INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF

MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF COMPUTING

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET

This form is to be completed by students submitting assignments of level 4 and level 5.
Students are required to complete all sections and attach to your assignment.

STUDENT DETAILS

STUDENT NAME Abdul Hadi

STUDENT ID [Link]@[Link]

UNIT AND ASSIGNMENT DETAILS

UNIT TITLE Unit 2: Networking

UNIT NUMBER M/618/7393

ASSIGNMENT
GreenEnergy Innovations- Network System
TITLE

ISSUE DATE December 06, 2024 DUE DATE February 08, 2025

ASSESSOR Arpan Neupane

NAME

ESTIMATED 80000
WORD LENGTH

1
 SUBMISSION

HAND IN DATE December 06, 2024

DECLERATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

When submitting assignments, each student must sign a declaration confirming
that the work is their own.

Plagiarism and Collusion

Plagiarism: to use or pass off as one’s own, the writings or ideas of another
without acknowledging or crediting the source from which the ideas are taken.

Collusion: submitting an assignment, project or report completed by another

person and passing it off as one’s.

In accordance with the Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Policy:

1. I declare that:
a) this assignment is entirely my own work, except where I have included fully-
documented references to the work of others,
b) the material contained in this assignment has not previously been submitted
for any other subject at the University or any other educational institution,
except as otherwise permitted,
c) no part of this assignment or product has been submitted by me in another
(previous or current) assessment, except where appropriately referenced, and
with prior permission from the Lecturer / Tutor / Unit Coordinator for this unit.

2. I acknowledge that:
a) if required to do so, I will provide an electronic copy of this assignment to the
assessor;
b) the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this
assignment:
I. reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another member of
academic staff;
II. communicate a copy of this assignment to a plagiarism checking
service such as Plagiarism Check (which may then retain a copy of this
assignment on its database for the purpose of future plagiarism
checking).

2
 I am aware of and understand that any breaches to the Academic Code of Conduct
will be investigated and sanctioned in accordance with the College Policy.

SIGNATURE DATE February 08, 2025

Contents
Scenario Overview.......................................................................................................................................6
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................8
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................11
Networking principle and their Types........................................................................................................11
Types of Networks Based on Connection Mode....................................................................................11
Types of Networks Based on Size..........................................................................................................13
Types of Networks based on Model......................................................................................................16
Network Standard.....................................................................................................................................17
OSI Model..............................................................................................................................................17
TCP/IP Protocol......................................................................................................................................22
IEEE 802 Standard..................................................................................................................................23
Network Topologies and its Impact on the Design of Lalitpur Branch.......................................................24
Bus Topology.........................................................................................................................................24
Star Topology.........................................................................................................................................25
Mesh Topology......................................................................................................................................26
Ring Topology........................................................................................................................................26
Tree Topology........................................................................................................................................28
Hybrid Topology....................................................................................................................................28
Operating Principles of Networking Devices and Network Server Types...................................................30
Router....................................................................................................................................................30
Switch....................................................................................................................................................30
Firewalls................................................................................................................................................31
Repeaters..............................................................................................................................................31

3
 Bridges...................................................................................................................................................32
IoT Gateways.........................................................................................................................................32
Domain Server.......................................................................................................................................34
Web Server............................................................................................................................................34
File server..............................................................................................................................................34
Database Server.....................................................................................................................................35
Access Permission..................................................................................................................................35
Discussion of Workstation Hardware and Relevant Networking Software and their dependency............35
Workstation Hardware..........................................................................................................................35
Networking Software.............................................................................................................................35
Dependency Between Workstation Hardware and Networking Software.............................................36
Common Networking Principles and Protocols.........................................................................................36
IPv4, IPv6 and HTTPS.............................................................................................................................36
Server Selection.........................................................................................................................................36
Physical Server.......................................................................................................................................36
Virtualized Server..................................................................................................................................36
Cloud-Based Server...............................................................................................................................37
Choosing Cloud- Based Server...............................................................................................................37
Selecting Topology and Protocol Suit for the given Scenario....................................................................37
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................37
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................37
Network Design.........................................................................................................................................38
DHCP IP Configuration...............................................................................................................................38
Networking Hardware:..............................................................................................................................53
IP Address in all the Devices of all Department and the Server.................................................................53
Maintenance Schedule..............................................................................................................................53
Test Plan....................................................................................................................................................54
User feedback form...................................................................................................................................55
Security Requirements and Quality Services.............................................................................................57
1. Backup...............................................................................................................................................57
2. Upgrades...........................................................................................................................................57
3. Security..............................................................................................................................................57

4
 4. Auditing.............................................................................................................................................57
Server........................................................................................................................................................57
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).......................................................................................57
DNS (Domain Name System).................................................................................................................58
Configuration of AD DS in VMware........................................................................................................58
For DNS Configuration...........................................................................................................................80
For DHCP Configuration.........................................................................................................................91
Evidence and test result of the implemented network...........................................................................100
Potential Enhancement for the Network System....................................................................................100
VPN Concentrator................................................................................................................................100
Cloud Storage......................................................................................................................................100
Load Balancer......................................................................................................................................101
Packet-sharper....................................................................................................................................101
Content Filtering..................................................................................................................................101
Reference................................................................................................................................................101

5
Scenario Overview
GreenTech Solution, an innovative company dealing in sustainable energy solutions
headquartered in Kathmandu, has a high demand for green technology. Thus, the
establishment of a new branch of GreenTech Solution in Lalitpur will be opened for research
and development purposes, which shall focus on product development in solar energy and
smart energy management systems catering to local and international markets. The Lalitpur
branch will have three major departments that operate different functionalities. First, the R&D
Team will be involved in research regarding solutions on energy. There will be 8 computers, and
this department will be on the third floor. Second, there will be an operation team: this team
manages day-to-day operations such as supply chain and logistics. This team shall be allocated 6
computers and situated on the second floor. Sales and Marketing Team: This team, being in
third order, shall be targeting the market analyses, engaging in customer interactions,
strategies for sale. It should be allocated with 5 computers and situated at the first-floor level.

The recording is to be made for all three departments; each of them will have a security
network segment and restricted access to the relevant team members of each department.
Department leads will have access in the all-departmental material whereas for employees they
have to access company-wide documents from the general area.

There is some basic networking requirements set by the company. They want both wire and
wireless connectivity in the building. They need the isolation of a department for security
purposes and for the confidentiality of the projects. They need high security in terms of
networking in order to keep it safe from data breaches. To monitor and manage the traffic, it
needs to have a robust firewall system. It should have good connectivity within the building for
smooth interaction via network and without any delay in the system.

Being the IT Lead in this branch, I have to fulfill all the requirements of the company; therefore,
I have to design a fully optimized system in which I have to make a clear plan for this system,
design of all the departments, implement the design in the real world, and optimize it so that it
works properly according to the requirements of GreenTech Solutions. These include handling
IP address schemas, handling security measures, handling network devices, and handling the
deployment of servers.

6
 Title: Concept of Networking Principles and Topologies

Unit Code: M/618/7393

Unit Leader: Arpan Neupane

Academic Year 2025

Concept of Networking Principle and topology, Devices and their

Operating Principles and Proposes Topology for GreenTech Solution

Submitted By
Name: Abdul Hadi

Course: BSc (Hons) Computer System Engineering (IT)

Email: [Link]@[Link]

Semester: 1

Student ID: [Link]@[Link]

Submission date: February 11 2025

Word Count: 5852

7
 Abstract
This report explains the benefit and constraints of different network types and network
standards such as wired network, wireless network, and hybrid network and TCP/IP, OSI, and
[Link] also deals with the discussion of each network topology like a bus, ring, star, tree,
hybrid, and the effect of each topology, its bandwidth, the way of communication along
with the advantages and disadvantages. It deals with the working principle
of various networking devices such as switches, routers, repeaters, firewalls, etc. Also, it
is about the type of servers like domain server, web server, etc, and it also relates the hardware
of workstation and the software of network which are interdependent on each other.
Additionally, it explains about the networking principle and their network protocols such as
IPv6, IPv4, HTTPs, makes the effective networked system. For the scenario, it talks about the
best server selection by exploring different server types such as and also exploring the topology
and protocol which will be best for the given scenario of the Greentech for their Lalitpur
branch.

8
Table of Content

Introduction...............................................................................................................................................11
Networking principle and their Types........................................................................................................11
Types of Networks Based on Connection Mode....................................................................................11
Types of Networks Based on Size..........................................................................................................13
Types of Networks based on Model......................................................................................................16
Network Standard.....................................................................................................................................17
OSI Model..............................................................................................................................................17
TCP/IP Protocol......................................................................................................................................22
IEEE 802 Standard..................................................................................................................................23
Network Topologies and its Impact on the Design of Lalitpur Branch.......................................................24
Bus Topology.........................................................................................................................................24
Star Topology.........................................................................................................................................25
Mesh Topology......................................................................................................................................26
Ring Topology........................................................................................................................................26
Tree Topology........................................................................................................................................28
Hybrid Topology....................................................................................................................................28
Operating Principles of Networking Devices and Network Server Types...................................................30
Router....................................................................................................................................................30
Switch....................................................................................................................................................30
Firewalls................................................................................................................................................31
Repeaters..............................................................................................................................................31
Bridges...................................................................................................................................................32
IoT Gateways.........................................................................................................................................32
Domain Server.......................................................................................................................................34
Web Server............................................................................................................................................34
File server..............................................................................................................................................34
Database Server.....................................................................................................................................35
Access Permission..................................................................................................................................35
Discussion of Workstation Hardware and Relevant Networking Software and their dependency............35

9
 Workstation Hardware..........................................................................................................................35
Networking Software.............................................................................................................................35
Dependency Between Workstation Hardware and Networking Software.............................................36
Common Networking Principles and Protocols.........................................................................................36
IPv4, IPv6 and HTTPS.............................................................................................................................36
Server Selection.........................................................................................................................................36
Physical Server.......................................................................................................................................36
Virtualized Server..................................................................................................................................36
Cloud-Based Server...............................................................................................................................37
Choosing Cloud- Based Server...............................................................................................................37
Selecting Topology and Protocol Suit for the given Scenario....................................................................37
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................37

10
Introduction

Network plays an important role in communication or data exchange over a network. It

provides the best and most secure method to communicate between two or more devices
and provides different security methods like encryption, authentication, authorization. The aim
of this report is to analyze different types of networks and network
topologies, the working principle of various network devices and
servers, workstations hardware, and network software with
their advantages and disadvantages; and it focuses on the best topology, the best type of
server, and the best protocol for the given requirement of Lalitpur's branch.

Networking principle and their Types

The principle of networking is one of the key and fundamental principles that govern the design,
management, and implementation of a computer network. A network is interconnecting between two
or more than two computers via either wired or wireless medium for information exchange. (Lowe,
2020, p. 8).

Fig 1: Network (Lowe, 2020, p. 8)

Scalability, reliability, security, performance, modularity, interoperability, and manageability are

the core of networking principle. There are three types of networks based on size they are
listed below:

Types of Networks Based on Connection Mode

1. Wired Network
A wired network connects computers via wired technology to share data and
information (Zengin and Cesur, 2023). This technology used globally before the advent
of wireless network. This network provides high speed compare to wireless network.
Fiber optics cable, ethernet cable, coaxial cable, etc are the example of wired network.

11
 Benefit of wired network
● Wired network faster data speed than wireless network

● Its bandwidth is larger than wireless network

● It has stable connection then wireless network

● It is cheaper than wireless network

Constraints of wired network
● It has limited mobility because of the wired

● In harsh weather condition, it can be damaged

● It is limited because of the length of the cable

● The wire become messy if multiple connection need at the same place
2. Wireless network
A wireless network provide communication between two or more devices without
physical connection (Samaka and Khan, 2008). This network use radio and infrared
transmission mechanism (Samaka and Khan, 2008).0

Benefit of wireless network

● There is no need of cables to access network by the users

● It is easy to install because it doesn’t need of cables system

● It provides easiness to integrate new devices

12
 ● It reduces cost of cable due to their wireless network system

● It is good choice to use if there will be difficulty to install wired network

Constraints of wireless network
● It has limited speed and Building, walls can reduce their speed

● Comparing to wired network, it give slow speed

● In these networks, security risk arises as compare to wired network

● It has high latency which affect the performance of real time operations

● Wireless equipment needs high cost

3. Hybrid Network
This network uses multiple networks access and communication technologies to provide
efficient service (Walsh and Paila, 2000). This network is the combination of Wi-Fi and
powerline communications to improve high-definition streamline and mobile devices.

Benefit of hybrid network

● It is flexible due to both combination of wired and wireless network

● It is scalable because if needed then add the wired or wireless component

● It is cost efficient due to both combination of wired and wireless network

● It provides high performance by providing wired connection to the high-speed

demanding device and wireless connectivity to mobility devices
● It provides better security by providing high security to connect wired
connection and for less critical devices to wireless connectivity
Constraints of hybrid network
● It required more complex setup because of both wired and wireless network

● Initial cost is because of cable and wireless components

● It requires more maintenance challenges due to both wired and wireless

● It needs power supply to operate wireless devices

13
Types of Networks Based on Size
1. Local Area Network (LAN): It is a communication system that connect computers within
a limited areas such as school, campus, a building (Nelinet, 1987). This network is used
to share printers, internet access between devices, and files.

Local Area Network

Benefits of LAN
● High Speed

● Low Cost

● Easy to setup

● Security
Constraints of LAN
● Limited range

● Maintenance effort

● Scalability
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): This network is the middle area between local and
wide area network that connect user across regions or cities (Gumaste, 2020, pp. 609-
630).

14
 Metropolitan Area Network

Benefits of MAN
● Wide range

● Cost efficient for the medium range

● Faster than WANs

Constraints of MAN
● Higher cost than LAN

● It has complex configuration

● In urban area it has limited range

● Security risk
3. Wide Area Network (WAN): This is a geographical level network which connect several
LAN’s and MAN’s (Bhola et al., 2022). It helps to communicate geographical locations.

15
 Wide Area Network
Benefits of LAN
● Global connectivity

● Reliability

● Scalability

● Flexibility
Constraints of LAN
● Lower speed

● High latency

● Complex setup

● High cost

● Security risk
Types of Networks based on Model
1. Peer to Peer Network: This is a network where there are not fixed clients and servers
but in the same network, one node act as both clients and servers to the other nodes
(Agarwal, Bansal and Sudeep, 2013).

16
 Peer to Peer Network
Advantage of P2P network:
o Cost efficient because it has no any central server.
o Easy Setup.
o There is no any central dependency so if any device fails then there will not
affect to the other device operations.
o Easy file sharing due to direct connection between another device.
o It is easy to add more devices without large changes.
Disadvantage of P2P network:
o Security risk due to direct connection between other devices.
o Limited control like activity monitoring, managing resources in the network.
o Performance issue occur whin many devices are connected and especially
when one device needs to share large file to other.
o If data holding device goes offline then user loss the access to the data.
o Loss of data backup as there is no any central server so, data backup is at
risk. If the data will erase from any device, then it is harder to recover it.
2. Client-Server Network: In this network, client device request services to the server in
the network (Nyabuto, 2024). The client requests any service over the network and the
server receive that request, and then the server process the request and then they
respond to the request to the client. This model provides simultaneously access to same
service to multiple users.

17
 Client-Server Network
Advantage of Client-Server Network:
o User account, data are centrally managed and it makes administration easier.
o It is easy to improve security policies due to central management system.
o Risk of data loss is reduced, backup it to the centrally.
o It is supporting large network and complex need.
Disadvantage of Client-Server Network:
o Its cost is high because of the powerful hardware and software to use in the
server.
o It is complex to setup and management.
o If the central server fails, the entire network disturb.
o It become performance lag while too many clients request comes as the
same time.
o It needs regular maintenance to ensure smooth operations.
o The data at risk if the central server become compromised.

Network Standard
Network standard defines how software and hardware work efficiently on the network. It
ensures interoperability and realizing full potential of the computer network (Bonn, 1971).

OSI Model
OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework which had developed by
the International Organization for Standardization (IOS) to established fundamental
communication protocols for the computer network (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023). It was created

18
in the late 1970s (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023) and first officially adapted by IOS in 1979 as
standard (Alani, 2014, p. 5). It has seven layers:

1. Application layer
2. Presentation layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport layer
5. Network layer
6. Data link layer
7. Physical layer

19
1. Physical Layer (Layer-1): “This is the lowest layer of OSI model and makes physical
connection between devices. It stores data in bits form. It transmits single bit from one
node to next. while receiving any data to this layer then it converts it into 0s and 1s and
send it to the Data Link Layer. This layer includes modems, repeaters, cables and hubs.
(Kamble and Kotwal, 2023)”

2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): “This layer send data between nodes. Its primary aim is to
make sure error-free data flow between nodes over the physical layer. This layer sends
incoming packets to Host using MAC address. This layer has also divided into two
sublayers, one is logical link control and other is media access control. (Kamble and
Kotwal, 2023)”

3. Network Layer (Layer-3): “This layer transfer data between devices in different network
by determining best routing path and provide logical address (IP address). This layer use
routers and switches for operation and make sure of the delivery of packet. (Kamble and
Kotwal, 2023)”

20
4. Transport Layer (Layer-4): “This layer provides end-to-end communication and integrity
by segmenting and reassembling data, managing error control and flow, and using port
addresses. It serves connectionless services and connection-oriented services. (Kamble
and Kotwal, 2023)”

5. Session Layer (Layer-5): “This layer manages session between application, session
creation, supporting synchronization, and recovery if it disconnects. This layer uses SCP
and X.225 protocols. (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023)”

21
6. Presentation Layer (Layer-6): “This layer helps in converting data for the application
layer. It handles data encryption, data compression, data conversion, and character
code translation. This layer act as a translator. (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023)”

7. Application Layer (Layer-7): “This layer interface with user. This layer makes data into
usable format such as chat programs, website. This layer operates protocols such as FTP,
HTTP, SMTP, and DNS. (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023)”

Benefits of OSI model:

● Compatibility: This model is fit for every hardware and software (Kamble and
Kotwal, 2023).
● Easy troubleshooting: All the layer of this model are independent so; it is easy to
identify the problem and the solution (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023).
● Security: This model has encryption and decryption which is great for security
(Kamble and Kotwal, 2023).

22
 ● Easy understanding nature: This is an interactive model and guide about this
model (Kamble and Kotwal, 2023).
Constraints of OSI model:
● Theoretical model: This is only conceptual model, always doesn’t match with real
world like TCP/IP model.
● Redundancy: Its some layer duplicate the functionalities and makes inefficient.

● Complexity: For small network, it becomes complex.

● Outdated: This concept become outdated in modern networking technology.

TCP/IP Protocol
These are the two important protocol which is responsible for computer communication in the
network and these layers belong to the OSI model Transport Layer (Gangane and Kakade,
2015). Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) makes reliable communication between two host
and also in unreliable network (Gangane and Kakade, 2015). Internet Protocol (IP) provide
communicating application in the other end (Gangane and Kakade, 2015). There are five layers
in this model, they are:

1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer
5. Physical Layer

23
1. Physical Layer: This layer has the functionalities to carry bit stream/packet form the
source to the destination through physical medium such as PPP, ethernet, etc (Gangane
and Kakade, 2015).
2. Data Link Layer: This layer organized the bit stream into a frame (data unit) and it is
delivered to an adjacent system such as SLIP, Wi-Fi, etc. (Gangane and Kakade, 2015).
3. Network Layer: This layer helps to transfer and receive the packets to the source to
destination into network with the help of IPv4, IPv6, IGMP, ICMP, etc. and it also
converted the data into packets from source to destination (Gangane and Kakade,
2015).
4. Transport Layer: This layer is responsible of process-to-process of information. A system
at a time can run several tasks such as email sending, file transfer, or other network
process and this all possible over a single physical interface such as UDP, TCP, etc.
(Gangane and Kakade, 2015).
5. Application Layer: this layer provides the ability of access to the service of another
layer. This layer always being developed by new protocols and services. It combines the
application layer, presentation layer, and session layer of the OSI model. FTP, HTTP, SSH,
SMTP, DNS, TLS/SSL, POP3, etc. are the example of this layer (Gangane and Kakade,
2015).
Benefits of TCP/IP model
● It is globally standard for internet communication

24
 ● It supports various protocols for communication which makes different hardware
and software to adept it.
● It handles both small network and large network.

● It is widely used because of the well supporting.

Constraints of TCP/IP model
● Theoretical model

● Security limitation

● Dependency on IP addressing

● It is not optimised for the all types of networks

IEEE 802 Standard
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802 define as communication protocol for
the local area network, metropolitan area network and personal area network (Carlo, 1998).

Benefit of 802.x network standard

● It provides universal network communication rules

● It is adapted globally so it become easier for the organizations to adopt it

● Different manufactures devices work seamlessly because of the wild adoption of these
standard
● It has flexibility as the 802.3 for ethernet and 8002.11 for Wi-Fi which support the both
wired and wireless network
Constraints of 802.x network standards

● It is complex for implementation so it needs expertise

● Some older standard has limited in performance. 802.11a/b/g which is for Wi-Fi,
comparing to newer technologies then it has limited range and speed
● It has security issue in older standard if they don’t get update

Network Topologies and its Impact on the Design of Lalitpur Branch

1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Mesh Topology
4. Star Topology
5. Hybrid Topology

25
Bus Topology
This topology in which all the devices are attached to a single main cable (Comer, 2009, p. 230).

Fig: Bus Topology

Impact of Bus Topology on Network Design:

● It provides simple and cost-efficient network design for small network size.

● It helps the connection of the devices within the individual departments.

Advantages of bus topology on Network Design:

● Cost-Efficient

● Suitable for small network

● Simple for installation

● Best for the network where linear connection of computer needs

● It needs minimal cabling.

Disadvantages of bus topology on Network Design:

● Single wire failure makes connection loss.

● Limited bandwidth

● It is not possible for large scale network.

● Need of terminator at both end of the main cable.

● It is slow compared to another network topology.

● If many devices are connected then the performance become slow.

Star Topology
Star topology is a network where all the devices are connected to the central point (often called
switch or hub) (Comer, 2009, p. 230).

26
 Fig: Star Topology

Impact of Star Topology on Network Design:

● It provides the centralized management system for each department.

● It also makes troubleshooting simple and better resource allocation.

● It provides better and high performance to all the department of the Lalitpur branch by
providing a single central hub or switch in each department.
Advantages of Star Topology on Network Design:

● It provides easiness to add or remove any devices within the network without affecting
any other devices.
● If any device connected to the central hub or switch will be fail then it doesn’t affect to
the other departments.
● It makes troubleshooting easy.

● It is good for medium network sized

● It is scalable.
Disadvantages of Star Topology on Network Design:

● If the central hub or switch fails then it affects that department.

● To add new devices then it needs additional cost for the connection with the central
hub.
● Many connected devices make bottle lack due to a single central hub or switch
dependency.
● It has limited distance.

27
 ● Limited bandwidth
Mesh Topology
“This network topology provides direct connection to each device on the network. All the
devices are interconnected with each device. (Comer, 2009, p. 230).”

Fig: Mesh Topology

Impact of Mesh Topology on Network Design:

● It provides multiple routs to communicate between devices and departments.

● If any rout become faulty then it has the other route to communicate with the
department.
● It helps to better communicate between the departments
Advantages of Mesh Topology on Network Design:

● It supports parallel communication between departments.

● It reduces data redundancy because of multiple paths of communication between

department.
● If any path fails then it doesn’t affect in communication to each other.

● High reliable

● It is good for the large network sized

● Scalable
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology on Network Design:

● It is costly because of many cablings.

● It is complex than others topology because of complex cabling.

28
 ● It has high maintenance effort due to complex cabling management.

● Complex structure

● It needs more power

Ring Topology
In this network topology, the first computer is connected to the second computer with the help
of a wire and the second is connected to the third with the help of a wire and so on until the
last computer is also connected to the first computer from back (Comer, 2009, p. 230).

Fig: Ring Topology

Impact of ring Topology on Network Design:

● This topology is best for the R&D team because of the sequential data transmission
between all the devices.
● As this department is related to research then all the devices need access to all
information or data and this topology helps in this case.

29
Advantages of Ring Topology on Network Design:

● Data flow is in sequence order

● It provides equal access to all the devices in that department network.

● It helps in reduction of data collision because of unidirectional data flow.

● Fidelity

● It doesn’t need any external server.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology on Network Design:

● If any device on the network fails then it disturbs the whole network.

● It has slow speed because if any data need to transmit from device to another then it
goes to different device to reach their destination device.
● Troubleshooting is difficult

● Security Issue
Tree Topology
This topology is the combination of many stars topology to formed hierarchical order (Nagiya, Ram and
Dua, 2017).

Fig: Tree Topology

Impact of Tree Topology on Network Design:

30
 ● It is suitable for the network type where it needs hierarchical structure.

● It can organize R&D, Sales, and Operations team efficiently and makes centralized
structure.
Advantages of Tree Topology on Network Design:

● It makes troubleshooting easy because of hierarchy structure.

● Through this topology, new devices or new departments addition is easy.

Disadvantage of Tree Topology on Network Design:

● In case of failure of root node, entire network will disturb.

● It needs significant cabling.

● It is complex due to of complex cable management.

Hybrid Topology
This topology is the combination of different topologies to provide optimum performance and
meet the specific network requirements (Swaminathan et al. 2014).

Fig: Hybrid Topology

Reason for choosing Hybrid Topology for the Lalitpur Branch:

● Use star topology for individual department.

● Combination of topologies such as star, mesh, and tree meet the requirement of the
departments.
● The star topology provides centralized communication to each department.

● Use tree topology makes hierarchical structure makes organized communication

between departments.
● Mesh topology provide redundancy and fault tolerance within each department
communication.
Impact of Hybrid Topology on the Network Design:

31
 ● The Research and Development (R&D) Team needs high bandwidth because of their
task so it needs dedicated connection.
● The Operations and Sales department has benefit by the efficient communication for
the day-to-day tasks and activities without any delays.
● It meets the Lalitpur branch need and requirement with reliable communication to all
the departments and support long term efficiency.
Advantage of Hybrid Topology:

● This topology is flexible.

● Reliable

● It can handle large traffics.

● Its speed is high that meet the requirement of the R&D department.

● It is easy to modify.
Disadvantage of Hybrid Topology:

● This is very complex network.

● Generally, it requires many cables.

● Installation process is difficult.

Operating Principles of Networking Devices and Network Server Types

Router
A router is a networking device which connects more than two networks or subnetworks
(Cloudflare, n.d.). “While router receive any data packet then it analyzing that data packets and
determine the IP address of their destination. It decides the best path to transfer that packet to
their destinations. By this process the transmission of data across the network become
efficient. (Cisco, n.d.).”

32
 Fig: Router

Switch
Switch is a hardware device which connects multiple devices in local area network (LAN) and it
use the packet switching to forward the data to their destination. In the OSI model, it operates
at the Data Link layer which is Layer 2. It identifies the destination device to send the data
packets to manage traffic. (Cloudflare, n.d.).

Switch read the MAC address from the packet header when any data packet comes to it and
then it checks the MAC address table or routing table to identify the interface where to forward
the packed. In case the destination device is not at the same subnet as the sending device then
the switch smartly uses the broadcast forwarding and send that packet to all the devices which
are connected to that subnet. This makes efficient distribution and rapid packet forwarding.
(Ruijie Networks, 2024)

Fig: Switch

Firewalls
Firewall is a network security device whose work is to monitor the incoming and outgoing data
and information or network traffic based on predetermined rules of security. Simple, firewall is
a barrier between trusted network and untrusted network and prevent from potential threats
and unauthorized access. (Cisco, n.d.)

Firewalls filter the data packets which enter or exit from the network. Firewall inspect the
packet header or payload in some case and compare it with the predetermined security rules.
By the predetermine rules, it decides allow or block the specific traffic. By this process, it
protects user from potential threats. (Fortinet, n.d.)

33
 Fig: Firewall

Repeaters
Repeater have the functionalities to amplify the signal of the received data to extend the
distance in the network. It operates at the Physical Layer of OSI model. (GeeksforGeeks, 2025)

In first, repeater receive weak signal from the transmitted device and then it amplifies it to its
full strength and then it transmits the regenerated signal to the next segment in that network
(Javatpoint, n.d.).

Fig: Repeater

Bridges
Bridge is a physical device which connects multiple LAN and makes them as a single network. It
operates at the Data Link layer of the OSI model. Bridge uses MAC address to manage data
traffic and enable whether the data frame should to forwarded or filter between the network
segment. (GreeksforGreeks, 2024)

Basically, bridge have this process of operating:

● Learning: Bridge look for the incoming frame and then it records its MAC address with
the port number in the MAC address table. By this process, bridge understand the
segment of connected devices. (GeeksforGeeks, 2024)
● Filtering and Forwarding: when any frame arrives at the bridge then it looks its
destination Mac address and if the destination MAC address is in the address table then
it forward to the destination to that specified port number and if the destination MAC
address is not in the address table then bridge forward the frame to all the ports
excepted the frame originated from. (GeeksforGeeks, 2024)
● Loop Prevention: The loop occurs when there are multiple bridge in the same network
which cause broadcast storms. To prevent this storm, bridge uses Spanning tree
Protocol (STP), which prevent from looping of frame by blocking the redundant paths.
(GeeksforGeeks, 2024)

34
 Fig: bridge

IoT Gateways
Internet of things (IoT) gateways is a hardware device or software application that act as a
bridge between internet of things devices, sensors, and the cloud. It provides communication,
protocol translation and data processing between devices and cloud services. (GeeksforGeeks,
2023).

Fig: IoT gateway

Operating Principle:

35
 ● Protocol Translation: IoT devices uses different communication protocols such as Zigbee,
Bluetooth, Z-Wave, etc. and the IoT gateways translates these different protocols into a
single or unified format that helps to communicate between devices and cloud seamless
(Intuz, 2022).
● Data Processing and Data Filtering: in this process, IoT gateway process and filter the
data before transmitting it to the cloud. It reduces bandwidth usage by sending only
relevant data for further analysis (Zipit Wireless, 2024).
● Security Management: IoT gateway acts as a security barrier to protect devices from
potential threats during data transmission to the cloud from IoT devices with the help of
different security protocols such as authentication, encryption (Check Point Software,
n.d.).
● Device Management: The gateway helps to manage the connected devices by
monitoring their status, handling configuration, efficient operation, updating firmware
in the IoT ecosystem (Embitel, 2018).
● Offline Functionalities: In the case of unavailable of internet connection then the IoT
gateway handle it by offline processing. It focuses to make uninterrupted data integrity
and operation by locally caching and processing data while network is in downtime and
in the scenario while the internet is in challenging environment (Zipit Wireless, 2024).
Domain Server
A domain server converts the domain name into the IP address. In the browser, we put URL or
direct searched anything then we don’t have to use IP address of that site. The domain server
helps in this condition by converting name into the IP address.

Web Server
It is a system that process request and provide the user requested web pages or web
application over internet.

It operates in client-server model where the client or user request resource like files or data and
the server deliver the requested files or data.

● When user enters an URL in the browser and the browser sends HTTP or HTTPS request
to the web server.
● After that the DNS translate the domain name into an IP address to locate that web
server.
● And then the server processes the request and if the request is a static file, then the
server response directly and sends it. If the request is dynamic content, then the server
process it using programming language such as Python, [Link], PHP, etc. and database
such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.
● After that the server send the requested file and the browser display the web page.

36
File server
It is remote centralized storage system where data are stored into the workstation and it is
connected to the communication network (Svobodova, 1984).

Here is the component of the operating principle of file server:

● It hosts the centralized storage system using hard drives, or SSDs, or NAS (Stallings,
2020, p. 115).
● This server operates on the client-server architecture in which multiple clients are
connected request the server for file storage. The server processes the request and
provide the access (Tanenbaum and Wetherall, 2022, p. 1340.
● For the security, it uses user authentication and authorization (Forouzan, 2021, p. 210).

● File server uses several network protocols such as SMB, NFS, FTP to transfer files
between clients and the server (Kurose and Ross, 2021, p. 187).
● It uses backup solution to prevent from data loos and data corruption. And it also uses
several mechanisms for other things like data redundancy, error-checking techniques,
etc. (William, 2019, p. 92).
● Modern server handles more user than old server because of these server support
different technology such as caching, compression, load balancing (Tanenbaum &
Wetherall, 2022, p. 276).
Database Server
Database server is a computer or software system that provides the facilities of storing data,
processing data, managing data over the network for the client application (Elmasri and
Navathe, 2020, p. 55).

Client-server model where client sends queries over the network to the server and it process
that query (Korth, Silberschatz and Sudarshan, 2019, p. 78). And the queries are optimized and
executed (Siberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan, 2020, p. 162). For the data storage, it uses caching
and indexing for faster data retrieval (Ramakrishnan and Gehrke, 2020, p. 99). The server
provides concurrency control to prevent unnecessary conflicts while users modify data (Elmasri
and Navathe, 2020, p. 213). The server provides authorization and authentication for access
control and also encryption for security (Siberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan, 2020, p. 341). It
makes backup of data in case of failure of the server (Korth, Silberschatz and Sudarshan, 2019,
p. 255). The server uses load balancing and indexing to manage performance (Ramakrishnan
and Gehrke, 2020, p. 178).

Access Permission
Access permission make data secure and privacy by controlling the access of the system, files,
or networks (Stallings and brown, 2018, p. 112).

37
The operating principle are authentication, authorization, access control models, permission
levels, logging and monitoring.

Discussion of Workstation Hardware and Relevant Networking Software and their dependency
Workstation Hardware
Workstation hardware have several components to run different software including networking
software. The CPU, it handles the complex calculation and provide smooth multitasking. The
RAM, it provides faster and smoother data access to the CPU to run software smoothly and
simultaneously. The SSD and HDD, it stores operating system, software, and other data. The NIC
Card, it provides network connectivity and make internet connection between device and
internet.

Networking Software
Networking software helps to communicate, data exchange across network. One main software
is operating system which has in built facilities (protocols) to connect devices and share
resources across network. Network management tool provide the facility to monitor
performance, configuration of network, and detect issue. Firewall which is the security software
that protect device from cyber threats and unauthorized access. Remote access software
provides the functionalities to access and control the workstation from different locations.
Protocol based application such as VPN and FTP helps secure data transmission across different
networks.

Dependency Between Workstation Hardware and Networking Software

Networking software depends in the workstation hardware to run properly. CPU process the
network requests and RAM handle multiple networking task at the same time and provide
smoother experience without any lag. Storage provides the functionalities to store the different
configuration of network such as security configuration, logging activity, etc. NIC provide the
functionalities wired and wireless connectivity, allowing software to communicate over the
network. Without the hardware and the network software, it makes difficult to operate
efficiently. It makes data transfer speed slower, inefficient network management and reduced
security. Even other advance hardware cannot meet the functionalities of the combination of
hardware and network software.

Common Networking Principles and Protocols

IPv4, IPv6 and HTTPS
While talking about how the IPv4, IPv6 and HTTPS protocol enables an effective network system so, here
the step-by-step clarification on them. IPv4 means Internet Protocol Version 4 is widely used protocol all
over the world but it has limited number of IP address. IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 which
has large number of IP address compared to IPv4 and it is safe for long term solution. HTTPS means

38
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure which makes secure communication between user and the website.
It uses encryption to secure user data from cyber threats.

By combining the IPv6, HTTPS, and routing protocols like OSPF makes secure and reliable network
system for the Lalitpur branch. IPv4 helps devices to communicate over local network and IPv6 improve
the network system by reducing network congestion and provide better security and it support more
devices as compared to IPv4 to the Lalitpur branch network. HTTPS helps to protect data over online
communication from threats and it helps to secure the Lalitpur branch.

Server Selection
Physical Server
This is hardware-based server and it provide full control over all the hardware and the data of
the server but it has high cost and maintenance but according to the scenario it needs cost and
performance optimization. So, it is not best choice for the scenario.

Virtualized Server
This server is good choice as it provides flexibility and scalability. It provides better resource
utilization because the physical server is divided into multiple virtual servers. It uses
virtualization technology to run this server.

Cloud-Based Server
This is a cloud-based server where this scalable and cheaper than other servers. If needed it
provide scalability. It doesn’t need many people to maintain this server. Few people can handle
this server. It has fully remote access so that it can be easily accessed from anywhere. It is some
what makes security issue because the all data is in the cloud but using best protection then it
prevents from threats.

Choosing Cloud- Based Server

This is best for the scenario because it need performance and in low cost. This server meets
their needs by providing high performance because this server is designed to provide high
performance. It needs low maintenance because cloud-based server provides user friendly
interface where it becomes easy to control them.

Selecting Topology and Protocol Suit for the given Scenario

The best topology for the given scenario will be hybrid topology because it is the combination
of different topologies and according to the scenario, it needs different topology combination
for different department to fulfill their needs. TCP/IP protocol will be suitable for the given
scenario because this protocol provides high redundancy and fault tolerance. It provides simple
department network management and scalability for future expansion. Also, it provides high
security to prevent data breaches and cyber-attack to the user data.

39
Conclusion
For the GreenTech Lalitpur branch, hybrid topology meets their department network design,
IPv6 and HTTPS protocols provide IP address for current situation and expansion also. HTTPS
provide the secure communication. Using router, switches, and firewall for robust structure by
enabling scalability for future expansion. Firewall helps to provide security to all the
department separately. For further device integration, switch helps to add more without
disturbing other devices or departments work flow.

Activity 2

Introduction
As the GreenTech Solution has opening the new branch in Lalitpur which focus on advanced
solar energy products and smart energy management system. It needs well perfect design,
planning, and optimization of their network system with proper configuration of the
departments with IP address.

Network Design
For the design of this branch of GreenTech Solution, I used Cisco Packet Tracer and for
configuration part also in this software. This design gives the proper connection and
configuration. With the help of this design, it is clear which devices I used for the configuration
of the company design.

40
This is the design of the Lalitpur branch where it has three department or team, R&D Team,
Operations Team, and Sales and Marketing Team. The router is connected with all three
department switches and the server switch. The switches provide connection to each
department end devices which is computer in this case. And the server is connected to separate
switch which is also connected to the router.

There are 8 computers in the R&D team which will be in the third floor of the building, 6
computer in the second floor, 5 computer in the first floor, and as per the server, it is not
mentioned so it is better to setup in the third floor of the building. These all are the
requirements of the GreenTech Solution.

DHCP IP Configuration
As this design is for a company which can add or remove end devices in future so we have to
assign the DHCP IP configuration so that when any devices will connect to any department then
the router will automatically assign the network IP address which is separately assign in each
department. Here is the step-by-step configuration:

First step:

Click to the router and go to the CLI tab. After that write the below command to assign the IP
address for the one interface. As this is for the one interface but we have four interfaces so we
will assign one by one by following the same command as this one interface is assigned with
separate IP address.

For First interface:

41
For Second Interface:

42
For Third Interface:

For Fourth Interface:

Now as the IP address are assigned to each interface. Now for IP address confirmation, we use
this command to verify it and we can see that all the four interface are assigned with separate
IP address.

By this the DHCP server will not give this IP to any devices.

Second Step:

Now as we assign the IP address but we don use the .1 IP in the devices in each interface so we
exclude this IP in each interface so we use this CLI command:

Third Step:

Now in this step we will provide the DHCP pool in each interface to assign the department
name to make easy to identify the interface and told the router to assign the given IP address to
the devices. This IP address will broadband so it provides from that group IP only. And also
assign the default gateway to each interface and DNS server also.

For First Interface:

43
For Second Interface:

For Third Interface:

For Fourth Interface:

Fourth Step:

In this step, enabling the DHCP from Static IP to assign automatic IP address. It needs manually
to enable DHCP then the router provides DHCP IP with their particular gateway. To do this we
have to click in any device and then click to the Desktop tab and then Click to IP Configuration
and then DHCP. Here is the example of one PC and we have to do same as it this procedure.

44
First step:

Second Step:

45
Third Step:

By following this, all the end devices and server of the GreeTech Solution Lalit Branch will get
automatic IP address, gateway and DNS.

46
Fifth Step: Assigning web server and Firewall

First Step:

Click the DNS Server and go to the DNS from the Services tab then add the name of the Web
Server and their IP address. I have given [Link] and then click to the Add button to add
the web server. This helps to access this web server by their name without typing their IP
address.

47
Second Step:

Testing the web server is working or not. For that, open any pc and go to the Desktop tab and
click in the Web Browser and then write the name of the web server ([Link]). after
clicking Go button then it responds this, that means our web server is working properly.

48
Sixth Step: configuring DHCP Server

Open DHCP server and click the DHCP from Services tab and add one by one of all the
department and server. In the Pool Name, write the pool name and in the Default Gateway,
write the default gateway, add DNS Server IP address in DNS server, add the starting IP Address
in the Start IP Address, Add the subnet mask in the Subnet Mask, and add the maximum
number of users in the Maximum Number of User.

49
50
Seventh Step: Configuring Access Point

First step: Adding SSID and Authentication with WEP Key

51
Second Step: Removing PT-Laptop-NM-1CPE from laptop after power off the laptop.

52
Third Step: Adding WPC300N and turn on switch of the laptop

53
Fourth Step: Open PC wireless from desktop and go to connect and then refresh it and select
the name of the access point to connect with them and choose security level and type
password.

After that all the device which need to connect with access point, they can connect by this
process.

54
Networking Hardware:
Networking hardware is the physical component of computer network which helps in
communication and data transfer. Some devices such as router, switches, network media, and
hubs. (Mansfield and Antonakos, 2009).

1. Router: Router is used in this design because router is the path between devices to the
internet by making a network. In this design router is connected to the four switches in
which three switch are connected to each three department and one switch is
connected to the whole server.
2. Firewall: Firewall is a security barrier which helps to protect trusted network from
unauthorized access and threats originating from untrusted networks, particularly the
internet (Cobb, 1996). Firewall is both hardware and software. Software firewall works
inside the system and the hardware firewall require separate connection.
3. Switches: Switches helps to connect many devices. In the design switch helps to connect
many devices to the same router.

IP Address in all the Devices of all Department and the Server

Department Device IP Address Gateway Subnet Mask DNS

R&D Team PC0-PC7 [Link]- [Link] [Link] 192.168.4.

[Link] 4

Operation Team PC8-PC13 [Link]- [Link] [Link] 192.168.4.

[Link] 4

Sales and PC14- [Link]- [Link] [Link] 192.168.4.

Marketing Team PC18 [Link] 4

Server DHCP, [Link], [Link] [Link] [Link]

Web, [Link],
DNS [Link]

Maintenance Schedule
To maintain the network system of the Lalitpur branch of GreenTech Solution for their smooth
workflow without any connection loss of fault so here the maintenance schedule for this
company to monitor performance of the network. This is the 3 days maintenance schedule
where it ensures all the proper functionalities before the normal operation by the company.

In the first day we have completed these hardware and software, network performance
monitoring, and firewall security checking task. In the second day, we have to complete this

55
checking server health, testing DHCP and DNS server, and database backup and restore test
task. And in the last day, we complete this task security and vulnerability scan, user access and
active directory management, and final troubleshooting to finalized the network configuration
before normal operations.

Day Time Task Description

Sunday 10-11 AM Hardware and Upgrading router,

Software upgrade switches, firewalls,
and windows server
2012

11-12 PM Network Measure the latency,

Performance speed, and
Monitoring bandwidth of each
team

12-1 PM Firewall security Configure firewall by

check updating and
checking it to prevent
or block from
unauthorized traffic

Monday 10-11AM Server checking Monitor of server

2012 performance.

11-12 PM Verify DHCP and DNS Improve DHCP

server server, provide
accurate IP allocation
and name resolution
for all device

12-1 PM Backup and recovery Run backup and data

test integrity test

Tuesday 10-11 AM Security and Identify the security,

vulnerability scan threats, and
weakness of network
by scanning it.

11-12 PM User access and Review user

active directory permission and

56
 management control user access.

12-1 PM Final Troubleshooting Before normal

operation, fix the
issue which are in
pending.

Test Plan
After the configuration and the design of the network, now we have to start a test plan to check
the server expected and actual output.

Tested Server Expected Output Actual Output Remarks

DHCP The server should The server perfectly It is able to provide

provide more than assigned the IP as IP more than 200
200 IP automatic in expected from 2 to clients.
each department 255

DNS It should translate IP After ping command, It is responsible to

to domain name it gives IP address finding the correct
with PC visible. IP address from the
browser sites.

User feedback form

The feedback that the Managing Director of GreenTech Solution has provided after receiving
services from the network I designed is underlined below.

Feedback

Description of Project:

The project was associated with the designing and implementation of a network system for
GreenTech Solution, which is one of the largest IT companies providing service to the public.
The networking system consists of multiple serveis, along with multiple departments like R&D
Team, Operation Team, and Sales and Marketing Team. I upgraded the whole system into an
efficient, secure, and more reliable one.

Project Title: Lalitpur branch of GreenTech Solution

Feedback by: Mr. Joe

57
Signature:

Date: 2025-02-08

Overall Experience with Lalit branch of GreenTech Solution Network

S. N Feedback Category Rating Comment

1 Overall experience with the ☆ Very Good

service provided

2 Any problem with the network? ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ No problems

3 are you pleased with the overall ☆ Excelent

service delivered?

4 Does the performance of the ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ yes

network for every department
satisfy?

Limitation of the project

Even though the improvements above, there is some limitation inside the system:

● As network works on the domain-based structure, there are chances of congestions.

● Doing the whole activity on one operating system may suffer from bottlenecks.

● This networks entire security depends mostly on the firewall’s performance and health
on the server point.
Analyzing Self-performance as an IT-Officer

As an IT manager, I have worked in many fields, but constructing this big-scale network was my
first time. This project gave very good experience and high-quality networking devices and
multiple servers were used to ensure fast communication.

● I also used Windows Server 2012 R2 for the domain controller.

● DHCP Server for automatic IP address allocation.

● DNS Server and other additional servers to ensure reliable and fast networking.

● Encryption and protection against cyber threats through Firewall Security were added.
This setup greatly increased network efficiency and security; hence, the reason it is stable and scalable.

58
In addition, to give room for the further improvement for the company’s network, I
recommended upgrading to windows Server 2022 to offer better security and performance,
application of a load balancer to minimize congestion on the network, and dedicated VLANs
separating departmental traffic for increased efficiency. Investing in cloud backup solution to
enhance disaster recovery.

Feedback Given By:

Feedback Given By:

Name: MR. Joe

Date: 2025-02-08

Signature:

Feedback Evaluation:

Name: Abdul Hadi

Date: 2025-02-09

Signature:

Security Requirements and Quality Services

1. Backup
Backup is a process in which creating the copy of the data and makes safe from any loss such as
hardware failure, file corruption (Mcdowall, 2001). This helps to recover the data from disaster.

2. Upgrades
Upgrade is both software and hardware based in which the existing hardware or software is
replaced by the newer version to make minor or major changes in the system (Mohapatra,
2009).

3. Security
Security is a process of protecting data from threats. It provides the set of rules to protect data.
It analyzes the system and identify the problems or virus and provide the solutions. It is used in
network, data, software, and hardware to protect them.

4. Auditing
Auditing means the practice of going through various books of accounts an author does,
followed by the physical checking of inventory. It ensures all the departments stick to the

59
documents system of recording the transactions. It is used to examine the system from time to
time. It also provides safety and security to the data.

Server
Domain controller is a server which manage network security with the help of authentication
and authorization. While a user request and it sent to the domain controller and it authenticate
by the validating the username and password and gives the security to the network. The
domain controller is installed in the Windows 2012 server as ADDS. It grants or revoke
permission to the resources in the network such as application. All user needs to login to the
domain to use domain server. The domain controller sends data copies to the database to make
recover in case of casualties. CDC, RODC are under the primary domain controller.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP provide dynamic IP address to the client which are connected to that network. It is
automatic process of providing IP to the clients. It is used to configure IP address, default
gateway, subnet mask, and DNS in the device. DHCP provide dynamic IP form router in the
small organizations but in the large organizations, it uses DHCP server. A device requests the
DHCP to the DHCP server from the same network and it accept the request and provide a
unique IP to that device.

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS helps to translate the domain name into the IP address and IP address to domain name. it
acts as a dictionary whose task is translation between domain name to IP address. [Link],
[Link], etc. are the example of the domain name and the DNS translate it into IP
address to interact with the browser and the browser show the information based on that IP.
There are two types of zones in DNS. One is forward lookup zone and other is backward lockup
zone. Forward lockup zone forwards the domain name and the backward lockup zone give the
IP address to it.

Configuration of AD DS in VMware
In first step we have to turn off the firewall from the server manager because it is prerequisites,
click to the local server and then click on the “Window Firewall Public: On”. Then click to the
“Turn Windows Firewall on or off” from the left side. Then turn off the private and public
firewall and then click ok. This turned off the both private and public firewall.

60
Step 1: Click Local Server

Step 2: Click Windows Firewall Public: On

61
Step 3: Click Turn Windows Firewall on or off

Step 4: Off the private and public firewall and click OK

62
Step 5: Now the firewall is turned off and we can see it in local server

Step 6: Click to the Roles and feature from the dashboard to setup role and features

63
Step 7: Click next in “Before you Begin”

Step 8: Select “Roll-based or feature-based installation” and the click next

64
Step 9: Again, click next by selecting “Select a server from the server pool” with selection of the
server pool

Step 10: Select the “Active Directory Domain Service”.

65
Step 11: clicking add feature

Step 12: Then click next

66
Step 13: Again, click next in the features section

67
Step 14: Click next in the AD DS

Step 15: Select the restart and click install.

Step 16: Now, it starts to installation process

68
Step 17: After installation click close.

69
Step 18: After installation, the installation process will start and it need some time to complete
it. Click “Promote this server to a domain controller” which is in blue color.

Step 19: Click “Add a new forest” and name the root domain name

70
Step 20: give the password in this section

71
Step 21: In the DNS option just click next

Step 22: this page displays the NetBIOS domain name and just click next

72
Step 23: in the Path page, just click next

Step 24: In review options, click next

73
Step 25: Click Install and the installation will start

74
Step 26: wait for the installation to complete

Step 27: After installation, this pop up comes for signed off and leave it and it will do automatic.

Step 28: now, we have to create group and user like this

75
Step 29: here give the name of the users and click next then in the next step check the
“Password never expire” and fill the password and click next and click finish to complete the
adding user.

76
Step 30: now create the groups of each department one by one like this.

77
Step 31: Now add one by one user into R&D Team. Right click to the user and click to add group

78
Step 32: Enter the group name in which to add the user and then click ok like this:

Step 33: To check the added user then open that group properties and see the user like this:

79
Step 34: Creating another user and Operation Team and add them to the Operation Team
group:

80
Step 35: Adding another user to Sales and Marketing Team group:

81
82
For DNS Configuration
Now, for DNS configuration, we basically have to make domain controller that we have already
installed above. After the configuration of the domain controller, the DNS gets installed along
with AD DS. Now here are the steps to configure DNS after configuration the domain controller.

Step 1: click on Tool and choose DNS from server manager

83
Step 2: right click on forward lookup zone and click new zone in this new scree of DNS manager

Step 3: now click on next in the new zone wizard

84
Step 4: check primary zone and click next

85
Step 5: check the second option and click next

Step 6: now write the zone name as in this case [Link] is written

86
Step 7: check the first option and click next

Step 8: click finish

87
Step 9: after that, right click on the [Link] from forward lookup zone and click
“New Host (A or AAAA)”.

Step 10: write www as name and give IP address and click next

88
Step 11: again, click next in the pop-up DNS message. Is has the message of successful

Step 12: right click to Reverse lookup zone and click new zone after configuring forward lookup
zone.

89
Step 13: click next in the new screen.

Step 14: select primary zone and click next

90
Step 15: select second option and click next.

Step 16: choose IPv4 form reverse lookup zone name screen and click next.
91
Step 17: give the network ID and click next

Step 18: choose first option and click next.

92
Step 19: now again, click next to complete the new zone wizard.

Step 20: now, check ping by clicking “Launchns lookup”

93
Step 21: and the ping completed successfully

For DHCP Configuration

Step 1: open add roles and feature from server manager

94
Step 2: click next

Step 3: check first option and click next

95
Step 4: choose first option and click next

Step 5: choose DHCP server from list and add it.

96
Step 6: click add features

Step 7: now the DHCP server is checked and click next

97
Step 8: now, click next without checking anything

Step 9: click next

98
Step 10: click install and the installation will start and it takes some time to install it and after
installation click close.

Step 11: click DHCP from tool which is in the server manager.

99
Step 12: now, hover down the and right click to IPv4 and click new scope.

Step 13: now click next and give the name of the scope and again click next.

100
Step 14: give the start and end IP address according to the scenario with their subnet mask and
click next.

Step 15: write the Start IP address and End IP address and click add and then click next

101
Step 16: now choose the day, hour, and minute and this make how long a client use the IP
address from this scope

Step 17: now click next again before clicking yes.

102
Step 18: click finish

By this, we can configure DHCP.

103
Evidence and test result of the implemented network
The test report which has done are given below:

Test Screenshot Analyses

DHCP As you can

see, I have
configured
the DHCP in
windows
server

DNS We can see

the expected
results of the
DNS system

Potential Enhancement for the Network System

I have recommended the potential enhancement for Lalitpur branch of GreenTech Solution to
improve their network system and it makes more effective.

VPN Concentrator
This is a type of router device which is used to communicate or message between VPN nodes by
securing the connection. It is mainly used in the large-scale organizations which operates
multiple systems.

Cloud Storage
This is useful for backup of the data and it provide security to the data but it needs some cost as
per the consumption of the cloud storage but it is good for backup and access through internet
at any time.

104
Load Balancer
Load balance is both hardware device or software which helps to distribute the load on a
network to different computer to minimize the traffic and handle it efficiently. It is generally
used whin a network got high traffic the load balance distributes the traffic to different
computer.

Packet-sharper
Packet-shaper is a supplication intelligence which manage traffic system to deliver efficient
performance to the application which run over the internet. All the incoming and outgoing
traffic passes through it.

Content Filtering
Content filtering act as a firewall which process that manages or screen access to specify emails
or webpages and block harmful contents.

Reference
Lowe, D. (2020) Networking For Dummies. 11th edn. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.

Nelinet. (1987) ‘An Introduction to Local Area Networks’, OCLC Micro, 3(5), pp. 18-20. Available
at: [Link] (Accessed: 22 January 2025).

Gumaste, A. (2020) Springer handbook of Optical Networks. Metropolitan Networks: Springer

Handbooks. Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 22 January
2025).

Bhola, A. et al. (2022) ‘A Wide Area Network Design and Architecture using Cisco Packet Tracer’,
2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary computing and Informatics (IC3I), pp. 1646-
1652. Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 22 January
2025).

Agarwal, A., Bansal, N. and Gupta, S. (2013) ‘Peer to Peer Networking and Application’,
computer Science. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: 23 January 2025).

Nyabuto, G.M. (2024) ‘Client-Server Architecture, a Review’, International Journal of Advanced

Science and Computer Applications, 3(2). Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: 23 January 2025).

105
Zengin, A. and Cesur, I. (2023) ‘Performance Analysis of Large-scale Networks in Ns-2’,
International Conference on Applied Engineering and Natural Sciences, 1(1), pp. 559-564.
Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 23 January 2025).

Samaka, M. and Khan, K.M. (2008) ‘Wireless Network’, Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science
and Engineering. Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 23
January 2025).

Walsh, R. and Paila, T. (2000) ‘Hybrid networks-a step beyond 3G’, Computer Science
Engineering. Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 23
January 2025).

Bonn, T.H. (1971) ‘A Standard for Computer Networks’, Computer, 4(3), pp. 10-14. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 23 January 2025).

Kamble, N.M and Kotwal, R.U. (2023) ‘OSI Model’, International Journal of Advanced Research
in Science, Communication and Technology, 3(2), pp. 219-225. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 25 January 2025).

Alani, M.M. (2014) Guide to OSI and TCP/IP Models. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 25 January 2025).

Kamble, N.M and Kotwal, R.U. (2023) ‘OSI Model’, International Journal of Advanced Research
in Science, Communication and Technology, 3(2), pp. 219-225. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 25 January 2025).

Gangane, S. and Kakade, P.V (2015) ‘Base pf the Networking Protocol-TCP/IP Its Design and
Security Aspects’, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering, 3(4), pp. 3712-3718. Available at:
[Link] (accessed: 26 January 2025).

Carlo, J. (1998) ‘The IEEE 802 organization’, IEEE Network, 12(1), pp. 8-9. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 23 January 2025).

Comer, D.E. (2009) Computer Networks and Internets. 5th edn. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson Education.

Nagiya, K., Ram, M. and Dua, A.K. (2017) ‘A tree topology network environment analysis under
reliability approach’, Nonlinear Studies, 24, pp. 193-202. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 28 January 2025).

106
Swaminathan, K. et al. (2014) IEEE 27th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering. Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 27 January
2025).

Cloudflare (n.d.) What is a router? Router definition. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed 29 January
2025).

Cisco. (n.d.) How Does a Router Work?. Available at:

[Link]
[Link] (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Cloudflare. (n.d.) What is a network switch?. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 29
January 2025).

Ruijie Networks. (2024) Network Switch Components and Technical Analysis. Available at:
[Link]
technical-analysis (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Cisco. (n.d.) What is a Firewall?. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 29
January 2025).

Fortinet. (n.d.) How Does A Firewall Work?. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 29
January 2025).

GeekforGeeks. (2025) Repeaters in Computer Network. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Javatpoint. (n.d.) Repeater in Computer Network. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Geeksforgeeks. (2024) What is Bridge in Computer Network – Types, Uses, functions &
Differences. Available at: [Link]
types-uses-functions-differences/ (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

GeeksforGeeks. (2023) Internet of Things (IoT) Gateways. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Intuz. (2022) The Workings Of An IoT Gateways: An In-Depth Guide. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

107
Zipit Wireless. (2024) What Is an IoT Gateway and How Does It Work?. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed:
29 January 2025).

Check Point Software. (n.d.) What is an IoT Gateway?. Available At:

[Link]
(Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Embitel. (2018) How an IoT Gateway Device Works: Understanding the Architecture. Available
At: [Link]
architecture-works/ (Accessed: 29 January 2025).

Microsoft. (2023) Understanding Web Servers. Available at:

[Link] (Accessed: 30 January
2025).

Svobodova, L. (1984) ‘File Server for Network-Based Distributed Systems’, Association for
Computing Machinery, 16(4), pp. 353-398. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: 31 January 2025).

Stallings, W. (2020) Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology. 2nd edn.
Pearson.

Tanenbaum, A.S. and Wetherall, D.J. (2022). Computer Networks. 6th edn. Pearson.

Forounzan, B. A. (2021) Data Communication and Networking. 6th edn. McGraw-Hill.

Kurose, J. F. and Rose, K. W. (2021) Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. 8th edn.
Pearson.

William, G. (2019) Networking Essentials: A Practical Guide to Managing and troubleshooting

Networks. 3rd edn. Wiley.

Elmasri, R. and Navathe, S. (2020) Fundamental of Database Systems. 7th edn. Boston, MA:
Pearson.

Korth, H. F , Siberschatz, A. and Sudarshan, S. (2019) Database System Concepts. 7th edn. New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Ramakrishan, R. and Gehrek, J. (2020) Database Management Systems. 3rd edn. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.

108
Silberschatz, A. Korth, H. F. and Sudarshan, S. (2020) Operating System Concepts with Database
Management Extensions. 10th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Stallings, W. and brown, L. (2018) Computer Security Principles and Practice. 4th edn. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Mansfield, K.C. and Antonakos, J. (2009) Computer Networking for LANS to Wans: Hardware,
Software and Security. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: 6 February 2025).

Cobb, S. (1996) ‘Establishing firewall policy’, Southcon/96 Conference Record, pp. 198-205.
Available at: [Link] (Accessed: 6 February 2025).

McDowall, R.D. (2001) ‘Computer (IN)security – 2: computer system backup and recovery’,
Quality Assurance Journal, 5(3), pp. 149-155. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: 7 February 2025).

109