port
A = 0.12ns

set_input_transition 0.12 [get_ports A]

Question
What if a specific transition time value is not known, at a
block-level input port for example?
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Modeling Input Transition: Example 2

Spec:
Block-level: Maximum load on output port B = 1
“AN2”gate load, or= 3 “inv1a0”gates

set_driving_cell -lib_cell and2a0 [get_ports IN1]

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Modeling PVT Effects

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Variations in Cell Delays

Library cells are usually characterized using “nominal”

voltage and temperature:
nominal

nom process : 1.0;

nom temperature : 25.0;

nom voltage : 1.8;

Question
What if the circuit is to operate at a voltage and/or temperature
OTHER than nominal?

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Operating Conditions
The timing analysis tool resets itself when you switch between
operating conditions, and creates different timing data based
on the new library information.
Operating conditions are applied at the design level.
Nowadays, the technology library is created for a specific set
of operating conditions. Thus, specifying the library is
probably sufficient.
ASIC vendors might deliver multiple technology libraries,
defining:
best-case and worst-case operating conditions
optimistic and pessimistic WLM
minimum and maximum timing delay
set_min_library ssc_core_slow \
-min_version ssc_core_fast
set_operating_conditions -max slow_125_1.62 \
-min fast_0_1.98
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Net delays

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Path Delays are Based on Cell + Net Delays

Cell and net delays are both a function of parasitic RCs

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Modeling Net RCswith Wire Load Models

A wire load model is an estimate of a net’s RC parasitics

based on the net’s fanout:
Models for various design sizes are supplied by your vendor
R/C values are average estimates based on data extracted
from similar designs which were fabricated using this process

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Wire Load Model Examples

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Specifying Wire Loads

Manual model selection

set_wire_load_model -name 8000000

Automatic model selection selects an appropriate wireload

model during compile:

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Wireload Model Mode

Specifies wire load model to use for nets that cross

hierarchical boundaries.

Example

set_wire_load_mode enclosed

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Time Budgeting

Question
What if you don’t know the delays on your inputs or the setup
requirements of your outputs?

Answer
Create a Time Budget !

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Time Budgeting (cont)

Note
Better to budget conservatively than to compile with paths
unconstrained!

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Time Budgeting Example

create_clock -period 10 [get_ports CLK]

set_dont_touch_network [get_clocks CLK]
set_input_delay -max 6 -clock CLK [all_inputs]
remove_input_delay [get_ports CLK]
set_output_delay -max 6 -clock CLK [all_outputs]

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Load Budgeting

Question
What if, prior to compiling, the cells driving your inputs, and the
loads on your outputs are not known?

Answer
Create a Load Budget!

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Load Budgeting (cont)

Assume a weak cell driving the inputs, to be conservative

Limit the input capacitance of each input port
Estimate the number of other major blocks your outputs may
have to drive
Question
How do we limit the input capacitance of an input port?

A: Place restrictive design rules on our input ports

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Load Budget Example

Example Specification:
Inputs of any block shall present no more than the load of 10
“AND2” gates to their driving block
Outputs of any blocks will only be allowed to connect to a
maximum of 3 other blocks

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Load Budget Example (cont)

set_driving_cell -lib_cell inv1a0 [all_inputs]

remove_driving_cell [get_ports Clk]
set MAX_INPUT_LOAD [expr [load_of(tech_lib/and2a0/A) * 10]]
set_max_capacitance $MAX_INPUT_LOAD [all_inputs]
remove_attribute max_capacitance [get_ports Clk]
set_load [expr [$MAX_INPUT_LOAD * 3]] [all_outputs]

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Asynchronous Multiple Clock Designs

Question
What do you do if the design has asynchronous clock sources?

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Synthesizing with Asynchronous Clocks

It is your responsibility to account for the

Instantiate double-clocking, metastable-hard Flip-Flops
dual-port FIFO, etc
Create clocks to constrain the paths within each clock domain
You must also disable timing-based synthesis on any path
which crosses an asynchronous clock boundary:
This will prevent DC from wasting time trying to get the
asynchronous path to “meet timing”

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Example: Asynchronous Design Constraints

create_clock -period 2 [get_ports CLKA]

create_clock -period 2 [get_ports CLKB]
set_false_path -from [get_clocks CLKA] -to\
[get_clocks CLKB]
set_false_path -from [get_clocks CLKB] -to\
[get_clocks CLKA]

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Multi-Cycle Behavior
Situation: Not all paths operate at the target frequency of
the design

Choose one of the following options:

1 Add pipeline stage(s) to divide the logic into single-cycle paths
2 Ease off the single-cycle requirement: allow more clock cycles

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Timing with Multi-cycle Constraints

create_clock -period 10 [get_ports CLK]

set_multicycle_path {setup 6 -to FF4/D[*]

DC assumes change could occur near any clock edge causing

metastability!

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Intro Arcs& Unateness Setup& Hold Paths SDC Report Constraints Objects Clock Environmental Budgeting Excep.

Default Hold Check

Why is hold check performed at 50 ns?

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Set the Proper Hold Constraint

set_multicycle_path -setup 6 -to FF4/D[*]

set_multicycle_path -hold 5 -to FF4/D[*]

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Timing arcs and unateness:

3 TRANSMISSION GATE, D-LATCH, DFF,SETUP &HOLD

4 Timing Paths

5 Introduction to SDC Constraints

6 Analyzing a Timing Report

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DesignCompier Timing Reports

Users will typically access DesignTime via the report timing

command
The report timing command
The design is broken down into individual timing paths
Each timing path is timed out twice;
1 once for a rising edge input, and
2 once with a falling edge input
The critical path (worst violator) for each clock group is found
A timing report for each clock group is echoed to the screen
A DesignCompiler timing report has four major sections

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Timing Report: Path Information Section

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Intro Arcs& Unateness Setup& Hold Paths SDC Report Report

Timing Report: Path Delay Section

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Intro Arcs& Unateness Setup& Hold Paths SDC Report Report

Timing Report: Path Required Section

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Timing Report: Summary Section

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....

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