CE 48/D 1

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connection-architecture-wallpaper-qzcq
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connection-architecture-wallpaper-qzcq

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connection-architecture-wallpaper-qzcq
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metal-bridge-trusses-construction-road-
connection-architecture-wallpaper-qzcq
Prepared by: [Link]
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES F. CABAHUG, CE metal-bridge-trusses-construction-road-
ENGR. SHEENA ANNE C. ECHAGUE, CE
Faculty, CE Department connection-architecture-wallpaper-qzcq
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology FOR EDUCATIONAL
Palawan State University PURPOSES ONLY
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This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

Title

It shows the specific topic of the module.

overview

The topics in this module are included in this section.

Lecture proper
A brief debate on the lectures is given in this section. It helps you
explore new ideas and capabilities.

Practice problems
It involves questions or an expression that sets out the concepts
and wordings that you learned from real-life circumstances.

assessment
It is a job aimed at evaluating your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.

Supplementary knowledge
In this segment you will improve your awareness or experience
through the lectures as an additional practice.

Answer key

This contains answers to all activities in the module.

references

This is a list of all sources that this module uses for creation.
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Overview

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
❖ The course covers the theory of structures analysis as applied to indeterminate
structures such as indeterminate beams, planar and space frames and trusses
subject to static loads; method of consistent deformation; three-moment equation;
slope-deflection method; moment distribution; energy methods, matrix methods;
and approximate method of analysis.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
❖ Apply the fundamental principles of structural analysis for indeterminate
structures.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
➢ Formulate solutions on complex civil engineering problems by applying
knowledge in mathematics and science.
➢ Conduct research and experiment using techniques, skills and modern
engineering tools needed for civil engineering practice.
➢ Demonstrate professional and ethical obligation by designing a standard-
setting system, component or method to fulfill desirable needs under realistic
constraints.
➢ Communicate effectively civil engineering activities with engineering and
society at large.

TIME FRAME:
<<<<<<<<<< This module can be covered in two weeks. >>>>>>>>>
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Lecture 1
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD:
DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADS

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this lesson the student should be able to solve problems on
deflections of Trusses due to external loads using the virtual work method.

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK

The principle of virtual work was developed by John Bernoulli in 1717 and sometimes
referred to as unit-load method.

∑ 𝑃 ∙ ∆ = ∑ 𝑢 ∙ 𝛿 𝑒𝑞. 1

Based on this concept, the principle of virtual work will now be developed.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
Virtual loadings

1 ∙ ∆ = 𝛴𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝐿 𝑒𝑞. 2
Real displacement

Where:
P’ = 1 = external virtual unit load acting in the direction of Δ.
u = internal virtual load acting on the element in the direction of dL.
Δ = external displacement caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.

In the same idea;

Virtual loadings

1 ∙ 𝜃 = 𝛴𝑢𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝐿 𝑒𝑞. 3
Real displacement
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Where:
M’ = 1 = external virtual unit couple moment acting in the direction of θ.
uθ = internal virtual load acting on the element on the direction of dL.
θ = external rotational displacement or slope in radians caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.
Determination of displacement due to external loadings
𝑁𝐿
From strength of materials, truss element deformation is 𝑑𝐿 = ∑ 𝐴𝐸, thus the virtual
work equation for the truss is;
𝑛𝑁𝐿
1∙∆= ∑ 𝑒𝑞. 4
𝐴𝐸
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of Δ.
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit
load.
Δ = external joint displacement caused by the real loads on the truss.
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads.
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity of a member

EXAMPLE 1.1

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is
400mm2 and E = 200GPa, a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4kN
force is applied to the truss at C.

FIGURE 1.1
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SOLUTION:
SOLUTION 1.1

For virtual force, n

Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be determined, a virtual force of
1kN is applied at C in a vertical downward direction. The support reaction at A and B
are calculated and the n force in each member is determined by the method of joints.

For real force, N

The joint analysis of A and B when the real load of 4kN is applied to the truss
is shown in the figure.
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Virtual-work equation:
Since AE is constant for every member of the truss, each of the term nNL can
be arranged in tabular form and compute. Here, positive indicates tensile forces and
negative for compressive forces.

Member n (kN) N (kN) L nNL (kN2.m)

AB 0.667 2 8 10.67
AC -0.833 2.5 5 -10.41
CB -0.833 -2.5 5 10.41
total 10.67

Thus;

𝑛𝑁𝐿 10.67
1∙∆= ∑ =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

Substitute the values of A and E as given in the problem, then;

Δcv = 0.000133m or 0.133mm
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Lecture 2
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD:
DUE TO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this lesson the student should be able to solve problems on
deflections of Trusses due to change in temperature using the virtual work method.

In some cases, truss members may change their length due to temperature, if
𝝰 is the coefficient of thermal expansion and ΔT is the change in temperature,
therefore:

1 ∙ ∆ = ∑ 𝑛𝛼∆𝑇𝐿 𝑒𝑞. 5

Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of Δ.
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit
load.
Δ = external joint displacement due to the temperature change.
𝝰 = coefficient of thermal expansion of a member.
ΔT = change in temperature of the truss member
L = length of member

EXAMPLE 1.2

Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in the
figure. Due to the heating from the wall AD is subjected to an increase in temperature
of ΔT = +60oC, take 𝝰 = 1.08x10-5/oC and E = 200GPa. The cross sectional area of
members AD, CD, BC, and AB are 1200mm2 and 900mm2 for member AC.

D C

A B

FIGURE 2.1
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SOLUTION 2.1

Virtual force, n
A vertical 1kN virtual load in downward direction is applied to the truss at joint
C, and the forces in the members are computed;

Real force, N;
The entire real-force analysis is shown:

Virtual-work equation;
Both loads and temperature affect the deformation therefore:
𝑛𝑁𝐿
1 ∙ ∆𝑐𝑣 = ∑ + ∑ 𝑛𝛼∆𝑇𝐿
𝐴𝐸

0.75(600)(1.8) 1(400)(2.4) (−1.25)(−500)(3)

= + +
(1200𝑥10−6 )(200𝑥106 ) (1200𝑥10−6 )(200𝑥106 ) (900𝑥10−6 )(200𝑥106 )
+ (1)(1.08𝑥10−9 )(60)(2.4)

= 0.0193m or 19.3mm
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Lecture 3
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD:
DUE TO FABRICATION ERROR

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

-
At the end of this lesson the student should be able to solve problems on
deflections of Trusses due to fabrication error using the virtual work method.

Occasionally, errors in fabricating the lengths of the member of the truss may
occur and may cause deformation which is given by the equation:

1 ∙ ∆ = ∑ 𝑛∆𝐿 𝑒𝑞. 6

Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of Δ.
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit
load.
Δ = external joint displacement due to fabrication errors.
ΔL = difference in lengths of the member from its intended size as caused by the
fabrication error.

EXAMPLE 1.3

Refer to example 1.1 if no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical
displacement of joint C if member AB was 5mm too short?

SOLUTION 1.3

Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be determined, we can use the

results on example 1.1 only member AB undergoes a change in length thus,

1 ∙ ∆ = ∑ 𝑛∆𝐿

1 ∙ ∆𝑐𝑣 = (0.667𝑘𝑁)(−0.005𝑚)
∆𝐜𝐯 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐦 𝐨𝐫 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝐦𝐦
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Practice problems

1. Use the method of virtual work and determine the vertical displacement of joint
A of the truss. Each member has the cross-sectional area shown. Take E =
200GPa.

2. For the truss shown below determine the horizontal displacement of joint C if
members AB and BC experience a temperature rise of 110 oC and member CD
is 5mm too long. Take A = 1200mm2 and E = 200GPa. Also 𝝰 = 1.8x10-6/oC.
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Assessment

Plate No.8b – Virtual Work Method for Trusses

1. Determine the smallest cross-sectional area A for the members of the truss shown,
so that the vertical deflection at joint B does not exceed 0.4 inches. Use the method
of virtual work.

2. Determine the smallest cross-sectional area A required for the members of the
truss shown, so that the horizontal deflection at joint D does not exceed 10 mm. Use
the virtual work method.
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Supplementary knowledge

For additional information, you may visit and read the following articles and
journals:
• [Link]
• [Link]

Answer key

1. 1.4mm
2. -8.495mm

References

1. Kassimali, A. (2010) Structural Analysis, 4th Ed.

2. R. C. Hibbeler (2011). Structural analysis 7th Ed,
3. DIT Gillesania, Structural engineering and construction 3rd Ed.