DISASTER MANAGEMENT – FULL DETAILED
NOTES
1. Meaning of Disaster
A disaster is a serious disruption of the normal functioning of a society causing widespread loss of
life, property, and environment. It occurs when a hazardous event impacts a vulnerable population
and exceeds their capacity to cope.
Not every hazard becomes a disaster. It becomes a disaster only when it affects people
significantly.
2. Types of Disasters
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are caused by natural processes of the Earth such as geological or climatic
changes.
1 Earthquake: Caused by movement of tectonic plates resulting in ground shaking and collapse
of structures.
2 Flood: Occurs when excess water submerges land due to heavy rainfall or river overflow.
3 Cyclone: A powerful storm with high-speed winds and rainfall, common in coastal areas.
4 Drought: A long period with little or no rainfall leading to water scarcity.
5 Landslide: Movement of rocks and soil down slopes due to gravity, often triggered by rain or
earthquakes.
Man-made Disasters
Man-made disasters are caused by human negligence, technological failures, or unsafe practices.
1 Industrial disasters: Chemical leaks or explosions in factories.
2 Fire accidents: Caused by electrical faults or human carelessness.
3 Nuclear disasters: Release of harmful radiation from nuclear plants.
4 Transport accidents: Road, rail, or air accidents due to errors or failure.
3. Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability
Hazard is a potential source of danger. Risk is the probability of harm occurring. Vulnerability is the
susceptibility of people or property to damage.
Risk increases when vulnerability is high, even if the hazard is small.
4. Effects of Disasters
Disasters affect human life, economy, and environment in multiple ways.
1 Human effects: Death, injuries, trauma, and displacement.
2 Economic effects: Loss of property, infrastructure damage, unemployment.
3 Environmental effects: Pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.
5. Disaster Management
Disaster management is the systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization,
and skills to implement strategies for minimizing disaster impacts.
6. Disaster Management Cycle
The disaster management cycle includes steps taken before, during, and after disasters.
Pre-Disaster Stage
1 Prevention: Measures to avoid disasters completely such as proper planning.
2 Mitigation: Steps to reduce the severity of disasters like strong buildings.
3 Preparedness: Activities such as drills and emergency kits to stay ready.
During Disaster
1 Response: Immediate actions like rescue, relief, evacuation, and first aid.
Post-Disaster Stage
1 Recovery: Short-term restoration of services.
2 Rehabilitation: Helping victims return to normal life.
3 Reconstruction: Rebuilding infrastructure safely.
7. Importance of Disaster Management
1 Reduces loss of life and property
2 Improves preparedness and awareness
3 Ensures quick response and recovery
4 Helps in sustainable development
8. Disaster Management in India
India follows a structured disaster management system under the Disaster Management Act, 2005,
which ensures coordination at national, state, and district levels.
9. First Aid in Disasters
First aid is the immediate care given to injured persons before professional help arrives.
1 Check breathing and consciousness
2 Stop bleeding
3 Provide CPR if necessary
4 Keep the injured person calm
10. Role of Individuals and Community
Effective disaster management requires participation from both individuals and communities.
1 Individuals should stay informed and follow safety measures.
2 Communities should conduct awareness programs and training.
3 Proper planning and cooperation can reduce disaster impact.