INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

Chapter 2
Functions and Graphs
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

Chapter Objectives
• To understand what functions and domains are.
• To introduce different types of functions.
• To introduce addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and multiplication by a
constant.
• To introduce inverse functions and properties.
• To graph equations and functions.
• To study symmetry about the x- and y-axis.
• To be familiar with shapes of the graphs of six
basic functions.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

Chapter Outline
2.1) Functions
2.2) Special Functions
2.3) Combinations of Functions
2.4) Inverse Functions
2.5) Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
2.6) Symmetry
2.7) Translations and Reflections
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.1 Functions
• A function assigns each input number to one
output number.
• The set of all input numbers is the domain of
the function.
• The set of all output numbers is the range.
Equality of Functions
• Two functions f and g are equal (f = g):
1. Domain of f = domain of g;
2. f(x) = g(x).
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.1 Functions

Example 1 – Determining Equality of Functions

Determine which of the following functions are equal.
( x  2)( x  1)
a. f ( x ) 
( x  1)
b. g ( x )  x  2
 x  2 if x  1
c. h( x )  
 0 if x  1
 x  2 if x  1
d. k ( x )  
 3 if x  1
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.1 Functions
Example 1 – Determining Equality of Functions

Solution:
When x = 1,
f 1  g 1 ,
f 1  h1 ,
f 1  k 1

By definition, g(x) = h(x) = k(x) for all x  1.

Since g(1) = 3, h(1) = 0 and k(1) = 3, we conclude
that
g  k,
g  h,
hk
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.1 Functions

Example 3 – Finding Domain and Function Values

Let g ( x)  3x 2  x  5 . Any real number can be used
for x, so the domain of g is all real numbers.

a. Find g(z).
Solution: g ( z)  3z 2  z  5

b. Find g(r2).
Solution: g (r 2 )  3(r 2 ) 2  r 2  5  3r 4  r 2  5

c. Find g(x + h).

Solution: g ( x  h)  3( x  h)2  ( x  h)  5
 3x 2  6hx  3h 2  x  h  5
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.1 Functions

Example 5 – Demand Function

Suppose that the equation p = 100/q describes the

relationship between the price per unit p of a certain
product and the number of units q of the product that
consumers will buy (that is, demand) per week at the
stated price. Write the demand function.
100
Solution: q  p
q
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.2 Special Functions

• We begin with constant function.

Example 1 – Constant Function

Let h(x) = 2. The domain of h is all real numbers.

h(10)  2 h(387)  2 h( x  3)  2

A function of the form h(x) = c, where c = constant, is

a constant function.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.2 Special Functions

Example 3 – Rational Functions

x2  6x
a. f ( x) 
is a rational function, since the
x5
numerator and denominator are both polynomials.
2x  3
b. g ( x)  2 x  3 is a rational function, since 2x  3 
1
.

Example 5 – Absolute-Value Function

Absolute-value function is defined as x , e.g.
 x if x  0
x  
  x if x  0 
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.2 Special Functions

Example 7 – Genetics
Two black pigs are bred and produce exactly five
offspring. It can be shown that the probability P that
exactly r of the offspring will be brown and the others
black is a function of r ,
r 5 r
1 3
5!   
P(r )     
4 4
r  0,1, 2,...,5
r ! 5  r !
On the right side, P represents the function rule. On
the left side, P represents the dependent variable.
The domain of P is all integers from 0 to 5, inclusive.
Find the probability that exactly three guinea pigs will
be brown.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.2 Special Functions
Example 7 – Genetic

Solution:
3 2
1 3  1  9 
5!    120   
P(3)        64  16   45
4 4
3!2! 6(2) 512
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.3 Combinations of Functions

• We define the operations of function as:
( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
(f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
( fg )( x)  f ( x).g ( x)
f f ( x)
( x)  for g ( x)  0
g g ( x)
Example 1 – Combining Functions
If f(x) = 3x − 1 and g(x) = x2 + 3x, find
a. ( f  g )( x)
b. ( f  g )( x)
c. ( fg )( x)
f
d. ( x)
g
1
e. ( f )( x)
2
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.3 Combinations of Functions
Example 1 – Combining Functions

Solution:
a. ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  (3 x  1)  ( x 2 +3x)  x 2  6 x  1
b. ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  (3 x  1)  ( x 2 +3x)  1  x 2
c. ( fg )( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  (3 x  1)( x 2  3 x)  3 x 3  8 x 2  3 x
f f ( x) 3x  1
d. ( x)   2
g g ( x) x  3x
1 1 1 3x  1
e. ( f )( x)  ( f ( x))  (3 x  1) 
2 2 2 2
Composition
• Composite of f with g is defined by ( f g )( x)  f ( g ( x))
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.3 Combinations of Functions

Example 3 – Composition
If F ( p)  p 2  4 p  3, G ( p)  2 p  1, and H ( p)  p ,find
a. F (G ( p))
b. F (G ( H ( p)))
c. G ( F (1))

Solution:
a. F (G ( p))  F (2 p  1)  (2 p  1) 2  4(2 p  1)  3  4 p 2  12 p  2  ( F G )( p)

b. F (G ( H ( p)))  ( F (G H ))( p)  (( F G ) H )( p )  ( F G )( H ( p )) 
( F G )( p )  4 p  12 p  2  4 p 2  12 p  2
2

c. G ( F (1))  G (12  4  1  3)  G (2)  2  2  1  5

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.4 Inverse Functions

• An inverse function is defined as f ( f 1 ( x))  x  f 1 ( f ( x))
Example 1 – Inverses of Linear Functions
Show that a linear function is one-to-one. Find the
inverse of f(x) = ax + b and show that it is also linear.
Solution:
Assume that f(u) = f(v), thus au  b  av  b .
We can prove the relationship,
xb
( f g )( x)  f ( g ( x))  a  b  ( x  b)  b  x
a
(ax  b)  b ax
(g f )( x)  g ( f ( x))   x
a a
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.4 Inverse Functions

Example 3 – Inverses Used to Solve Equations

Many equations take the form f(x) = 0, where f is a
function. If f is a one-to-one function, then the
equation has x = f −1(0) as its unique solution.

Solution:
Applying f −1 to both sides gives f 1  f  x    f 1  0 .
1 1
Since f ( f (0))  0 , f (0) is a solution.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.4 Inverse Functions

Example 5 – Finding the Inverse of a Function

To find the inverse of a one-to-one function f , solve
the equation y = f(x) for x in terms of y obtaining x =
g(y). Then f−1(x)=g(x). To illustrate, find f−1(x) if
f(x)=(x − 1)2, for x ≥ 1.

Solution:
Let y = (x − 1)2, for x ≥ 1. Then x − 1 = √y and hence
x = √y + 1. It follows that f−1(x) = √x + 1.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

• The rectangular coordinate system provides a
geometric way to graph equations in two
variables.
• An x-intercept is a point where the graph
intersects the x-axis. Y-intercept is vice versa.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

Example 1 – Intercepts and Graph

Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of y = 2x + 3,
and sketch the graph.

Solution:
3
When y = 0, we have 0  2 x  3 so that x  
2
When x = 0, y  2(0)  3  3
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

Example 3 – Intercepts and Graph

Determine the intercepts of the graph of x = 3, and
sketch the graph.

Solution:
There is no y-intercept, because x cannot be 0.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

Example 7 – Graph of a Case-Defined Function

Graph the case-defined function
 x if 0  x < 3

f ( x)   x  1 if 3  x  5
 4 if 5 < x  7

Solution:
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.6 Symmetry
• A graph is symmetric about the y-axis when (-a,
b) lies on the graph when (a, b) does.
Example 1 – y-Axis Symmetry
Use the preceding definition to show that the graph
of y = x2 is symmetric about the y-axis.

Solution:
When (a, b) is any point on the graph, b  a 2.
When (-a, b) is any point on the graph, (a)2  a 2  b.
The graph is symmetric about the y-axis.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.6 Symmetry

• Graph is symmetric about the x-axis when (x, -y)

lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
• Graph is symmetric about the origin when (−x,−y)
lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
• Summary:
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.6 Symmetry

Example 3 – Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry

Test y = f (x) = 1− x4 for symmetry about the x-axis,

the y-axis, and the origin. Then find the intercepts
and sketch the graph.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.6 Symmetry
Example 3 – Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry

Solution:
Replace y with –y, not equivalent to equation.
Replace x with –x, equivalent to equation.
Replace x with –x and y with –y, not equivalent to
equation.
Thus, it is only symmetric about the y-axis.

Intercept at 1  x 4  0
x  1 or x  1
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.6 Symmetry

• A graph is symmetric about the y = x when (b, a)

and (a, b).

Example 5 – Symmetry about the Line y = x

Show that x2 + y2 = 1 is symmetric about the line
y = x.
Solution:
Interchanging the roles of x and y produces
y2 + x2 = 1 (equivalent to x2 + y2 = 1).
It is symmetric about y = x.
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs

2.7 Translations and Reflections

• 6 frequently used functions:
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.7 Translations and Reflections

• Basic types of transformation:

Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
2.7 Translations and Reflections

Example 1 – Horizontal Translation

Sketch the graph of y = (x − 1)3.
Solution: