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DIP Notes

The document provides lecture notes for a B.Tech course on Digital Image Processing, outlining course objectives, key topics, and applications in various fields such as medical imaging and remote sensing. It covers fundamental concepts including image enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and compression, along with practical skills in MATLAB. The course aims to equip students with a solid foundation in digital image processing techniques and their applications in real-world scenarios.

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3 views149 pages

DIP Notes

The document provides lecture notes for a B.Tech course on Digital Image Processing, outlining course objectives, key topics, and applications in various fields such as medical imaging and remote sensing. It covers fundamental concepts including image enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and compression, along with practical skills in MATLAB. The course aims to equip students with a solid foundation in digital image processing techniques and their applications in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

kallolr97
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (R18A0422) Lecture Notes [Link] (IV YEAR - I SEM) (2022-2023) Prepared by: Dr. N. Subash, Associate Professor [Link] Reddy, Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institution - UGC, Govt. of India) Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956 (AffliatedtoJNTUH, Hyderabad ApprovedbyAICTE-AccreditedbyNBA&NAAC~'A'Grado-1S09001:201 5Cerified) Maisammaguda Dhulapally(PostVia Kompally),Secunderabad~600100, TelanganaSiate, India ‘A CUTADEL OB LEARNING, MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY IV Year B. [Link]-I Sem L TPD C 4 Je 3 CORE ELECTIVE - IV (R18A0422) DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Course Objectives: The course objectives are: 1, Provide the student with the fundamentals of digital image processing 2. Give the students a taste of the applications of the theories taught in the subject. This will be achieved through the project and some selected lab sessions. 3. Introduce the students to some advanced topics in digital image processing. 4. Give the students a useful skill base that would allow them to carry out further study should they be interested and to work in the field. Digital image fundamentals & Image Transforms:- Digital Image fundamentals, Sampling and quantization, Relationship between pixels. Image Transforms: 2-D FFT, Properties. Walsh transforms, Hadamard Transform, Discrete cosine Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform, UNITIL Image enhancement (spatial domain) :Introduction, Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain, Enhancement Through Point Operation, Types of Point Operation, Histogram Manipulation, gray level Transformation, local or neighborhood operation, median filter, spatial domain high- pass filtering. ‘Image enhancement (Frequency domain): Filtering in Frequency Domain, Obtaining Frequency Domain Filters from Spatial Filters, Generating Filters Directly in the Frequency Domain, Low Pass (smoothing) and High Pass (sharpening) filters in Frequency Domain UNIT IIL Image Restoration: Degradation Model, Algebraic Approach to Restoration, Inverse Filtering, Least Mean Squate Filters, Constrained Least Squares Restoration. UNIT IV Image segmentation: Detection of discontinuities. Edge linking and boundary detection, Thresholding, Region oriented segmentation Morphological Image Processing: Dilation and Erosion, Dilation, Structuring Element Decomposition, Erosion, Combining Dilation and Erosion, Opening and Closing, the Hit or Miss Transformation. UNITV Image Compression: Redundancies and their Removal Methods, Fidelity Criteria, Image Compression Models, Huffinan and Arithmetic Coding, Error Free Compression, Lossy Compression, Lossy and Lossless Predictive Coding, Transform Based Compression, JPEG 2000 Standards. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Digital Image Processing- Rafeal C. Gonzalez, Richard E, Woods, 3" Edition, Pearson, 2008 2 Digital Image Processing- S Jayaraman, S. Essakkirajan, ‘7, Veerakumar-TMH,2010 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1 Digital Image Processing and analysis-human and computer vision application with using CVIP Tools — Scotte Umbaugh,2™Ed, CRC Press,2011 2, Introduction to Digital Image Processing with Matlab, Alasdair McAndrew, Thomson Course Technology 3. Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing-A.K. Jain,PHI,1989 4 Digital Image Processing and computer Vision-Somka, Halavac, Boyle - Cengage learning (Indian edition)2008, 5. Digital Image Processing using Matlab, Rafeal C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven L. Eddins, Pearson Education. 6, Introduction to Image Processing & [Link], [Link], CRCPress, 2010 7. Digital Image Processing with MATLAB & Labview - Vipula Singh Elsevier Course Outcomes: 1. Upon Successfully completing the course, the student should 2. Have an appreciation of the fundamentals of Digital Image Processing including the topics of filtering, transforms and morphology, and image analysis and compression 3. Be able to implement basic image processing algorithms in MATLAB. 4, Have the skill base necessary to further explore advanced topics of Digital Image Processing, 5. Be ina position to make a positive professional contribution in the field of Digital Image Processing, 6. At the end of the course the student should have a clear impression of the breadth and practical scope of Digital Image Processing and have arrived at a level of understanding that is the foundation for most of the work currently underway in this field. UNIT-I DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS & IMAGE TRANSFORMS Digital image fundamentals & Image Transforms:- Digital Image fundamentals, ‘Sampling and quantization, Relationship between pixels. Image Transforms: 2-D FFT, Properties, Walsh transforms, Hadamard Transform, Discrete cosine Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform. DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS: The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of digital computer. Digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of whieh has a particular location and value. These elements are called picture elements, image elements, pels and pixels. Pixel is the term used most widely to denote the elements of digital image. ‘An image is a two-dimensional function that represents a measure of some aracteristic such as brightness or color of a viewed scene. An image is a projection of a 3-D scene into a 2D projection plane. An image may be defined as a two-dimensional funetion f(y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of fat any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity of the image at that point. Ss) ua * ‘ Doin is, ¥ Set LY int asay iret tpn: Pie anes fas nate do, The term gray level is used often to refer to the intensity of monochrome images. Color images are formed by a combination of individual 2-D images. For example: The RGB color tem, a color image consists of three (red, green and blue) individual component images. For this reason many of the techniques developed for Monochrome images can be extended to color images by processing the three component images individually An image may be continuous with respect to the x- and y- coordinates and also in amplitude. Converting such an image to digital form requires that the coordinates, as well as the amplitude, be digitized, APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING .ce digital image processing has very wide applications and almost all of the technical fields are impacted by DIP, we will just discuss some of the major applications of DIP. Digital image proces: ng has a broad spectrum of applications, such as ‘+ Remote sensing via satellites and other spacecrafts ‘* Image transmission and storage for business applications ‘© Medical processing, + RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) ‘+ SONAR(Sound Navigation and Ranging) ‘© Acoustic image processing (The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acousties or hydro acoustics.) ‘+ Robotics and automated inspection of industrial parts Images acquired by satellites are useful in tracking of © Earth resources © Geographical mapping; ‘© Prediction of agricultural crops, ‘© Urban growth and weather monitoring * Flood and fire control and many other environmental applications, Space image applications include: ‘+ Recognition and analysis of objects contained in images obtained from de space-probe mis ions. ‘+ Image transmission and storage applications occur in broad cast television * Teleconferencing + Transmission of facsimile images(Printed documents and graphies) for office automation Communication over computer networks ‘* Closed-circuit television based security monitoring systems and ‘+ Inmilitary communications. Medical applications: ‘© Processing of chest X-rays © Cine angiograms * Projection images of transaxial tomography and + Medical images that occur in radiology nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) © Ultrasonic scanning IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX (IPT) is a collection of functions that extend the capability of the MATLAB numeric computing environment. These functions, and the expressiveness of the MATLAB language, make many image-processing operations easy to write in a compact, clear manner, thus providing a ideal software prototyping environment for the solution of image processing problem. Components of Image processing System: . Se Image copays Computer Mass sp Herdeopy ig seg Prot domain Figure: Components of Image processing System Image Sensors: With reference to sensing, two elements are required to acquire digital image. The first is a physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object we wish to image and second is specialized image processing hardware. 6 Specialize image processing hardware: It consists of the digitizer just mentioned, plus hardware that performs other primitive operations such as an arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic such addition and subtraction and logical operations in parallel on images Computer: It is a general purpose computer and can range from a PC to a supercomputer depending on the application. In dedicated applications, sometimes specially designed computer are used to achi ve a required level of performance Software: It consists of specialized modules that perform specific tasks a well designed package also includes capability for the user to write code, as a minimum, utilizes the specialized module. More sophisticated software packages allow the integration of these modules. Mass storage: This capability is a must in image processing applications. An image of size 1024 x1024 pixels, in which the intensity of each pixel is an 8- bit quantity requires one Megabytes of storage space if the image is not compressed .Image processing applications falls into three principal categories of storage i) Short term storage for use during processing, ii) On line storage for relatively fast retrieval iii) Archival storage such as magnetic tapes and disks Image display: Image displays in use today are mainly color TV monitors. These monitors are driven by the outputs of image and graphics displays cards that are an integral part of computer system. Hardcopy devices: The devices for recording image includes laser printers, Im cameras, heat sensitive devices inkjet units and digital units such as optical and CD ROM disk. Films provide the highest possible resolution, but paper is the obvious medium of choice for written applications Networking: It is almost a default function in any computer system in use today because of the large amount of data inherent in image processing applications. The key consideration in image is transmission bandwidth. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing: There are two categories of the steps involved in the image processing 1. Methods whose outputs are input are images. 2, Methods whose outputs are attributes extracted from those images, Quiputs of these stepsare generally images Wavelea © % Gperinaee [feces compara [[Memneiaee | rocessing fF Mutiresol Processing | | T I 2 Image g Retsocaten: [-] 4 Segmencaton | | g . toage |_| Representation) | Enhancement Knowledge Bute FY) & Description | | & oS 32 Problem a Ovject ka Domain’ —| Acquisition [=| cognition £ a Recogai é& Fig: Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing Image acquisition: It could be as simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally the image acquisition stage involves processing such scaling. Image Enhancement: It is among the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image processing. The idea behind this is to bring out details that are obscured or simply to highlight certain features of interest in image. Image enhancement is a very subjective area of image processing, Image Restoration: It deals with improving the appearance of an image. It is an objective approach, in the sense that restoration techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image processing. Enhancement, on the other hand is based on human subjective preferences regarding what constitutes a “good” enhancement result, ‘Output: image Color image processing: It is an area that is been gaining importance because of the use of digital images over the internet Color image processing deals with basically color models and their implementation in image processing applications. ‘Wavelets and Multi resolution Processing: These are the foundation for representing image in various degrees of resolution. Compression: It deals with techniques reducing the storage required to save an image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it over the network. It has to major approaches a) Lossless. Compression b) Lossy Compression Morphological processing: It deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation and description of shape and boundary of objects. It is majorly used in automated inspection applications. Representation and Description: It always follows the output of segmentation step that is, raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of an image or points in the region itself. In either case converting the data to a form suitable for computer processing is necessary. Recognition: It is the process that assigns label to an object based on its descriptors. It is the last step of image processing which use artificial intelligence of software. Knowledge base: Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image processing system in the form of a knowledge base. This knowledge may be as simple as detailing regions of an image where the information of the interest in known to be located. Thus limiting search that has to be conducted is in seeking the information. The knowledge base also can be quite complex such interrelated list of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problems or an image database containing high resolution satellite images of a region in connection with change detection application, ‘A Simple Image Model: ‘An image is denoted by a two dimensional function of the form f{x, y}. The value or amplitude of fat spatial coordinates {x,y} is a positive scalar quantity whose physical meaning is determined 9 by the source of the image. When an image is generated by a physical process, its values are proportional to energy radiated by a physical source. As a consequence, f(x,y) must be nonzero and finite; that is 0. pa) Case2: If pr=1 and ps=0 Now, p1 and p will no longer be adjacent (see m-adjacency definition) Then, the length of the shortest path will be 3 (p, pr, p2, pa) Case3: If p)=0 and ps= 1 The same applies here, and the shortest -m-path will be 3 (p, p2, p3, ps) Cased: If p)—1 and ps~ 1 The length of the shortest m-path will be 4 (p, pr p>, Pa P+) B

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