Chapter 1

Introduction
Executive Summary (Abstract)
The Dhaka Metrorail is a modern Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system designed to improve urban
transportation in Dhaka city by reducing traffic congestion and providing fast, safe, and reliable
travel. This report gives a complete overview of the Metrorail project, focusing on its structure,
technical components, financial system, and future development.
The study highlights the key materials used in construction such as reinforced concrete,
structural steel, and pre-stressed concrete segments, along with advanced rail systems,
electrical supply, and signaling technology. It also explains the rolling stock (EMU trains) and
modern systems like automated signaling, platform screen doors, and smart ticketing, which
ensure safety and efficiency.
From a financial perspective, the report discusses total project cost, cost breakdown,
maintenance expenses, and cost characteristics. It also explains the funding structure, where
the Government of Bangladesh and JICA play major roles. Income sources include passenger
fares, non-fare revenue (shops, advertising, parking), and future digital revenue opportunities.
The report further analyzes profitability, showing that while the system has high initial
investment and may not generate immediate profit, it provides strong long-term economic
benefits. Finally, it outlines future expansion plans through new MRT lines and integrated smart
transport systems.
In conclusion, the Dhaka Metrorail is a long-term national asset that plays a vital role in
transforming Dhaka into a modern, efficient, and sustainable urban city.
Background of Traffic Congestion in Dhaka
Dhaka city is one of the most crowded cities in the world. Every day, millions of people travel
for work, education, business, and other needs. Because of this huge number of daily
commuters, the city roads become extremely congested. Traffic jams are a regular problem,
especially during morning and evening rush hours.
In many cases, even a short distance takes a very long time to travel. Roads are filled with
buses, private cars, rickshaws, and other vehicles all competing for limited space. This creates
not only long delays but also stress, noise pollution, and loss of productivity. As a result, traffic
congestion has become one of the biggest urban problems in Dhaka city.

Need for Mass Rapid Transit System

Because of the severe traffic situation, Dhaka needed a modern and high-capacity transport
solution. Traditional road transport alone is not enough to handle the growing population and
increasing number of vehicles. This is why a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system became
necessary.
A mass rapid transit system can carry a large number of passengers quickly and efficiently,
reducing pressure on roads. It helps save time, reduce traffic congestion, and improve overall

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travel experience. For a mega city like Dhaka, such a system is not just an option but a
necessity to ensure smooth urban mobility and better quality of life.
Introduction to Metrorail (MRT Line-6 etc.)
To solve the transportation problem, the government of Bangladesh introduced the Metrorail
project under the name Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). The first and most important
operational line is MRT Line-6, which runs from Uttara North to Motijheel.
This line connects major residential areas in the north with the central business zone of Dhaka
city. It is designed as an elevated rail system, meaning it runs above the roads and avoids traffic
congestion completely. The trains are fully electric, modern, and air-conditioned, providing a
fast and comfortable travel experience for passengers.
MRT Line-6 is considered a landmark project because it is the first metro system in Bangladesh
and a major step toward modern public transportation in the country.
Purpose of the Report
The main purpose of this report is to understand the role and importance of the Metrorail system
in solving Dhaka’s traffic problem. It also aims to analyze how MRT Line-6 contributes to
improving urban transportation in Bangladesh.
In addition, the report helps to explain the benefits of metrorail such as time saving, reduced
traffic congestion, environmental improvement, and better commuting experience. It provide
a simple overview of how this modern transport system supports the development of Dhaka
city.

Scope of the Study

The scope of this study includes the overall discussion of the Metrorail system in Dhaka, especially
MRT Line-6. It covers the background of traffic problems, the need for mass rapid transit, and the basic
structure of the metro system.
The study also focuses on the benefits of metro rail for daily commuters and the city as a whole.
However, it does not go into very deep technical engineering details or financial calculations. Instead,
it mainly focuses on general understanding, impact, and importance of the system in simple term.

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 Chapter 02
Project overview

Implementing Authority: DMTCL

The Dhaka Metrorail project is implemented and operated by the Dhaka Mass Transit
Company Limited (DMTCL). It is a government-owned organization created specifically to
plan, build, operate, and maintain the metro rail system in Dhaka city. DMTCL works under
the Government of Bangladesh and is responsible for ensuring that the metro system runs
safely, efficiently, and on time.
Its main roles include managing construction works, operating train services, maintaining
stations and tracks, ensuring passenger safety, and planning future metro lines. In simple terms,
DMTCL is the main controlling body that handles everything related to the metro rail system
in Bangladesh. Without this organization, the metro system could not be properly managed or
expanded in a structured way.

Route and Phases: MRT Line-6 (Uttara to Motijheel & Extensions)

The first metro rail line in Bangladesh is MRT Line-6, which is currently the most important
and fully operational route. This line runs from Uttara North to Motijheel, covering one of
the busiest and most important corridors of Dhaka city. It connects a major residential zone in
the north with the central business and commercial areas of the city.
This project was not opened all at once. Instead, it was developed in phases, meaning different
sections were opened step by step. First, a part of the route from Uttara to Agargaon was
opened, and later it was extended to Motijheel. This phased development helped the authorities
test operations and gradually expand services for public use.
In the future, there are plans to expand the metro network beyond MRT Line-6. The government
aims to build multiple MRT lines that will connect different parts of Dhaka city and surrounding
areas. These extensions will create a full metro network, reducing pressure on road transport
even further.
Type of System: Elevated Metro Rail
The Dhaka Metrorail is mainly an elevated rail system, meaning the train tracks are built
above ground level on strong concrete pillars. This design allows the trains to run above road
traffic without any interruption. It is especially useful in a crowded city like Dhaka where land
is limited and roads are already heavily congested.
An elevated system is cheaper and faster to construct compared to fully underground metro
systems. It also reduces the need for large-scale digging, which is difficult in densely populated
urban areas. Because the tracks are above roads, it avoids traffic signals, road crossings, and
congestion completely, making travel smooth and time-efficient.

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Capacity and Speed Overview
The metrorail system is designed as a high-capacity public transport system, meaning it can
carry a very large number of passengers every day. Each train has multiple coaches and can
carry thousands of passengers in a single trip. During peak hours, trains arrive frequently to
handle high passenger demand.
The system is also designed for high speed and time reliability. Unlike buses or cars, metro
trains do not get delayed by traffic jams. They run on a fixed track and schedule, which ensures
consistent travel time. The average operating speed is around 80–100 km/h, which allows
passengers to travel long distances within a short time.
Key points:
• High passenger capacity (thousands per trip)
• Frequent train service during rush hours
• Average speed: ~80–100 km/h
• Fixed schedule (no traffic delay)

Strategic Importance for Dhaka City

The strategic importance of the Dhaka Metrorail is very high because it directly solves one of
the biggest problems of the city—severe traffic congestion. Dhaka is one of the most densely
populated cities in the world, and road-based transport alone is not enough to handle daily
passenger demand.
Metrorail helps by shifting a large number of passengers from road transport to rail transport.
This reduces the number of buses, cars, and rickshaws on the road, which directly decreases
traffic pressure. As a result, overall travel becomes faster, smoother, and more predictable.
From a broader perspective, the metro system improves productivity because people reach their
destinations on time. It also supports economic growth by improving mobility in business areas.
In the long term, it is a key infrastructure project that will transform Dhaka into a more modern
and well-organized mega city with an efficient public transport system.

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 Chapter 03
Technical Materials & Infrastructure
3.1Construction Materials (Overview)
The construction of the Dhaka Metrorail system requires strong and durable materials because
it supports heavy trains, thousands of passengers, and long-term daily operation. Since the
system is elevated, all structures must be highly stable, earthquake-resistant, and capable of
carrying continuous dynamic loads. For this reason, a combination of concrete and steel
materials is used in different parts of the infrastructure.
The main goal of using these materials is to ensure safety, strength, and long service life
(usually 50–100 years). Each material has a specific role in building different parts such as
pillars, stations, viaducts (tracks), and supporting structures.

3.2 Reinforced Concrete (Pillars and Stations)

Reinforced Concrete (RCC) is one of the most important materials used in the metrorail
project. It is made by combining concrete with steel bars (rebars), which makes it very strong
in both compression and tension. This material is mainly used for constructing pillars, station
buildings, and support structures.
In Dhaka Metrorail, tall concrete pillars support the elevated tracks. These pillars carry the full
weight of trains, tracks, and passengers. Stations are also built using reinforced concrete
because they must handle large crowds safely and remain stable for a long time. RCC is
preferred because it is strong, durable, and suitable for heavy infrastructure projects like metro
systems.

3.3 Structural Steel (Rails, Beams, and Support Parts)

Structural steel is another key material used in the metro rail system. Steel is mainly used where
high strength and flexibility are needed. It is used in parts like rail support beams, bridge
connections, and station frameworks.
Steel is important because it can handle heavy loads and vibrations created by moving trains.
The rails themselves are made of high-quality steel to ensure smooth movement of trains and
reduce wear and tear. Steel is also used in station roofing structures and connecting parts
because it provides flexibility and long-term durability.

3.4 Pre-stressed Concrete Segments (Viaduct/Track Sections)

Pre-stressed concrete is a special type of concrete that is strengthened using steel cables before
it carries any load. In the metro rail system, this material is mainly used for viaduct segments
(the elevated track pieces between pillars).
These pre-cast segments are manufactured in controlled conditions and then installed on-site
between the pillars. The pre-stressing process helps the concrete handle heavy loads and reduce
cracking. This is very important for metro rail because trains continuously pass over the same
structure every day

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This method also makes construction faster and more efficient because large sections can be
produced off-site and quickly assembled on location.

3.5 Rail System Components

3.5.1 Tracks and Sleepers
The tracks are one of the most important parts of the metro rail system because the trains run
directly on them. In Dhaka Metrorail, high-quality steel rails are used to ensure smooth and
stable movement of trains at high speed. These rails are designed to handle heavy loads and
continuous daily operation without deformation.
The rails are fixed on sleepers, which are support structures placed at regular intervals.
Sleepers help keep the rails in correct position and maintain proper distance between them. In
metro systems, concrete sleepers are commonly used because they are strong, durable, and can
handle vibration from moving trains. Together, tracks and sleepers form a stable base that
ensures safe and smooth train movement.

3.5.2 Overhead Catenary System (Electric Supply)

The Dhaka Metrorail runs on electricity, so it needs a continuous power supply system. This is
provided through the Overhead Catenary System (OCS). In this system, electric wires are
installed above the train tracks, and the train collects power through a device called a
pantograph placed on top of the train.
This system supplies high-voltage electricity needed to run the trains. It is very important
because it ensures continuous and uninterrupted operation of the metro system. Since the trains
are fully electric, this system also helps reduce air pollution compared to fuel-based transport.
The overhead design is safe and efficient, especially for elevated metro systems like Dhaka
MRT Line-6.

3.5.3 Signaling and Control Systems

The signaling and control system is the “brain” of the metro rail operation. It controls train
movement, speed, and safety on the track. In Dhaka Metrorail, modern automated signaling
technology is used to ensure that trains run at safe distances from each other and follow a fixed
schedule.
This system includes signals, sensors, communication networks, and control centers. The
control center monitors all train movements in real time and can adjust operations if needed. It
helps prevent accidents, reduces human error, and ensures smooth coordination between trains.
In simple words, this system makes sure that trains run safely, on time, and without collision.

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 3.6 Rolling Stock (Trains)
3.6.1 Lightweight Aluminum Body
The trains used in Dhaka Metrorail are made with a lightweight aluminum body, which is
very important for high-speed urban transport. Aluminum is used because it is strong but not
too heavy, which helps the train move faster while using less electricity.
A lighter train also reduces pressure on tracks and supporting structures, which increases the
overall life of the system. In addition, aluminum does not rust easily, so it is suitable for long-
term outdoor use. This makes the metro trains more durable, energy-efficient, and cost-
effective in the long run.

3.6.2 Electric Multiple Units (EMU)

Dhaka Metrorail uses Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) trains. In this system, each train has its
own electric motors built into multiple coaches instead of having a single engine at the front.
This design helps the train accelerate and stop more smoothly.
EMU trains are very suitable for metro systems because they provide better speed control,
higher efficiency, and less energy waste. Since power is distributed across different coaches,
the train can handle frequent stops and starts, which is very common in city metro routes. This
makes travel faster, smoother, and more reliable for passengers.

3.6.3 Air Conditioning and Safety Systems

The metrorail trains in Dhaka are fully air-conditioned, which ensures passenger comfort,
especially in the hot and humid climate of Bangladesh. Inside the train, temperature is
controlled, and ventilation is maintained so that passengers can travel comfortably even during
peak hours.
In terms of safety, the trains are equipped with modern safety systems such as automatic door
control, emergency brakes, fire detection systems, and CCTV monitoring. These features help
ensure passenger security during travel. The trains are also designed to stop precisely at stations
and maintain safe distances between other trains using advanced control systems.

3.7 Technology Used

3.7.1 Automated Signaling System
The Dhaka Metrorail uses a modern automated signaling system to control train movement
safely and efficiently. This system works like the “brain” of the metro network. It manages
train speed, distance between trains, and overall scheduling without relying only on manual
control.
With this technology, trains are constantly monitored from a central control room. It ensures
that two trains never come too close to each other, which helps prevent accidents. It also allows
trains to run at fixed intervals, so passengers do not have to wait too long. In simple words, this
system makes metro operation safer, faster, and more organized.

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3.7.2 Platform Screen Doors (PSD)
Another important technology used in metro stations is Platform Screen Doors. These are
glass doors installed at the edge of the platform that open and close along with the train doors.
This system improves safety by preventing passengers from falling onto the tracks. It also helps
control air flow inside stations and reduces dust and noise from the tunnel area. When the train
arrives, the doors of both the train and platform open together, and when boarding is complete,
they close at the same time.
This technology is widely used in modern metro systems around the world because it increases
passenger safety and improves station management.

3.7.3 Smart Ticketing System (MRT Pass/Cards)

The Dhaka Metrorail uses a smart ticketing system instead of traditional paper tickets.
Passengers use an MRT pass or rechargeable smart card to enter and exit stations. They
simply tap the card on electronic gates, and the fare is automatically deducted.
This system makes travel faster and more convenient because passengers do not need to buy
tickets every time. It also reduces long queues at stations and helps manage large passenger
flow efficiently. The smart card system is cashless, secure, and easy to use, especially for daily
commuters.

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 Chapter 04
Project Cost Analysis
4.1 Total Project Cost
4.1.1 Overall Estimated Cost of Dhaka
Metrorail
The total cost of the Dhaka Metrorail (MRT
Line-6) project has been estimated at around
Tk 33,000–33,500 crore (Bangladeshi
Taka) after several revisions. According to
government planning and ECNEC-approved
reports, the latest revised cost is
approximately Tk 33,471.99 crore for the
full MRT Line-6 project. This includes
construction, trains, electrical systems,
stations, and other infrastructure works.
This cost has increased over time due to
project extensions, design changes, and additional infrastructure needs such as station
expansion and system upgrades. The project is one of the largest public transport investments
in Bangladesh’s history and is mainly financed through a combination of government funds
and international loans.
4.1.2 Cost Structure (How the Money is Used)
The total project cost is not spent in one area only. It is divided into different components based
on construction and operational needs. A large portion is used for civil construction such as
elevated viaducts, stations, and depots. Another major portion is spent on electrical systems,
signaling technology, and trains (rolling stock).
A significant share of funding also comes from Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) as a long-term loan, while the Government of Bangladesh provides the remaining
portion. This financial structure helps manage such a large infrastructure project over many
years.
4.1.3 Key Cost Breakdown (Simple View)
Although exact detailed breakdowns may vary by revision, the overall cost can be understood
in this simple way:
✓ Civil construction (pillars, stations, viaducts) – largest portion
✓ Electrical & mechanical systems – power supply, signaling, automation
✓ Rolling stock (trains) – imported modern EMU trains
✓ Land acquisition & utility relocation – shifting existing infrastructure
✓ Project management & consultancy – design, supervision, and planning

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4.1.4 Source of Funding
The metro rail project is mainly funded through two sources. A large part comes from foreign
loans, especially from JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), and the rest is
financed by the Government of Bangladesh. In many reports, it is mentioned that around 70–
75% of the funding is from JICA loans, while the remaining portion is covered by the
government [Link] combination of funding allows Bangladesh to implement such a large-
scale transport project without putting full pressure on national resources at once.
4.1.5 Simple Understanding of Project Scale
To understand the size of the project, it is important to note that MRT Line-6 is not just a
railway line. It includes elevated tracks, modern stations, advanced signaling systems, electric
trains, and supporting infrastructure. That is why the cost is very high compared to normal road
or bus projects.
In simple terms, this project is a long-term investment for Dhaka city. Even though the cost is
large, it is expected to save time, reduce traffic congestion, and improve productivity for
millions of people every day in the future.

4.2 Cost Breakdown

Civil Construction (Stations, Viaducts)
A large portion of the metro rail budget is used for
civil construction, which includes stations,
elevated viaducts, pillars, and depots. Since the
Dhaka Metrorail runs on elevated tracks, strong
concrete structures are needed along the entire
route to safely support trains and passengers.
Each station is also a major construction work.
Stations include platforms, escalators, lifts, ticket
counters, and waiting areas. These are designed to
handle thousands of passengers every day.
Because of this large-scale construction and long-
term durability requirements, civil work becomes
the most expensive part of the project.
Electrical & Mechanical Systems
The electrical and mechanical systems include all technical equipment needed to operate the
metro rail. This covers the overhead power supply system, signaling system, communication
system, escalators, elevators, ventilation, and fire safety systems.
These systems are very important because they control train movement, provide electricity, and
ensure passenger safety. Since most of these technologies are advanced and often imported,
they require a significant part of the total cost.

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Train Procurement
Another major cost is the purchase of metro trains, also called rolling stock. These are modern
Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) trains designed for high-speed and high-capacity urban transport.
Each train includes air-conditioning, automatic doors, braking systems, passenger information
displays, and safety features. Since these trains are built with advanced technology and usually
imported from other countries, they are very expensive and form a big part of the total project
cost.
Land Acquisition
Land acquisition is the cost of buying land needed for building stations, depots, and supporting
infrastructure. It also includes compensation for people and businesses affected by
construction.
In a busy and densely populated city like Dhaka, land is very expensive and difficult to acquire.
Even small areas can have high value, so this becomes an important part of the total project
cost.
Consultancy and Planning
This includes the cost of design, engineering studies, project supervision, and expert advice
from both local and international consultants. These experts help in planning the metro route,
station design, safety systems, and construction methods.
Since metro rail is a highly technical project, international consultants are often involved to
ensure global standards are followed. Although this cost is smaller compared to construction,
it is still very important for successful project completion.

4.3 Maintenance Cost

Annual Maintenance Expenses
After the construction of the Metrorail system, a continuous amount of money is needed every
year to keep it running properly. This is called annual maintenance cost. It includes repairing
tracks, checking stations, maintaining trains, and upgrading technical systems when needed.
Since metro rail is a high-tech transport system, regular inspection is very important to ensure
safety and smooth operation. Small repairs are done frequently to avoid big technical problems
in the future. This maintenance helps increase the lifespan of the system and keeps it reliable
for daily passengers.
Staff Salaries
Another important part of maintenance cost is the payment of staff salaries. The metro rail
system requires a large number of employees, including train operators, station staff, security
personnel, engineers, technicians, and administrative workers.
Each group plays an important role in keeping the system safe and functional. For example,
station staff manage passenger flow, engineers monitor technical systems, and security staff
ensure safety inside stations and trains. All these employees need regular salaries, which
become a continuous operational expense.

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Electricity Consumption
Electricity is the main energy source for running the Metrorail system, so electricity cost is a
major part of maintenance expenses. The trains run on electric power supplied through the
overhead catenary system, and stations also use electricity for lighting, escalators, elevators,
air conditioning, and control systems.
Since trains operate many hours every day and carry thousands of passengers, electricity
consumption is very high. However, even though it is expensive, electric transport is still more
efficient and environmentally friendly compared to fuel-based transport systems.

Chapter 05
Funding Structure
5.1 Government Fnding (Bangladesh Budget Allocation)
The Metrorail project in Dhaka is mainly funded by the
Government of Bangladesh through the national budget.
Every year, a portion of the Annual Development
Programme (ADP) is allocated for the construction and
development of the metro system. This includes
spending on building infrastructure, supporting
construction work, and managing local project activities.
Since the project is very large and expensive, the cost is
divided over multiple years instead of paying everything
at once. This helps the government manage financial
pressure while ensuring continuous progress of the
project. It also shows that the metro rail is a national
priority project for improving urban transportation in
Dhaka city.
Government funding is essential because it keeps the project running smoothly and ensures
that construction and expansion are not delayed. Without this continuous support from the
national budget, such a large infrastructure project would not be possible.

5.2 Foreign Assistance

Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Loan/Support
The Dhaka Metrorail project receives a major portion of its funding from foreign assistance,
especially from the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA is a
development organization of Japan that provides loans and technical support to developing
countries for large infrastructure projects.
In the case of Dhaka MRT Line-6, JICA has provided a long-term concessional loan, which
means the loan has lower interest rates and a longer repayment period compared to normal
commercial loans. This makes it easier for Bangladesh to manage such a large and expensive
project without creating heavy financial pressure at once.

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Apart from financial support, JICA also plays an important role in providing technical
expertise. Japanese engineers and consultants have helped in designing the metro system,
selecting technology, and ensuring safety standards. Many of the systems used in Dhaka
Metrorail, such as trains, signaling, and construction methods, are influenced by Japanese
metro technology.
This partnership is very important because Japan has long experience in building advanced
metro systems. As a result, Bangladesh benefits not only from funding but also from modern
knowledge and high-quality technology transfer.

5.3 Loan Repayment System

Long-term Repayment Model
The loan taken from JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) for the Dhaka
Metrorail project follows a long-term repayment system. This means Bangladesh does not
need to repay the full loan quickly. Instead, the repayment is spread over a long period, usually
several decades. This type of system is very helpful for large infrastructure projects because it
reduces immediate financial pressure on the [Link] metro rail is a long-term public
service project, the repayment plan is designed in a way that matches the long economic life of
the system. The income generated from passenger fares in the future will also help support
repayment.
Interest Considerations
The JICA loan is a concessional loan, which means it has a lower interest rate compared to
normal international loans. This is very important because it reduces the total repayment burden
on Bangladesh.
In addition, the repayment terms are flexible, often including a grace period where repayment
starts after a few years of project completion. This allows the metro system to become fully
operational and financially stable before major repayments begin. As a result, the financial risk
is reduced and the country gets more time to generate revenue from the system.

5.4 Financial Risk Sharing

Government Responsibility
In the Dhaka Metrorail project, the Government of Bangladesh carries a major part of the
financial responsibility. This includes repaying a portion of the foreign loan, managing local
funding, and ensuring that the project continues smoothly even if costs increase.
The government also takes responsibility for operational support in the early stages when
passenger revenue is still developing. This ensures that the metro system runs without
interruption and continues to serve the public effectively.
Project Sustainability Strategy
To make the metro rail financially sustainable in the long term, several strategies are used. The
main source of income will come from ticket fares, but additional revenue is also planned from

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commercial activities such as shop rentals inside stations, advertising spaces, and parking
facilities.
Another important strategy is increasing passenger usage over time. As more people start using
the metro instead of road transport, revenue will increase and operational costs will become
more balanced. This helps the system become more self-sustaining in the future.

Chapter 06
Revenue and Income Sources
6.1 Passenger Fare (Primary Income)
Ticket Pricing System
Passenger fare is the main source of income for the Dhaka
Metrorail system. The ticket price is designed in a
distance-based system, meaning passengers pay
according to how far they travel. The longer the journey,
the higher the fare. This system is fair because it charges
people based on usage.
The fare is collected through a smart card system (MRT
pass) or single journey tickets. Most regular passengers
prefer the smart card because it is faster, cashless, and
convenient. The government keeps the fare at a reasonable
level so that people from different income groups can use
the metro easily. However, the fare is also set in a way that
helps cover operating costs in the long run.
Daily Ridership Impact
The income from passenger fare depends heavily on daily ridership (number of passengers
using the metro each day). As more people use the metro, the revenue increases significantly.
In a busy city like Dhaka, thousands of passengers travel during peak hours, which creates a
strong income base for the system.
High ridership is very important for financial sustainability because it helps cover electricity
costs, staff salaries, and maintenance expenses. When more people shift from buses and private
cars to metro rail, not only traffic congestion reduces, but the financial performance of the
system also improves.
In simple words, the success of metro rail income depends on how many passengers use it
every day and how efficiently the fare system is managed.

6.2 Non-Fare Revenue

Station Retail Shops
Apart from ticket income, the metro rail system also earns money from retail shops inside or
near stations. These shops are rented to businesses such as food outlets, convenience stores,

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coffee shops, and small retail brands. Since metro stations have a large daily passenger flow,
these shops get high customer traffic.
Because of this high demand, shop rent becomes a stable and continuous income source for the
metro authority. It also improves passenger convenience because people can buy daily needs
while traveling.
Advertisement Boards
Another important source of income is advertising. Large advertisement boards are placed
inside stations, on platforms, and sometimes on metro trains. Companies pay money to display
their ads because metro stations have thousands of daily passengers, which gives high visibility.
These advertisements include billboards, digital screens, posters, and brand campaigns. This
makes advertising a very profitable non-fare revenue source for the metro system.

Passenger Growth / Ridership

This graph shows the growth of daily passengers in Dhaka Metro Rail (MRT Line-6) over
time.
It clearly shows that passenger use is increasing step by step from the launch in Dec 2022 to
future projections in 2025–2026. At the beginning, the number of passengers was very low
(around 20,000–80,000 per day). After that, it steadily increased as more stations and routes
became active.
A major jump is seen around Nov 2023, when the Motijheel extension opened. After this, daily
passengers increased sharply to around 200,000+, showing that more people started using the
metro when it became more accessible.
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From 2024 onward, the graph shows steady growth, reaching around 300,000+ passengers
per day. The dashed line (projected growth) shows that in the future, especially after full
expansion and integration, daily passengers may reach close to 600,000 per day.

Commercial Leasing in Stations

The metro authority can also
generate income by leasing
commercial spaces inside
stations. These spaces are given
to banks, service centers,
restaurants, or other businesses
under rental agreements.
Since metro stations are located
in busy and important areas of the
city, commercial space has high
market value. Leasing these areas
creates a long-term and stable
income stream that supports
operational costs.
Parking Facilities
Many metro stations provide parking facilities for cars, motorcycles, and bicycles.
Passengers who travel part of their journey by private transport can park their vehicles and use
the metro for faster travel.
These parking services are usually paid, which creates another source of income for the metro
system. At the same time, it encourages people to use public transport, reducing road traffic
congestion.

6.3 Digital Revenue Potential

Smart Card System Data Usage
The Dhaka Metrorail uses a smart card (MRT pass) system, which is not only useful for fare
collection but also creates digital data. Every time a passenger taps in or taps out, the system
records travel details like route, time, and passenger flow.
This data is very valuable because it helps the authority understand passenger behavior, peak
hours, and busy routes. In the future, this information can also be used for planning better
services and improving station management. With proper privacy control, this type of data can
also be used for business insights, such as helping advertisers target specific passenger groups
more effectively.

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Future App-Based Services
In the future, the metro system can expand its services through mobile apps and digital
platforms. A dedicated metro app can provide features like online ticket purchase, route
planning, real-time train tracking, and balance recharge for smart cards.
These digital services can also become a source of income. For example, the app can include
advertisements, premium features, or service fees for convenience-based services. In
addition, integration with mobile payment systems (like bKash or Nagad) can make
transactions easier and more efficient.
As technology improves, metro rail systems around the world are moving toward smart
transportation ecosystems, where digital services play a major role in both passenger
convenience and revenue generation.

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 Chapter 07
Operational Cost vs Income Analysis
7.1 Operating Costs
Electricity Usage
One of the biggest operating costs of the Dhaka Metrorail system is electricity consumption.
Since the trains run on electric power, a continuous supply of electricity is needed throughout
the day. This power is used not only for running the trains but also for station facilities such as
lighting, escalators, elevators, air-conditioning, signaling systems, and control rooms.
Because trains operate frequently and carry thousands of passengers daily, electricity demand
remains very high. However, even though it is a major cost, electric transport is still more
efficient and environmentally friendly compared to fuel-based transport systems like buses or
cars.
Staff Salaries
Another important part of operating cost is staff salaries. A large number of employees are
required to run the metro system smoothly. This includes train operators, station managers,
ticketing staff, security personnel, maintenance engineers, cleaning staff, and administrative
officers.
Each group plays a specific role in ensuring safe and efficient service. For example, operators
control train movement, station staff manage passenger flow, and security staff ensure safety
inside stations and trains. All these employees require regular monthly salaries, making it a
continuous and significant operating expense.
Maintenance and Repairs
The metro rail system also requires regular maintenance and repair work to ensure safety
and long-term performance. This includes inspection of tracks, servicing of trains, repairing
electrical systems, maintaining escalators and elevators, and updating signaling equipment.
Since the system operates daily with heavy passenger loads, small technical issues can occur
over time. Regular maintenance helps prevent major breakdowns and ensures smooth
operation. Although this cost is ongoing, it is essential to maintain safety, reliability, and
efficiency of the entire system.

7.2 Income Estimation

Ticket Revenue (Per Day / Month / Year)
The main income of Dhaka Metrorail comes from ticket fares paid by passengers. Since
thousands of people use the metro every day, it generates a steady flow of revenue. The actual
income depends on passenger numbers, travel distance, and ticket pricing.
On a daily basis, revenue increases during peak hours (morning and evening) when office
workers and students travel. On a monthly basis, this becomes a stable income source as
regular commuters use smart cards. Over a year, the total revenue becomes very significant
due to continuous high passenger demand.
Although exact income varies, the key idea is that as ridership increases, ticket revenue also
increases. This makes passenger usage the most important factor in metro financial
performance.
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 Chapter 08
Future Expansion Plan

MRT Line-1, Line-4, Line-5 Development

The future expansion plan of Dhaka Metrorail includes the development of multiple new metro
lines such as MRT Line-1, MRT Line-4, and MRT Line-5. These lines are planned to
improve connectivity across different parts of Dhaka city and its surrounding areas. Each line
will serve different routes and passenger groups, helping to reduce pressure on MRT Line-6.
Among these, MRT Line-1 is designed to include both elevated and underground sections,
making it one of the most advanced metro projects in Bangladesh. MRT Line-4 and Line-5 will
further expand coverage, connecting new residential, commercial, and industrial zones.
Together, these lines will form a complete metro network for the capital city.
Expansion Across Dhaka Metropolitan Region
The long-term goal of the metro system is to expand beyond the central areas of Dhaka and
cover the entire metropolitan region. This includes connecting suburban areas, entry points of
the city, and major traffic corridors.
This expansion will help reduce congestion not only in central Dhaka but also in surrounding
areas where daily commuter traffic is very high. As a result, people living outside the city center
will also benefit from fast and reliable transport.
Integration with Bus and Rail Systems
Future transport planning also focuses on integration between different transport systems.
This means metro rail will be connected with buses, railway stations, and other public transport
services.

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With proper integration, passengers can easily transfer from one transport mode to another
using a single system or coordinated ticketing. This will reduce travel time, improve
convenience, and create a more organized public transport network in Dhaka.
Smart Transport Ecosystem Development
The future vision includes developing a smart transport ecosystem where technology plays
a central role. This includes mobile apps, digital ticketing, real-time tracking, automated fare
systems, and data-based transport management.
In such a system, passengers can plan their journeys easily using smartphones, check train
schedules in real time, and use digital payment methods. This will make the entire transport
system more efficient, modern, and user-friendly.
Future Passenger Capacity Increase
As new metro lines are added and existing lines become more efficient, the overall passenger
capacity of the system will increase significantly. More trains will operate, and more stations
will be added to handle growing demand.
With increasing urban population in Dhaka, this expansion is very important to ensure smooth
transportation in the future. Higher capacity will reduce overcrowding in buses and roads,
making daily commuting faster and more comfortable for millions of people

Chapter 09
Challenges & Limitations.
High Construction Cost
One of the biggest challenges of the Metrorail project is its very high construction cost.
Building an elevated metro system requires strong pillars, advanced stations, modern trains,
and complex electrical systems. All these components need a huge amount of investment.
Because of this, the project takes many years to complete and requires continuous financial
support from the government and foreign loans. This high cost also puts pressure on the
national budget.
Land Acquisition Issues
Another major challenge is land acquisition. In a densely populated city like Dhaka, land is
very expensive and limited. To build stations, depots, and supporting structures, the
government needs to purchase land from private owners and sometimes relocate existing
buildings.
This process is often slow and complicated because it involves compensation disputes, legal
procedures, and relocation problems. As a result, land acquisition can delay construction work
and increase project costs.
Technical Dependency on Foreign Experts

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The Dhaka Metrorail system depends heavily on foreign technical experts, especially from
countries like Japan. Many advanced systems such as signaling, train control, and electrical
systems are designed and managed with foreign assistance.
Although this ensures high quality and safety, it also creates dependency. Local engineers are
still learning these advanced technologies, so in some cases Bangladesh needs external support
for maintenance and system upgrades.
Maintenance Complexity
Metro rail is a highly complex system that requires regular and advanced maintenance work.
It includes checking trains, repairing tracks, maintaining electrical systems, and updating
signaling equipment.
Because the system runs continuously with heavy passenger loads, even small technical
problems can affect service. This makes maintenance both expensive and technically
challenging. Skilled engineers and proper planning are always required to keep the system
running smoothly.
Crowd Management Issues
Another important challenge is crowd management, especially during peak hours. Thousands
of passengers travel at the same time in the morning and evening, which creates heavy pressure
at stations and platforms.
Managing entry, exit, ticketing, and boarding becomes difficult when stations are overcrowded.
If not properly controlled, it can lead to long queues and passenger discomfort. Therefore,
efficient management systems and staff coordination are very important to handle large crowds.

Chapter 10
Risk Analysis
Financial Risk (Loan Repayment Burden)
One of the main risks of the Metrorail project is financial risk, especially related to loan
repayment. A large portion of the project cost is funded by foreign loans, mainly from JICA.
Although the loan is long-term and low-interest, it still creates a repayment burden for the
government.
If passenger revenue and non-fare income are not enough in the early years, the government
may need to cover operating costs and loan repayments from the national budget. This can
create pressure on public finances, especially if the system does not reach expected income
levels quickly.
Operational Risk (System Failure)
Operational risk refers to problems that may occur during daily metro operations. Since the
system is highly technical, there is always a possibility of technical faults such as signaling
errors, power supply issues, or train breakdowns.
If any major system failure occurs, it can disrupt services and affect thousands of passengers.
Because the metro runs on a strict schedule, even small technical issues can cause delays and

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crowding. Therefore, strong maintenance and backup systems are very important to reduce this
risk.
Demand Risk (Ridership Fluctuations)
Another important risk is demand risk, which means uncertainty in passenger usage. The
financial success of the metro depends heavily on daily ridership. If fewer people use the metro
than expected, income from ticket fares will be lower.
Ridership may fluctuate due to factors such as ticket price, alternative transport options,
weather conditions, or changes in travel behavior. If demand is lower than expected, it can
affect both revenue and long-term sustainability of the system.
Political and Project Delay Risks
The metro rail project is also exposed to political and project delay risks. Large infrastructure
projects often depend on government decisions, policies, and administrative support. Changes
in political priorities or delays in approvals can slow down project progress.
In addition, issues such as land disputes, funding delays, or coordination problems between
agencies can also delay construction and expansion. These delays increase project cost and
extend the time needed to complete the system.

Chapter 11
Conclusion
The Dhaka Metrorail system is one of the most important infrastructure projects in Bangladesh.
It was developed mainly to solve the severe traffic congestion problem in Dhaka city, where
people waste a large amount of time every day in traffic jams. Through fast, safe, and reliable
electric train services, the metro system has introduced a modern solution for urban
transportation.
Throughout this report, it is clear that Metrorail is not only a transport system but also a
complete development project involving advanced technology, high investment, and long-term
planning. It includes modern construction materials, electric train systems, smart ticketing, and
advanced signaling technology. All these elements work together to improve daily commuting
and reduce pressure on road transport.
Metrorail as a Long-Term National Asset
Metrorail should be considered a long-term national asset rather than just a transport project.
Although it required a very high initial investment, its benefits will continue for many decades.
It improves mobility, reduces travel time, and increases productivity for millions of people in
Dhaka city.
In addition, it supports economic growth by improving business efficiency and reducing fuel
consumption. It also contributes to environmental improvement by reducing air pollution and
traffic congestion. Over time, the system will become more financially stable as passenger
demand increases and new metro lines are added.

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Final Evaluation: Essential for Dhaka’s Future Urban Development
In conclusion, the Metrorail system is essential for the future development of Dhaka city.
Without a modern mass transit system, the city will continue to face increasing traffic problems,
pollution, and time loss.
The metro rail provides a long-term solution by creating a fast, organized, and efficient
transport network. It is a key step toward transforming Dhaka into a modern metropolitan city
with improved infrastructure and better quality of life.
Therefore, it can be strongly concluded that the Dhaka Metrorail is not just an infrastructure
project, but a necessary foundation for sustainable urban development in Bangladesh’s future.

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