Fundamentals of Vectors lfn'k vo/kkj.

kk

1. The vector projection of a vector 3ˆi  4 kˆ on y-axis 1. lfn’k 3ˆi  4 kˆ dk y-v{k ij ç{ksi gksxk
is [RPMT 2004]
[RPMT 2004] (a) 5 (b) 4
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 'kwU;
(c) 3 (d) Zero

2. Position of a particle in a rectangular-co-ordinate 2. vk;rkdkj funsZ’kkad i)fr esa fdlh d.k dh fLFkfr (3, 2,
system is (3, 2, 5). Then its position vector will be 5) gSA bldk fLFkfr lfn’k gksxk
(a) 3ˆi  5ˆj  2kˆ (b) 3ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (a) 3ˆi  5ˆj  2kˆ (b) 3ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ
(c) 5ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ (d) None of these (c) 5ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha

3. If a particle moves from point P (2,3,5) to point Q 3. ;fn ,d d.k fcUnq P (2,3,5) ls fcUnq Q (3,4,5) rd
(3,4,5). Its displacement vector be xfr djrk gS] rks bldk foLFkkiu lfn’k gksxk
(a) ˆi  ˆj  10kˆ (b) ˆi  ˆj  5kˆ (a) ˆi  ˆj  10kˆ (b) ˆi  ˆj  5kˆ
(c) ˆi  ˆj (d) 2ˆi  4ˆj  6kˆ (c) ˆi  ˆj (d) 2ˆi  4ˆj  6kˆ

4. A force of 5 N acts on a particle along a direction 4. 5 N dk ,d cy Å/okZ/kj ls 60° dks.k ij fdlh d.k ij
making an angle of 60° with vertical. Its vertical dk;Zjr gSA bldk Å/okZ/kj ?kVd gksxk
component be (a) 10 N (b) 3 N
(a) 10 N (b) 3 N (c) 4 N (d) 2.5 N
(c) 4 N (d) 2.5 N


5. If A  3ˆi  4ˆj and B  7ˆi  24ˆj, the vector having 5. ;fn A  3ˆi  4 ˆj rFkk B  7ˆi  24ˆj, rc og lfn’k]
the same magnitude as B and parallel to A is ftldk ifjek.k B ds cjkcj rFkk fn'kk A ds lekarj gks]
(a) 5ˆi  20ˆj (b) 15ˆi  10ˆj
gksxk
(a) 5ˆi  20ˆj (b) 15ˆi  10ˆj
(c) 20ˆi  15ˆj (d) 15ˆi  20ˆj
(c) 20ˆi  15ˆj (d) 15ˆi  20ˆj

6. Vector A makes equal angles with x, y and z axis. 6. lfn’k A , x, y rFkk z v{k ds lkFk leku dks.k cukrk gSA
Value of its components (in terms of magnitude of 
A ) will be blds ?kVdksa ds eku ( A ds ifjek.k ds inksa esa) gksx
a s
A A A A
(a) (b) (a) (b)
3 2 3 2
3 3
(c) 3A (d) (c) 3A (d)
A A

 
7. If A  2ˆi  4ˆj  5kˆ the direction of cosines of the 7. ;fn A  2ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ rks lfn'k A dh fnd~dksT;k;sa gSa
vector A are 2 4 5 1 2 3
(a) , and (b) , and
2 4 5 1 2 3 45 45 45 45 45 45
(a) , and (b) , and
45 45 45 45 45 45 4 4 3 2 5
4 4 3 2 5 (c) , 0 and (d) , and
(c) , 0 and (d) , and 45 45 45 45 45
45 45 45 45 45

8. The vector that must be added to the vector

8. og lfn’k ftls lfn’k ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ rFkk 3ˆi  6ˆj  7kˆ esa
ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ and 3ˆi  6ˆj  7kˆ so that the resultant tksM+us ij budk [Link] y-v{k ds vuqfn’k bdkbZ lfn’k
vector is a unit vector along the y-axis is çkIr gks] gksxk
(a) 4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (b)  4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (a) 4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (b)  4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ
(c) 3ˆi  4ˆj  5kˆ (d) Null vector (c) 3ˆi  4ˆj  5kˆ (d) 'kwU; lfn'k

9. How many minimum number of coplanar vectors 9. fHkUu-fHkUu [Link] ds U;wure fdrus leryh; lfn’kksa
having different magnitudes can be added to give dk ;ksx 'kwU; gks ldrk gS
zero resultant
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5 (c) 4 (d) 5

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10. A hall has the dimensions 10 m  12 m  14 m. A fly 10. ,d dejs dh foek,sa 10 m  12 m  14 m gSaA ,d eD[kh
starting at one corner ends up at a diametrically ,d fdukjs ls çkjEHk djds fod.kÊ; :i ls foijhr fdukjs
opposite corner. What is the magnitude of its
ij tkrh gSA blds foLFkkiu dk ifjek.k gksxk
displacement
(a) 17 m (b) 26 m (a) 17 m (b) 26 m
(c) 36 m (d) 20 m (c) 36 m (d) 20 m

11. 100 coplanar forces each equal to 10 N act on a 11. 10 N ds 100 leryh; cy ,d oLrq ij dk;Z djrs gSAa
body. Each force makes angle  / 50 with the çR;sd cy vius igys okys cy ls  / 50 dk dks.k cukrk
preceding force. What is the resultant of the
forces gS bu cyksa dk [Link] gksxk
(a) 1000 N (b) 500 N (a) 1000 N (b) 500 N
(c) 250 N (d) Zero (c) 250 N (d) 'kwU;

12. The magnitude of a given vector with end points 12. fdlh lfn’k ds çkjafHkd rFkk vafre fcUnqvksa ds funsZ'kkad
(4, – 4, 0) and (– 2, – 2, 0) must be (4, – 4, 0) rFkk (– 2, – 2, 0) gSaA bldk ifjek.k gksxk
(a) 6 (b) 5 2
(a) 6 (b) 5 2
(c) 4 (d) 2 10
(c) 4 (d) 2 10
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ  1 ˆ 1 ˆ
O;atd   gS
13. The expression  i j  is a 13.  2 i  2 j
2 2    
(a) Unit vector (a) bdkbZ lfn’k
(b) Null vector (b) 'kwU; lfn’k
(c) Vector of magnitude 2 (c) 2 ifjek.k dk lfn’k
(d) vfn’k
(d) Scalar
 
14. Given vector A  2ˆi  3ˆj, the angle between A and 14. fn;k gS lfn’k A  2ˆi  3ˆj, A o y-v{k ds chp dks.k gksxk
y-axis is
[CPMT 1993] [CPMT 1993]
1 1
(a) tan1 3 / 2 (b) tan1 2 / 3 (a) tan 3 / 2 (b) tan 2 / 3
(c) sin 1
2/ 3 (d) cos 1
2/ 3 (c) sin1 2 / 3 (d) cos1 2 / 3

15. The unit vector along ˆi  ˆj is 15. (ˆi  ˆj) ds vuqfn’k bdkbZ lfn’k gksxk
(a) k̂ (b) ˆi  ˆj (a) k̂ (b) ˆi  ˆj
ˆi  ˆj ˆi  ˆj ˆi  ˆj ˆi  ˆj
(c) (d) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

16. A vector is represented by 3ˆi  ˆj  2 kˆ . Its length 16. ,d lfn’k dks 3ˆi  ˆj  2 kˆ }kjk çnf’kZr fd;k tkrk gS
in XY plane is X-Y ry esa mldh yEckbZ gS
[EAMCET (Engg.) 1994] [EAMCET (Engg.) 1994]
(a) 2 (b) 14 (a) 2 (b) 14
(c) 10 (d) 5 (c) 10 (d) 5

17. Five equal forces of 10 N each are applied at one 17. 10 N ds ik¡p ,dleku cy ,d fcUnq ij vkjksfir fd;s
point and all are lying in one plane. If the angles x;s gSa rFkk ;g lHkh ,d gh ry esa gSaA ;fn muds e/;
between them are equal, the resultant force will
be dks.k cjkcj gksa rks budk [Link] gksxk
[CBSE PMT 1995] [CBSE PMT 1995]
(a) Zero (b) 10 N (a) Zero (b) 10 N
(c) 20 N (d) 10 2 N (c) 20 N (d) 10 2 N

18. The angle made by the vector A  ˆi  ˆj with x- 18. lfn’k A  ˆi  ˆj }kjk x- v{k ds lkFk cuk;k x;k dks.k
axis is gksxk
[EAMCET (Engg.) 1999] [EAMCET (Engg.) 1999]
(a) 90° (b) 45° (a) 90° (b) 45°
(c) 22.5° (d) 30° (c) 22.5° (d) 30°

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19. Any vector in an arbitrary direction can always be 19. dksbZ lfn’k fdlh LosPN fn’kk esa nks ¼;k rhu½ lfn’kksa }kjk
replaced by two (or three) çfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA os lfn'k gksx a s
(a) Parallel vectors which have the original
(a) lekUrj lfn'k ftudk [Link] ewy lfn'k gksxk
vector as their resultant
(b) Mutually perpendicular vectors which have (b) ijLij yEcor~ lfn'k ftudk [Link] ewy lfn'k
the original vector as their resultant gksxk
(c) Arbitrary vectors which have the original (c) LosPN lfn'k ftudk [Link] ewy lfn'k gksxk
vector as their resultant
(d) It is not possible to resolve a vector (d) lfn'kksa dks i`Fkd djuk lEHko ugha gS

20. Angular momentum is 20. [Link]; laosx gS

[MNR 1986] [MNR 1986]
(a) A scalar (b) A polar vector (a) vfn’k (b) /kzqoh; lfn’k
(c) An axial vector (d) None of these (c) v{kh; lfn’k (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
21. Which of the following is a vector 21. fuEu esa ls dkSulh jkf'k lfn'k jkf'k gS
(a) Pressure (b) Surface tension (a) nkc (b) i`"B ruko
(c) Moment of inertia (d) None of these (c) tM+Ro vk?[Link] (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha
   
22. If P  Q then which of the following is NOT correct 22. ;fn P  Q rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk fodYi vlR; gS
   
ˆ
(a) Pˆ  Q (b) |P||Q| ˆ
(a) Pˆ  Q (b) |P||Q|
   
ˆ  QP
(c) PQ ˆ ˆ
(d) P  Q  Pˆ  Q ˆ  QP
(c) PQ ˆ ˆ
(d) P  Q  Pˆ  Q

23. The position vector of a particle is 23. fdlh d.k dk fLFkfr lfn'k r  (a cos t)ˆi  (a sin t)ˆj

r  (a cost)ˆi  (a sint)ˆj . The velocity of the particle gSA d.k dk osx gksxk
is [CBSE PMT 1995]
[CBSE PMT 1995] (a) fLFkfr lfn'k ds lekarj
(a) Parallel to the position vector (b) fLFkfr lfn'k ds vfHkyEcor~
(b) Perpendicular to the position vector (c) ewyfcUnq dh vksj funsZf'kr
(c) Directed towards the origin
(d) ewyfcUnq ls nwjLFk funsZf'kr
(d) Directed away from the origin

24. Which of the following is a scalar quantity 24. fuEu esa ls vfn'k jkf'k gS
[AFMC 1998] [AFMC 1998]
(a) Displacement (b) Electric field (a) foLFkkiu (b) fo|qr {ks=
(c) Acceleration (d) Work (c) Roj.k (d) dk;Z

25. If a unit vector is represented by 0.5ˆi  0.8ˆj  ckˆ , 25. fdlh bdkbZ lfn'k dks 0.5ˆi  0.8ˆj  ckˆ , }kjk çnf'kZr
then the value of ‘c’ is fd;k tkrk gS] rc ‘c’ dk eku gksxk
[CBSE PMT 1999; EAMCET 1994] [CBSE PMT 1999; EAMCET 1994]
(a) 1 (b) 0.11 (a) 1 (b) 0.11
(c) 0.01 (d) 0.39 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.39

26. A boy walks uniformally along the sides of a 26. ,d yM+dk 400 m× 300 m, vkdkj okys vk;rkdkj ikdZ
rectangular park of size 400 m× 300 m, starting eas fdukjksa ds vuqfn'k ,d leku xfr ls pyrk gS ikdZ
from one corner to the other corner diagonally ds ,d dksus ls çkjaHk dj og [Link]% foijhr dksus ij
opposite. Which of the following statement is
igq¡prk gSA rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku vlR;
incorrect
[HP PMT 1999] gS [HP PMT 1999]
(a) He has travelled a distance of 700 m (a) mlds }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh 700 m gS
(b) His displacement is 700 m (b) mldk foLFkkiu 700 m gS
(c) His displacement is 500 m (c) mldk foLFkkiu 500 m gS
(d) His velocity is not uniform throughout the walk (d) mldk osx iwjh ;k=k esa ,d leku ugha jgrk
 
27. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the
 
27. lfn'kksa A  4ˆi  3ˆj  6kˆ rFkk B  ˆi  3ˆj  8kˆ ds
vectors A  4ˆi  3ˆj  6kˆ and B  ˆi  3ˆj  8kˆ is [Link] lfn'k ds lekarj bdkbZ lfn'k gS
[EAMCET 2000] [EAMCET 2000]
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1
(a) (3i  6 j  2k) (b) (3i  6 j  2kˆ) (a) (3i  6 j  2k) (b) (3ˆi  6ˆj  2kˆ)
7 7 7 7
1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ
(c) (3i  6 j  2kˆ) (d) (3i  6 j  2kˆ) (c) (3i  6 j  2kˆ) (d) (3i  6 j  2kˆ)
49 49 49 49

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28. Surface area is 28. i`"B {ks=Qy gS
[J&K CET 2002] [J&K CET 2002]
(a) Scalar (a) vfn'k
(b) Vector (b) lfn'k
(c) Neither scalar nor vector (c) u lfn'k u vfn'k
(d) Both scalar and vector (d) lfn'k o vfn'k nksuksa
29. With respect to a rectangular cartesian coordinate 29. dkrÊ; funsZ'kkad i)fr esa rhu lfn'k fuEu çdkj çnf'kZr
system, three vectors are expressed as gSa
  
a  4ˆi  ˆj , b  3ˆi  2ˆj and c  kˆ   
a  4ˆi  ˆj , b  3ˆi  2ˆj rFkk c  kˆ
where ˆi , ˆj, kˆ are unit vectors, along the X, Y and Z-
tgk¡ ˆi , ˆj, kˆ Øe'k% X, Y vkSj Z-v{k ds lkis{k bdkbZ lfn'k
axis respectively. The unit vectors r̂ along the
direction of sum of these vector is gSA bu lfn'kksa ds la;ksx ds vuqfn'k bdkbZ lfn'k r̂ gS
[Kerala CET (Engg.) 2003] [Kerala CET (Engg.) 2003]
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a) rˆ  (i  j  k) (b) rˆ  (i  j  k) (a) rˆ  (i  j  k) (b) rˆ  (i  j  k)
3 2 3 2
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(c) rˆ  (i  j  k) (d) rˆ  (i  j  k) (c) rˆ  (i  j  k) (d) rˆ  (i  j  k)
3 2 3 2

  
30. The angle between the two vectors A  3ˆi  4ˆj  5kˆ 30. lfn'kksa A  3ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ rFkk B  3ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ ds chp dk

and B  3ˆi  4ˆj  5kˆ is dks.k gksxk [DPMT 2000]
[DPMT 2000] (a) 60° (b) 'kwU;
(a) 60° (b) Zero (c) 90° (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) 90° (d) None of these

31. The position vector of a particle is determined by 31. fdlh d.k dk fLFkfr lfn'k r  3t 2ˆi  4 t 2 ˆj  7kˆ }kjk

the expression r  3t 2ˆi  4t 2ˆj  7kˆ çnf'kZr gS çFke 10 lSd.M esa r; dh xbZ nwjh gS
The distance traversed in first 10 sec is [DPMT 2002]
[DPMT 2002] (a) 500 m (b) 300 m
(a) 500 m (b) 300 m (c) 150 m (d) 100 m
(c) 150 m (d) 100 m
 
32. Unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors
 32. A  4ˆi  3ˆj rFkk B  8ˆi  8 ˆj ds [Link] ds lekarj bdkbZ

A  4ˆi  3ˆj and B  8ˆi  8ˆj will be lfn'k gksxk
[BHU 1995] [BHU 1995]
24ˆi  5ˆj 12ˆi  5ˆj 24ˆi  5ˆj 12ˆi  5ˆj
(a) (b) (a) (b)
13 13 13 13
6i  5ˆj
ˆ
(c) (d) None of these 6ˆi  5ˆj
13 (c) (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha
13

33. The component of vector A  2ˆi  3ˆj along the 33. lfn'k A  2ˆi  3ˆj dk lfn'k ˆi  ˆj ds vuqfn'k ?kVd gS
vector ˆi  ˆj is [KCET 1997]
[KCET 1997] 5
(a) (b) 10 2
5 2
(a) (b) 10 2
2
(c) 5 2 (d) 5
(c) 5 2 (d) 5
 
34. The

angle between

the two vectors 34. lfn'kksa A  3ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ rFkk B  3ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ ds chp
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A  3i  4 j  5k and B  3i  4 j  5k will be dk dks.k gS
[Pb. CET 2001] [Pb. CET 2001]
(a) 90° (b) 0° (a) 90° (b) 0°
(c) 60° (d) 45°
(c) 60° (d) 45°

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 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors lfn'kksa dk la;kstu ¼;ksx½ o O;odyu ¼varj½

1. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other 1. nks cy lfn’kksa dks, ftuds ifjek.k Øe'k% 5 N o 12 N
of 12 N at what angle the two vectors be added to gS] fdl dks.k ij tksM+k tk;s fd [Link] lfn’k Øe’k%
get resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N 17 N, 7 N rFkk 13 N çkIr gks
respectively
(a) 0°, 180° rFkk 90° (b) 0°, 90° rFkk 180°
(a) 0°, 180° and 90° (b) 0°, 90° and 180°
(c) 0°, 90° rFkk 90° (d) 180°, 0° rFkk 90°
(c) 0°, 90° and 90° (d) 180°, 0° and 90°
   
2. If A  4ˆi  3ˆj and B  6ˆi  8ˆj then magnitude and 2. ;fn A  4ˆi  3ˆj rFkk B  6ˆi  8 ˆj rks A B dk ifjek.k
direction of A  B will be rFkk fn’kk gksxh
(a) 5, tan 1 (3 / 4) (b) 5 5 , tan 1 (1 / 2) (a) 5, tan 1 (3 / 4) (b) 5 5 , tan 1 (1 / 2)
(c) 10, tan 1 (5) (d) 25, tan 1 (3 / 4) (c) 10, tan 1 (5) (d) 25, tan 1 (3 / 4)

3. A truck travelling due north at 20 m/s turns west 3. 20 m/s pky ls mRrj dh vksj xfr djrk gqvk ,d
and travels at the same speed. The change in its Vªd if’pe dh vksj eqM+rk gS rFkk mlh pky ls xfr djrk
velocity be gSA blds osx esa ifjorZu gksxk
[UPSEAT 1999] [UPSEAT 1999]
(a) 40 m/s N–W (b) 20 2 m/s N–W (a) 40 m/s N–W (b) 20 2 m/s N–W
(c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W (c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W

4. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then 4. ;fn nks bdkbZ lfn’kksa dk ;ksx bdkbZ lfn’k gks] rks buds
magnitude of difference is vUrj dk ifjek.k gS
[CPMT 1995; CBSE PMT 1989] [CPMT 1995; CBSE PMT 1989]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 1 / 2 (d) 5 (c) 1 / 2 (d) 5

5. A  2ˆi  ˆj, B  3ˆj  kˆ and C  6ˆi  2kˆ .  

C  6ˆi  2kˆ
5. ekuk A  2ˆi  ˆj, B  3ˆj  kˆ rFkk rks
Value of A  2B  3C would be   
A 2 B 3 C dk eku gksxk
(a) 20ˆi  5ˆj  4kˆ (b) 20ˆi  5ˆj  4kˆ
(a) 20ˆi  5ˆj  4kˆ (b) 20ˆi  5ˆj  4kˆ
(c) 4ˆi  5ˆj  20kˆ (d) 5ˆi  4ˆj  10kˆ (c) 4ˆi  5ˆj  20kˆ (d) 5ˆi  4ˆj  10kˆ

6. An object of m kg with speed of v m/s strikes a 6. ,d m kg dh oLrq v m/s pky ls  dks.k ij ,d nhokj
wall at an angle  and rebounds at the same ls Vdjkrh gS rFkk leku pky rFkk leku dks.k ij
speed and same angle. The magnitude of the
change in momentum of the object will be
mNyrh gSA oLrq ds laosx esa ifjorZu dk ifjek.k gksxk


v   
v

v 1
  
v2

(a) 2m v cos  (b) 2 m v sin  (a) 2m v cos  (b) 2 m v sin 

(c) 0 (d) 2 m v (c) 0 (d) 2 m v

7. Two forces, each of magnitude F have a resultant 7. nks cyksa] ftuesa çR;sd dk ifjek.k F gS] dk [Link] Hkh
of the same magnitude F. The angle between the F gks rks nksuksa cyksa ds chp dks.k gS
two forces is
[CBSE PMT 1990]
[CBSE PMT 1990]
(a) 45° (b) 120° (a) 45° (b) 120°
(c) 150° (d) 60° (c) 150° (d) 60°

8. For the resultant of the two vectors to be 8. nks lfn’kksa ds [Link] ds vf/kdre gksus ds fy,] muds
maximum, what must be the angle between them e/; fdruk dks.k gksuk pkfg,
(a) 0° (b) 60°
(a) 0° (b) 60°
(c) 90° (d) 180°
(c) 90° (d) 180°

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9. A particle is simultaneously acted by two forces 9. fdlh d.k ij ,d lkFk 4 N o 3 N ds nks cy yxrs
equal to 4 N and 3 N. The net force on the particle gSa rks d.k ij dqy cy gS
is
[CPMT 1979]
[CPMT 1979]
(a) 7 N (b) 5 N
(a) 7 N (b) 5 N
(c) 1 N (d) 1 N rFkk 7 N ds e/;
(c) 1 N (d) Between 1 N and 7 N
 
10. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane, another 10. A rFkk B nks lfn’k ,d ry esa fLFkr gSa rFkk ,d vU;

vector C lies outside this plane, then the resultant lfn’k C bl ry ds ckgj gS] rks bu rhu lfn’kksa dk
of these three vectors i.e., A  B  C   

[CPMT 1983]
[Link] vFkkZr A B C [CPMT 1983]
(a) Can be zero (a) 'kwU; gks ldrk gS
(b) Cannot be zero (b) 'kwU; ugha gks ldrk
 
(c) Lies in the plane containing A  B (c) A B ds ry esa gksxk
 
(d) Lies in the plane containing C (d) C ds ry esa gksxk
11. If the resultant of the two forces has a magnitude 11. ;fn nks cyksa ds [Link] dk ifjek.k cM+s cy ds ifjek.k
smaller than the magnitude of larger force, the ls de gks rks nksuksa cy vfuok;Z :i ls
two forces must be (a) ifjek.k rFkk fn’kk esa vyx-vyx gksx a s
(a) Different both in magnitude and direction (b) ,d nwljs ds yEcor~ gksx a s
(b) Mutually perpendicular to one another
(c) ifjek.k esa cgqr NksVs gksx a s
(c) Possess extremely small magnitude
(d) Point in opposite directions (d) foijhr fn’kkvksa esa gksx
a s

12. Forces F1 and F2 act on a point mass in two 12. fdlh fcUnq æO;eku ij nks cy F1 o F2 ijLij yEcor~
mutually perpendicular directions. The resultant fn’kkvksa esa yxrs gSAa fcUnq æO;eku ij [Link] cy gksxk
force on the point mass will be [CPMT 1991]
[CPMT 1991] (a) F1  F2 (b) F1  F2
(a) F1  F2 (b) F1  F2
(c) F12  F22 (d) F12  F22
(c) F12  F22 (d) F12  F22
     
13. If | A  B || A || B |, the angle between A and B 13. ;fn | A B|| A|| B| rc A o B ds chp dks.k gS
is (a) 60° (b) 0°
(a) 60° (b) 0° (c) 120° (d) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 90°
 

14. Let the angle between two nonzero vectors A

14. ekuk nks v’kwU; lfn’kksa A o B ds chp dks.k 120° gS


and B be 120° and resultant be C rFkk budk [Link] C gS rks

  
(a) C must be equal to | A  B | (a) C vo’; gh | A B|ds cjkcj gksxk
  
(b) C must be less than | A  B | (b) C vo’; gh | A B|ls de gksxk
  
(c) C must be greater than | A  B | (c) C vo’; gh | A B|ls vf/kd gksxk
  
(d) C may be equal to | A  B | (d) C , | A B|ds cjkcj gks ldrk gS

  
15. The magnitude of vector A, B and C are 15. lfn’k A, B o C ds ifjek.k Øe’k% 12, 5 rFkk 13 bdkbZ
    
respectively 12, 5 and 13 units and A  B  C then gSa rFkk A B  C gS rks A o B ds chp dks.k gksxk
the angle between A and B is [CPMT 1997]
[CPMT 1997] (a) 0 (b) 
(a) 0 (b) 
(c)  / 2 (d)  / 4
(c)  / 2 (d)  / 4

16. Magnitude of vector which comes on addition of 16. nks lfn’kksa 6ˆi  7ˆj rFkk 3ˆi  4ˆj ds ;ksx ls çkIr lfn’k
two vectors, 6ˆi  7ˆj and 3ˆi  4ˆj is dk ifjek.k gS
[BHU 2000] [BHU 2000]
(a) 136 (b) 13.2 (a) 136 (b) 13.2
(c) 202 (d) 160
(c) 202 (d) 160

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17. A particle has displacement of 12 m towards east 17. ,d d.k dk foLFkkiu 12 m iwoZ dh vksj rFkk 5 m mÙkj
and 5 m towards north then 6 m vertically upward. dh vksj rFkk 6 m Å/okZ/kj Åij dh vksj gSA bu foLFkkiuksa
The sum of these displacements is dk ;ksx gS
[AIIMS 1998] [AIIMS 1998]
(a) 12 (b) 10.04 m (a) 12 m (b) 10.04 m
(c) 14.31 m (d) None of these (c) 14.31 m (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha

 
18. The three vectors A  3ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ, B  ˆi  3ˆj  5kˆ 18. rhu lfn’k A  3ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ, B  ˆi  3ˆj  5kˆ rFkk

and C  2ˆi  ˆj  4kˆ form C  2ˆi  ˆj  4kˆ cukrs gSa
(a) An equilateral triangle (a) leckgq f=Hkqt
(b) Isosceles triangle (b) lef}ckgq f=Hkqt
(c) A right angled triangle
(c) ledks.k f=Hkqt
(d) No triangle
(d) dksbZ f=Hkqt ugha
19. For the figure 19. fp=kuqlkj
(a) A  B  C (a) A  B  C
(b) B  C  A C C
B (b) B  C  A
B
(c) C  A  B (c) C  A  B
(d) A  B  C  0 A (d) A  B  C  0 A
  
20. Let C  A  B then 20. ekuk C  A B rc
 
(a) |C | is always greater then | A | (a) | C ges’kk | A|ls vf/kd gS
   
(b) It is possible to have | C || A | and | C || B | (b) | C || A | rFkk | C || B| lEHko gks ldrk gS
(c) C is always equal to A + B (c) C ges’kk A + B ds cjkcj gS
(d) C is never equal to A + B (d) C , A + B ds cjkcj ugha gks ldrk
 
21. The value of the sum of two vectors A and B 21. nks lfn’kksa A rFkk B ds e/; dks.k  gks rks buds ;ksx
with  as the angle between them is dk eku gksxk
[BHU 1996] [BHU 1996]
2 2
(a) A  B  2 AB cos (a) 2 2
A  B  2 AB cos

(b) A 2  B 2  2 AB cos (b) A 2  B 2  2 AB cos

(c) A 2  B 2  2 AB sin (c) A 2  B 2  2 AB sin

(d) A 2  B 2  2 AB sin (d) A 2  B 2  2 AB sin

22. Following sets of three forces act on a body. 22. rhu cyksa ds fuEu leqPp; fdlh oLrq ij dk;Z djrs gS]a
Whose resultant cannot be zero fdl leqPp; dk [Link] 'kwU; ugha gks ldrk
[CPMT 1985] [CPMT 1985]
(a) 10, 10, 10 (b) 10, 10, 20 (a) 10, 10, 10 (b) 10, 10, 20
(c) 10, 20, 23 (d) 10, 20, 40 (c) 10, 20, 23 (d) 10, 20, 40

23. When three forces of 50 N, 30 N and 15 N act on 23. tc 50 N, 30 N o 15 N ds rhu cy ,d oLrq ij dk;Z
a body, then the body is djrs gSa rks oLrq gksxh
(a) At rest (a) fojke esa
(b) Moving with a uniform velocity (b) ,dleku osx ls xfreku
(c) In equilibrium (c) lkE;koLFkk esa
(d) Moving with an acceleration (d) fdlh Roj.k ls xfreku

24. The sum of two forces acting at a point is 16 N. If 24. fdlh fcUnq ij dk;Z djus okys nks cyksa dk ;ksx 16 N
the resultant force is 8 N and its direction is gSA ;fn [Link] cy dk eku 8 N rFkk bldh fn’kk
perpendicular to minimum force then the forces U;wure cy ds yEcor~ gS rks cyksa ds eku
are gksx
a s
[CPMT 1997] [CPMT 1997]
(a) 6 N and 10 N (b) 8 N and 8 N (a) 6 N rFkk 10 N (b) 8 N rFkk 8 N
(c) 4 N and 12 N (d) 2 N and 14 N (c) 4 N rFkk 12 N (d) 2 N rFkk 14 N

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25. If vectors P, Q and R have magnitude 5, 12 and 25. ;fn lfn’kksa P, Q rFkk R ds ifjek.k Øe’k% 5, 12 rFkk
  
13 units and P  Q  R, the angle between Q and 13 bdkbZ gSa rFkk P  Q  R gS rks Q rFkk R ds chp
R is dks.k gS
[CEET 1998] [CEET 1998]
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
(a) cos (b) cos (a) cos (b) cos
12 13 12 13
12 7 12 7
(c) cos  1 (d) cos  1 (c) cos  1 (d) cos  1
13 13 13 13

  
26. The resultant of two vectors A and B is 26. nks lfn’kksa A rFkk B dk [Link] lfn’k A ds yEcor~
perpendicular to the vector A and its magnitude is 
gS rFkk bldk ifjek.k lfn’k B ds ifjek.k dk vk/kk gSA
equal to half the magnitude of vector B. The angle  
between A and B is A rFkk B ds chp dks.k gksxk
(a) 120° (b) 150° (a) 120° (b) 150°
(c) 135° (d) None of these (c) 135° (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha

27. What vector must be added to the two vectors 27. nks lfn’kksa ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ rFkk 2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ, esa dkSulk lfn’k
ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ and 2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ, so that the resultant may tksMs+a fd mudk [Link] x-v{k ds vuqfn’k bdkbZ lfn’k
be a unit vector along x-axis gks
[BHU 1990]
[BHU 1990]
(a) 2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ (b)  2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
(a) 2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ (b)  2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
(c) 2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ (d)  2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
(c) 2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ (d)  2ˆi  ˆj  kˆ

    
28. What is the angle between P and the resultant 28. P rFkk (P  Q) ,oa (P  Q) ds [Link] ds chp dks.k gksxk
of (P  Q) and (P  Q) (a) 'kwU; (b) tan1(P / Q)
1
(a) Zero (b) tan (P / Q)
(c) tan1(Q / P) (d) tan1(P  Q) /(P  Q)
1 1
(c) tan (Q / P) (d) tan (P  Q) /(P  Q)

    
29. The resultant of P and Q is perpendicular to P . 29. P rFkk Q dk [Link] P ds yEcor~ gS rks P rFkk Q
ds chp dks.k gksxk
What is the angle between P and Q
(a) cos 1 (P / Q) (b) cos1(P / Q)
(a) cos 1 (P / Q) (b) cos1(P / Q)
1 1
(c) sin 1 (P / Q) (d) sin1 (P / Q)
(c) sin (P / Q) (d) sin (P / Q)

30. Maximum and minimum magnitudes of the 30. nks lfn’kksa P rFkk Q ds [Link] ds vf/kdre rFkk
resultant of two vectors of magnitudes P and Q U;wure [Link] dk vuqikr 3 : 1 gSA fuEu esa ls dkSu lk
are in the ratio 3 : 1. Which of the following lac/k lgh gS
relations is true (a) P  2Q (b) P  Q
(a) P  2Q (b) P  Q
(c) PQ  1 (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) PQ  1 (d) None of these
  
31. nks lfn’kksa P rFkk Q dk [Link] R gSA ;fn Q dks
31. The resultant of two vectors P and Q is R. If Q
nqxuk dj fn;k tk, rks u;k lfn’k P ds yEcor gks
is doubled, the new resultant is perpendicular to tkrk gSA R fuEu ds cjkcj gksxk
P. Then R equals (a) P (b) (P + Q)
(a) P (b) (P+Q) (c) Q (d) (P – Q)
(c) Q (d) (P–Q)
32. fdlh oLrq ij nks cy F1 rFkk F2 dk;Z djrs gSAa ,d
32. Two forces, F1 and F2 are acting on a body. One
cy nwljs dk nksxquk gS rFkk budk [Link] cM+s cy ds
force is double that of the other force and the cjkcj gS rks nksuksa cyksa ds chp dks.k gS
resultant is equal to the greater force. Then the (a) cos 1 (1 / 2) (b) cos 1 (1 / 2)
angle between the two forces is
(c) cos 1 (1 / 4) (d) cos 1 (1 / 4)
(a) cos 1 (1 / 2) (b) cos 1 (1 / 2)
(c) cos 1 (1 / 4) (d) cos 1 (1 / 4)

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     
33. Given that A  B  C and that C is  to A . 33. fn;k gS A B  C rFkk C , A ds yEcor gS blds
Further if | A || C |, then what is the angle    
vfrfjDr ;fn | A|| C |, rks A rFkk B ds chp dks.k
between A and B gksxk
 
(a) radian (b) radian  
4 2 (a) radian (b) radian
4 2
3
(c) radian (d)  radian 3
4 (c) radian (d)  radian
4

34. A body is at rest under the action of three forces,

 
34. rhu cyksa ds çHkko esa ,d oLrq fojke voLFkk esa gSA ftuesa
two of which are F1  4ˆi , F2  6ˆj, the third force is  
ls nks cy F1  4ˆi , F2  6ˆj gSa] rks rhljk cy gksxk
[AMU 1996] [AMU 1996]
ˆ ˆ
(a) 4i  6 j ˆ
(b) 4i  6 jˆ
(a) 4ˆi  6ˆj (b) 4ˆi  6ˆj
(c)  4ˆi  6ˆj (d)  4ˆi  6ˆj (c)  4ˆi  6ˆj (d)  4ˆi  6ˆj

35. A plane is revolving around the earth with a speed 35. i`Foh ry ls fu;r Å¡pkbZ ij ,d gokbZ tgkt 100
of 100 km/hr at a constant height from the surface fdeh@?[Link] dh pky ls i`Foh ds ifjr% pDdj yxk jgk
of earth. The change in the velocity as it travels gSA tc ;g vk/kk o`Ùk [Link] dj ysrk gS rks osx esa ifjorZu
half circle is gksxk
[RPET 1998; KCET 2000] [RPET 1998; KCET 2000]
(a) 200 km/hr (b) 150 km/hr (a) 200 km/hr (b) 150 km/hr
(c) 100 2 km / hr (d) 0 (c) 100 2 km / hr (d) 0

36. What displacement must be added to the 36. foLFkkiu 25ˆi  6ˆj m esa fdruk foLFkkiu tksMa+s fd x–
displacement 25ˆi  6ˆj m to give a displacement fn'kk esa 7.0 m dk foLFkkiu çkIr gks
of 7.0 m pointing in the x- direction
(a) 18ˆi  6ˆj (b) 32ˆi  13ˆj
(a) 18ˆi  6ˆj (b) 32ˆi  13ˆj
(c)  18ˆi  6ˆj (d)  25ˆi  13ˆj
(c)  18ˆi  6ˆj (d)  25ˆi  13ˆj

37. A body moves due East with velocity 20 km/hour 37. ,d oLrq iwoZ dh vksj 20 fdeh@?[Link] ds osx ls pyrh
and then due North with velocity 15 km/hour. The gS rFkk fQj mRrj dh vksj 15 fdeh@?[Link] ls pyrh gS
resultant velocity [Link] osx gksxk
[AFMC 1995] [AFMC 1995]
(a) 5 km/hour (b) 15 km/hour (a) 5 km/h (b) 15 km/h
(c) 20 km/hour (d) 25 km/hour (c) 20 km/h (d) 25 km/h
     
38. The magnitudes of vectors A, B and C are 3, 4 38. lfn'kksa A, B rFkk C ds ifjek.k Øe'k% 3, 4 rFkk 5 bdkbZ
  
    
and 5 units respectively. If A  B  C , the angle gSaA ;fn A B  C , rc lfn'k A rFkk B ds chp dks.k
 
between A and B is [CBSE PMT 1990] gksxk [CBSE PMT 1990]
 
(a) (b) cos1 (0.6) (a) (b) cos1(0.6)
2 2
7  7 
(c) tan 1   (d) (c) tan 1   (d)
5 4 4
5

39. While travelling from one station to another, a car 39. ,d LVs'ku ls nwljs LVs'ku dh vksj tkrh gqbZ ,d dkj
travels 75 km North, 60 km North-east and 20 km 75 km mÙkj] 60 km mÙkj iwoZ rFkk 20 km iwoZ fn'kk esa
East. The minimum distance between the two xfr djrh gSA LVs'kuksa ds chp dh U;wure nwjh
stations is gS [AFMC 1993]
[AFMC 1993] (a) 72 km (b) 112 km
(a) 72 km (b) 112 km (c) 132 km (d) 155 km
(c) 132 km (d) 155 km

40. A scooter going due east at 10 ms–1 turns right

40. iwoZ dh vksj 10 ms–1 ls xfreku ,d LdwVj pkyd
through an angle of 90°. If the speed of the 90°dks.k ij nkfguh vksj eqM+ tkrk gSA ;fn eqM+us ds
scooter remains unchanged in taking turn, the i'pkr~ Hkh LdwVj dh pky igys ds leku jgs rc LdwVj
change is the velocity of the scooter is ds osx esa ifjorZu gksxk [BHU 1994]
[BHU 1994]
(a) 20.0 ms–1 nf{k.k iwoZ fn'kk esa
(a) 20.0 ms–1 south eastern direction
(b) Zero (b) 'kwU;
(c) 10.0 ms–1 in southern direction (c) 10.0 ms–1 nf{k.k fn'kk esa
(d) 14.14 ms–1 in south-west direction (d) 14.14 ms–1 nf{k.k if'pe fn'kk esa

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41. A person goes 10 km north and 20 km east. What 41. ,d O;fä 10 km mÙkj rFkk 20 km iwoZ dh vksj tkrk gSA
will be displacement from initial point çkjafHkd fcUnq ls O;fä dk foLFkkiu gksxk
[AFMC 1994, 2003] [AFMC 1994, 2003]
(a) 22.36 km (b) 2 km (a) 22.36 km (b) 2 km
(c) 5 km (d) 20 km (c) 5 km (d) 20 km

  
42. Two forces F1  5ˆi  10ˆj  20kˆ and 42. nks cy F1  5ˆi  10ˆj  20kˆ rFkk F2  10ˆi  5ˆj  15kˆ ,d

F2  10ˆi  5ˆj  15kˆ act on a single point. The angle gh fcUnq ij dk;Zjr gSaA
 
F1 rFkk F2 ds chp dk dks.k gksxk
 
between F1 and F2 is nearly [AMU 1995] [AMU 1995]
(a) 30° (b) 45° (a) 30° (b) 45°
(c) 60° (d) 90° (c) 60° (d) 90°

43. Which pair of the following forces will never give 43. fn;s x;s cyksa ds ;qXe es ls fdl ;qXe dk [Link] 2 N
resultant force of 2 N ugha gks ldrk
[HP PMT 1999] [HP PMT 1999]
(a) 2 N and 2 N (b) 1 N and 1 N (a) 2 N rFkk 2 N (b) 1 N rFkk 1 N
(c) 1 N and 3 N (d) 1 N and 4 N (c) 1 N rFkk 3 N (d) 1 N rFkk 4 N
44. Two forces 3N and 2 N are at an angle  such that 44. 3N rFkk 2 N ifjek.k ds nks cy  dks.k ij bl çdkj
the resultant is R. The first force is now increased dk;Zjr gS] fd mudk [Link] R gSA ;fn çFke cy dks
to 6N and the resultant become 2R. The value of 6N rd c<+k fn;k tk;s] rks [Link] cy 2R gks tkrk gSA
 is
[HP PMT 2000]
 dk eku gS
(a) 30° (b) 60° [HP PMT 2000]
(c) 90° (d) 120° (a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 90° (d) 120°
45. Three concurrent forces of the same magnitude 45. leku ifjek.k ds rhu laxkeh cy ijLij lkE;koLFkk esa
are in equilibrium. What is the angle between the gSA bu cyksa ds chp ds dks.k D;k gksx
a s rFkk cyksa dks Hkqtk
forces ? Also name the triangle formed by the ds #i esa çnf'kZr djus ij cuus okys f=Hkqt dk uke D;k
forces as sides gksxk
[JIPMER 2000] [JIPMER 2000]
(a) 60° equilateral triangle (a) 60°, leckgq f=Hkqt
(b) 120° equilateral triangle (b) 120°, leckgq f=Hkqt
(c) 120°, 30°, 30° an isosceles triangle (c) 120°, 30°, 30°, ,d lef}ckgq f=Hkqt
(d) 120° an obtuse angled triangle (d) 120°, ,d vf/kd dks.k f=Hkqt

           
46. If |A  B||A|  |B| , then angle between A and B 46. ;fn |A B|| A| |B| , rc A rFkk B ds chp dk dks.k
will be gksxk
[CBSE PMT 2001] [CBSE PMT 2001]
(a) 90° (b) 120° (a) 90° (b) 120°
(c) 0° (d) 60° (c) 0° (d) 60°

47. The maximum and minimum magnitude of the 47. fn;s x;s nks lfn'kksa ds [Link] ds vf/kdre rFkk U;wure
resultant of two given vectors are 17 units and 7
ifjek.k Øe'k% 17 rFkk 7 bdkbZ gSaA ;fn ;s nksuksa lfn'k
unit respectively. If these two vectors are at right
angles to each other, the magnitude of their ijLij yEcor~ gSaA rc buds [Link] dk ifjek.k gksxk
resultant is [Kerala (Engg.) 2000]
[Kerala CET (Engg.) 2000]
(a) 14 (b) 16 (a) 14 (b) 16
(c) 18 (d) 13 (c) 18 (d) 13

48. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to 48. nks cyksa dk lfn'k ;ksx muds lfn'k varj ds yEcor~ gSA
their vector differences. In that case, the forces bl fLFkfr esa cy
[CBSE PMT 2003] [CBSE PMT 2003]
(a) Are equal to each other in magnitude (a) ijLij ifjek.k esa cjkcj gksx
a s
(b) Are not equal to each other in magnitude (b) ijLij ifjek.k esa cjkcj ugha gksx
a s
(c) Cannot be predicted (c) dqN dgk ugha tk ldrk gS
(d) Are equal to each other
(d) ijLij cjkcj gksx
a s
[Address : 117/N/79, Avon Market, Kakadeo, Kanpur. | website : [Link] | 9696019206]
49. y component of velocity is 20 and x component of 49. ;fn osx dk y ?kVd 20 rFkk x ?kVd 10 gSA bl {k.k ij
velocity is 10. The direction of motion of the body {kSfrt ls oLrq dh xfr dh fn'kk gksxh
with the horizontal at this instant is
[Manipal 2003]
[Manipal 2003]
1 1
1
(a) tan (2) 1
(b) tan (1 / 2) (a) tan (2) (b) tan (1 / 2)
(c) 45° (d) 0° (c) 45° (d) 0°

50. Two forces of 12 N and 8 N act upon a body. The 50. 12 N rFkk 8 N ifjek.k ds nks cy ,d oLrq ij dk;Zjr
resultant force on the body has maximum value gSaA oLrq ij yxus okys [Link] cy dk vf/kdre eku
of gS
[Manipal 2003]
[Manipal 2003]
(a) 4 N (b) 0 N
(a) 4 N (b) 0 N
(c) 20 N (d) 8 N
(c) 20 N (d) 8 N
51. Two equal forces (P each) act at a point inclined 51. nks ,d leku cy (çR;sd P) fdlh fcUnq ij ijLij 120°
to each other at an angle of 120°. The magnitude ds dks.k ij yxk;s tkrs gSaA muds [Link] cy dk ifjek.k
of their resultant is gS
[Karnataka CET 2004] [Karnataka CET 2004]
(a) P / 2 (b) P / 4 (a) P / 2 (b) P / 4
(c) P (d) 2P (c) P (d) 2P

52. The vectors 5i  8 j and 2i  7 j are added. The 52. lfn'kksa 5i  8 j rFkk 2i  7 j dks ijLij tksM+k tkrk gSA bu
magnitude of the sum of these vector is lfn'kkssa ds ;ksx dk ifjek.k gS
[BHU 2000] [BHU 2000]
(a) 274 (b) 38 (a) 274 (b) 38
(c) 238 (d) 560 (c) 238 (d) 560
           
53. Two vectors A and B are such that A  B  A  B . 53. nks lfn'k A rFkk B bl çdkj gSa fd A B  A B rc
Then [AMU (Med.) 2000]
   
[AMU (Med.) 2000] (a) A. B  0 (b) A  B  0
   
(a) A . B  0 (b) A  B  0 
 (c) A  0 (d) B  0
(c) A  0 (d) B  0

ANSWER KEY
Fundamentals of Vectors

1. (d) 5. (d) 9. (b) 13. (a) 17. (a) 21. (d) 25. (b) 29. (a) 33. (a)

2. (b) 6. (a) 10. (d) 14. (b) 18. (b) 22. (d) 26. (b) 30. (d) 34. (a)

3. (c) 7. (a) 11. (d) 15. (c) 19. (c) 23. (b) 27. (a) 31. (a)

4. (d) 8. (b) 12. (d) 16. (c) 20. (c) 24. (d) 28. (a) 32. (b)

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

1. (a) 7. (b) 13. (a) 19. (c) 25. (c) 31. (c) 37. (d) 43. (d) 49. (a)

2. (b) 8. (a) 14. (c) 20. (b) 26. (b) 32. (c) 38. (a) 44. (d) 50. (c)

3. (d) 9. (d) 15. (c) 21. (a) 27. (b) 33. (c) 39. (c) 45. (a) 51. (c)

4. (b) 10. (b) 16. (c) 22. (d) 28. (a) 34. (d) 40. (d) 46. (c) 52. (a)

5. (b) 11. (d) 17. (c) 23. (d) 29. (b) 35. (a) 41. (a) 47. (d) 53. (d)

6. (a) 12. (c) 18. (c) 24. (a) 30. (a) 36. (c) 42. (b) 48. (a)

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