Experiment: (01) To construct a two-input AND gate using diodes and verify
its truth table.
Apparatus:
Breadboard, two 1kΩ resistors, one 10kΩ resistor, two diodes (1N914), two
switches, LED, 5V power supply, connecting wires.
Procedure (Easy Steps):
Connect the +5V supply to the breadboard and make a common positive
line. Connect ground (0V) as well.
Take two 1kΩ resistors and connect one end of each resistor to +5V.
Connect the other ends of these resistors to points A and B (inputs).
Connect switch S1 between point A and ground, and switch S2 between
point B and ground.
Connect two diodes:
First diode from A to output Y
Second diode from B to output Y
(Keep cathodes towards output Y)
Connect a 10kΩ resistor between +5V and output Y.
Connect LED:
Negative terminal to output Y
Positive terminal to ground
Turn ON the power supply and test different input combinations using
switches.
Observation:
When both switches are OFF → LED glows
When any one switch is ON → LED does not glow
Truth Table:
A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
Result:
The AND gate is verified. Output is HIGH only when both inputs are HIGH.
Experiment: (02) NOT Gate (RTL)
Aim:
To construct a single input NOT gate using RTL and verify its truth table.
Apparatus:
Breadboard, 15kΩ resistor, 1kΩ resistor, NPN transistor (2N4124 or equivalent),
LED, switches, 5V supply, wires.
Procedure:
Arrange the circuit on the breadboard as shown in the diagram.
Keep the switch open and turn ON the power supply.
Input A = 0, Output Y = 1 → LED will glow.
Now close the switch.
Input A = 1, Output Y = 0 → LED will turn OFF.
Switch OFF the power supply after completing the experiment.
Truth Table:
A Y
0 1
1 0
Result:
The NOT gate is verified. Output is the inverse of input.
Experiment: (03) NAND Gate (DTL)
Aim:
To construct a two-input NAND gate using DTL and verify its truth table.
Apparatus:
Breadboard, two 10kΩ resistors, one 4.7kΩ resistor, two 2N2222 transistors,
LED, switches, 5V/6V supply, wires.
Procedure:
Arrange the circuit on the breadboard as shown in the diagram.
Apply power supply and test inputs using switches S1 and S2.
Check output for all combinations:
A = 0, B = 0 → LED ON (Y = 1)
A = 1, B = 0 → LED ON (Y = 1)
A = 0, B = 1 → LED ON (Y = 1)
A = 1, B = 1 → LED OFF (Y = 0)
Turn OFF power supply after experiment.
Truth Table:
A B Y
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
Result:
The NAND gate is verified. Output is LOW only when both inputs are HIGH.
Experiment No. 52
Objective:
To construct a two-input OR gate using digital logic components and verify its
truth table.
Apparatus:
Breadboard
One 10 kΩ resistor
Two 1 kΩ resistors
Two 1N914 diodes (or equivalent)
Two switches (S₁, S₂)
Connecting wires
5V power supply
One LED
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
An OR gate is a digital logic gate that gives output 1 (HIGH) if any one or both
inputs are HIGH.
The output is 0 (LOW) only when both inputs are LOW.
Truth Table:
A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
Procedure:
Arrange the circuit on the breadboard as shown in the diagram.
Connect two 1 kΩ resistors to inputs A and B.
Connect the +5V supply to the common junction of resistors and ground
the circuit.
Connect diodes D₁ and D₂ properly as shown.
Connect the LED at the output (Y) to observe the result.
Turn ON the power supply.
Observations:
Keep both switches OFF → LED is OFF (Y = 0)
Turn ON S₁ only → LED glows (Y = 1)
Turn ON S₂ only → LED glows (Y = 1)
Turn ON both S₁ and S₂ → LED glows (Y = 1)
Result:
The OR gate is successfully constructed and its truth table is verified.
Precautions:
Make all connections carefully.
Connect diodes in correct polarity.
Do not use voltage more than +5V.
Connect LED with correct polarity.
Use proper resistors (1/4 watt).