WELL PLANNING
DRILL : to bore a hole in the earth, usually to find and remove
subsurface formation fluids such as oil and gas.
WELL PLANNING OBJECTIVE:
To drill a well that has following characteristics
o Safe
o Minimum cost
o Usable
DRILLING RIG
A drilling rig is a device used to drill, case and cement oil and gas wells.
TYPES OF RIGS:
• Land rigs
• Offshore rigs
There are two types of offshore rigs:
1. Floating rigs:
• Semisubmersible
• Drillships
2. Bottom-supported rigs:
• Jack-ups
• Platform
• Barge
SCHEMATIC
OF
OIL RIG
DRILLING
RIG
COMPONENTS
ROTARY DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
1. Derrick or Mast and Substructure
2. Power and Prime Movers
3. Hoisting Component
4. Rotating Component
5. Circulating Component
6. Well Control Component
7. Tubular and Tubular Handling
Equipment
8. Bit
[Link] OR MAST AND SUBSTRUCTURE
• Derrick (main component)is a
steel structure of sufficient
height & strength.
FUNCTIONS :
Supports all equipments &
provides vertical clearance to 1
raising & lowering the drill
string into & out of hole during
drilling operations.
TYPES :
• Standard.
• Portable.
DERRICK OR MAST AND SUBSTRUCTURE
DERRICK TYPES:
STANDARD DERRICK:
It is of bolted construction, assembled part by part & not raised to a
working position as a unit. For transportation, it must be
disassembled.
PORTABLE DERRICK (MAST):
A portable derrick that can be raised as unit is known as mast.
DERRICK OR MAST AND SUBSTRUCTURE
SUBSTRUCTURE:
The foundation in which the derrick or mast and usually the
Drawworks sit. In contains space for storage and well control
equipment.
FUNCTIONS:
Support of derrick (derrick’s rest), placement of equipments,
working platform for rig crew, installment place of BOPs.
2. POWER AND PRIME MOVERS
FUNCTION:
Generates power (depending upon rig size, well depth & engine size).
SUPPORTING OPERATIONS:
power consumes in mud pumps, draw works,
crew cabins, continuous drilling operations, etc.
ENGINES USED:
Steam engine – first rotary drilling prime movers, now rarely used except where
continuous and large quantity of water is available.
Electric motor – used for special applications like in city drilling where power
availability & noise restrictions have made in practical.
Internal combustion engine – most drilling rigs are powered by IC engines,
burns natural gas, gasoline or diesel.
3. HOISTING COMPONENT
The hoisting system consists of:
Drawworks
Crown Block
Dead Line Anchor
Travelling Block
The Hook
Supply Reel
Drilling Line
HOISTING COMPONENT
DRAWWORKS:
The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a winch that
spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the
drillstring.
• This is an assembly of a rotating drum, a series of shafts, clutches,
chains and gears.
• The drilling line is wound a number of times around the drum, the
end of the line then passes on the crown and travelling block.
HOISTING COMPONENT
CROWN BLOCK
• A block located at the top of the derrick. It contains a number
of sheaves on which is wound the drilling line.
• The crown block provides a means of taking the drilling line
from the hoisting drum to the travelling block.
• Each sheave inside the crown block acts as an individual
pulley.
HOISTING COMPONENT
DEAD LINE ANCHOR
An equipment that holds down the deadline part of the wire rope. It
is usually bolted on to the substructure.
HOISTING COMPONENT
TRAVELLING BLOCK
• A diamond-shaped block
containing a number of
sheaves which is always less
than those in the crown
block.
• The drilling line is wound
continuously on the crown
and travelling blocks, with the
two outside ends being
wound on the hoisting drum
and attached to the deadline
anchor respectively,
HOISTING COMPONENT
THE HOOK
• Connects the Kelly or topdrive with the travelling block. The
hook carries the entire drilling load.
SUPPLY REEL
• A spool that stores the unused portion of the Drilling Line.
Hook
HOISTING COMPONENT
DRILLING LINE
• The drilling line is basically a wire rope made up of strands wound
around a steel core. Each strand contains a number of small wires
wound around a central core.
• A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on sheaves of the crownblock and
traveling block .
• Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or
into a well and to support the drilling tools.
• The size of the drilling line varies from ½ "to 2 ".
4. ROTATING COMPONENT
The rotating component consist of the following:
Swivel
Kelly or Top Drive
Kelly bushing
Rotary table
ROTATING COMPONENT
SWIVEL
• A rotary tool that is hung from the rotary hook and traveling
block to suspend and permit free rotation of the drill stem.
• It also provides a connection for the rotary hose and a
passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into the drill stem.
ROTATING COMPONENT
KELLY
• The heavy steel member that is
suspended from the Swivel through
the Rotary Table and connected to
the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn
the drill stem as the rotary table
turns.
• Kelly applies rotational force to drill
pipe via rotary table’s rotation
• It has a bored passageway that
permits fluid to be circulated into the
drill stem and up the annulus or vise
versa.
ROTATING COMPONENT
KELLY SPINNER:
• A device for spinning the drill pipe.
• It is a pneumatically controlled
device mounted below the Swivel
that when actuated causes the Kelly
to spin.
KELLY BUSHING
• A device that when fitted to master
bushing transmits torque to the kelly
and simultaneously permits vertical
movement of the Kelly
ROTATING COMPONENT
MASTER BUSHING
• A device that fits into the rotary
table to accommodate the slips and
drive the kelly bushing so that the
rotating motion of the rotary table
can be transmitted to the Kelly.
KELLY BUSHING
• A device that when fitted to master
bushing transmits torque to the kelly
and simultaneously permits vertical
movement of the Kelly
ROTATING COMPONENT
TOP DRIVE
• The top drive is a device which consist motor that rotates the drill
string without the use of a kelly and rotary table.
• The top drive is located below the Swivel and is operated from a
control console on the rig floor.
• It allows the drilling rig to drill longer sections of a stand of drill pipe.
Chosen both for increased safety and efficiency.
ROTATING COMPONENT
ROTARY TABLE
• Equipment used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling
assembly.
• It has a gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an
opening into which the bushings are fitted to drive and support the
drilling assembly.
5. CIRCULATING COMPONENT
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
The Rig Equipment
responsible the movement
of drilling fluid within the
well as well as solids removal
incurred by the drilling fluid.
Normally the circulation
would start from the mud
pits, down the drill stem, up
the annulus and back to the
mud pits.
5. CIRCULATING COMPONENT
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD PUMPS
• The heart of the circulating system is the mud pumps. A large
reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud (drilling fluid) on a
drilling rig.
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD PUMPS
• Positive displacements pumps are generally used on drilling rigs
to pump high pressure and high volume of drilling fluids
throughout a drilling system.
• There are basically two types of pumps in oil industry:
– Duplex
– Triplex
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
DUPLEX PUMPS –double acting
• The duplex pumps have two cylinders with double acting. It means
that pistons move back and take in drilling mud through open intake
valve and other sides of the same pistons, the pistons push mud out
through the discharge valves.
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
TRIPLEX PLUMPS –single acting
The triplex pumps have three cylinders with single acting. The
piston moves back and pull in drilling mud through open intake
valves. When the piston moves forward, the drilling fluid is
pushed out through discharge valves.
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
STANDPIPE
• A vertical pipe rising along the side of the derrick or mast.
• It joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the
rotary hose and through which mud is pumped going into the
hole.
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
• Shale Shakers
An equipment the uses a vibrating screen to remove cuttings
from the circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations.
• The size of the openings in the sieve is selected to match the
size of the solids in the drilling fluid and the anticipated size of
cuttings. Also called a shaker
CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
• Desanders and desilters
DESILTER :a centrifugal device for removing free particles of silt
from the drilling fluid to keep the amount of solids in the fluid at
the lowest possible point.
DESANDER: A centrifugal device for removing sand from the
drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the pumps.
• Mud Pits
A waste pit, usually an excavated earthen-walled pit
• Mud degasser
• Centrifuges and mud cleaners
6. WELL CONTROL COMPONENT
Well Control Component
BOP STACK
• Annular Blowout Preventer
• Ram Blowout Preventer
• Diverter
• Manifold, Valves and Sensors
WELL CONTROL COMPONENT
Well Control Component
BOPs come in two basic types: ram and annular.
Annular blowout preventer
An annular-type blowout preventer can close
around the drill string, casing or a non-cylindrical Annular blowout preventer
in open and fully closed
object, such as the kelly. configurations.
The flexible annulus
Ram blowout preventer (donut) in blue is forced
into the drillpipe cavity by
the hydraulic pistons
Rams, or ram blocks, are of four common types:
pipe rams, blind rams, shear rams, and blind
shear rams.
WELL CONTROL COMPONENT
Well Control Component
Pipe rams close around a drill pipe, restricting flow in the annulus between
the outside of the drill pipe and the wellbore, but do not obstruct flow within
the drill pipe.
Blind rams (also known as sealing rams), have no openings for tubing. It can
close off the well when the well does not contain a drill string or other
tubing, and seal it.
Blind shear rams (also known as shear seal rams, or sealing shear rams) are
intended to seal a wellbore, even when the bore is occupied by a drill string,
by cutting through the drill string as the rams close off the well.
Variable bore rams are special pipe rams that can close over a range of pipe
diameters.
7. TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment
Drill Pipe
Drill Collar
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Kelly
Subs
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Drill Pipe
• The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate
the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe 30 feet long are coupled together
with tool joints.
• Basic Parts of a Drillpipe:
NECK SHOULDER
SHOULDER
TONG SPACE TONG SPACE
NECK PIN BOX
BODY
7. TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Drill Pipe Grades:
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
DRILL PIPE CLASSIFICATION
The drill pipe is classified to account for the degree of wear.
• New: No wear, has never been used.
• Premium: Uniform wear and a minimum wall thickness of 80% of
new pipe.
• Class 2: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 65% of
new pipe.
• Class 3: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 55% of
new pipe.
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
DRILL COLLAR
• A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between the drill pipe and the
bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so that the bit can drill.
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
HEAVY WEIGHT DRILLPIPE (HWDP):
• HWDP is used between standard drillpipe and
drillcollars to provide a smooth transition between
the section moduli of the drillstring components.
• The HWDP has the same OD as a standard drillpipe
but with much reduced inside diameter.
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
STABILIZERS:
• Stabilisers are tools placed above the drill bit and along the bottom
hole assembly (BHA) to control hole deviation, dogleg severity and
prevent differential sticking.
• Function: Keeps the drill string / bottom hole assembly centered
and stabilized (mechanically) in the hole.
• Improved bit performance is another beneficiary of good
stabilisation.
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:
ELEVATORS
Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing,
drillpipe or drill collars so that the stand or
joint can be raised from or lowered into
the hole opening of the rotary table.
ELEVATOR LINKS
Equipment attached onto the Traveling
Block in order to suspend the Elevators
ELEVATOR LINKS CENTER LATCH ELEVATOR
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:
SLIPS:
A wedge shape piece of metal with teeth or other gripping
elements that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into
hole or to hold the pipe in place.
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENT
TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:
TONGS:
Large wrenches used to make or break out tubulars.
8. DRILL BIT
DRILL BIT
Function: bit cuts the rock, make hole into the ground.
TYPES:
• Roller cone bit
• Milled tooth bits
• Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits (PDC)
• Diamond and TSP( Thermally stable PDC)
SHORT PDC BIT NATURAL TSP BIT
MEDIUM PDC BIT LONG PDC BIT
DIAMOND BIT
EXAMPLES
1. HOISTING SYSTEM
Calculate the efficiency factor for a hoisting system employing
8 string lines. Assume the value of K to be 0.9615.
2. CALCULATIONHORSE POWER REQUIREMENT OF MUD PUMP
Calculate the power requirement for the following pump:
Flow rate = 1200 gpm
Pressure = 2000 psi
Mechanical Efficiency = 0.85
EXAMPLES
3. HOOK LOADS
The following data refer to a 1.5 in block line with 10 lines of extra improved
plough steel wire rope strung to the travelling block.
Hole depth = 10,000 ft
Drill pipe = 5 in OD/4.276 in ID, 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars = 500 ft, 8 in/2,825 in, 150 lb/ft
Mud weight = 10 ppg
Line and sheave efficiency coefficient = 0.9615
Calculate
(1) weight of drill string in air and in mud;
(2) hook load, assuming weight of travelling block and hook to be 23,500 lb;
(3) deadline and fast-line loads, assuming an efficiency factor of 0.81;
(4) dynamic crown load;
(5) wireline design factor during drilling if breaking strength of wire is 228,000 lb
(6) design factor when running 7 in casing of 29 lb/ft.
EXAMPLES
4. DERICK LOADING
The following data refer to a 1.5 in block line with 10 lines of extra improved
plough steel wire rope strung to the travelling block.
Hole depth = 10,000 ft
Drill pipe = 5 in OD/4.276 in ID, 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars = 500 ft, 8 in/2,825 in, 150 lb/ft
Mud weight = 10 ppg
Line and sheave efficiency coefficient = 0.9615
Calculate
(1) weight of drill string in air and in mud;
(2) hook load, assuming weight of travelling block and hook to be 23,500 lb;
(3) deadline and fast-line loads, assuming an efficiency factor of 0.81;
(4) dynamic crown load;
(5) wireline design factor during drilling if breaking strength of wire is 228,000 lb
(6) design factor when running 9 5/8 in casing of 53.5 lb/ft.
(7) dynamic derrick load when running the 9 5/8" casing
EXAMPLES
5. TON MILES OF DRILLING LINE
The following data refer to a 1.5 in block line with 10 lines of extra improved
plough steel wire rope strung to the travelling block.
Hole depth = 10,000 ft
Drill pipe = 5 in OD/4.276 in ID, 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars = 500 ft, 8 in/2,825 in, 150 lb/ft
Mud weight = 10 ppg
Line and sheave efficiency coefficient = 0.9615
Determine
(a) round trip ton-miles at 10,000 ft;
(b) casing ton-miles if one joint of casing = 40 ft;
(c) design factor of the drilling line when the 7 inch casing is run to 10,000 ft;
(d) the ton-miles when coring from 10,000 ft to 10.180 ft and
(e) the ton-miles when drilling from 10,000 to 10,180 ft.
EXAMPLES
6. LENGTH OF DRILLING LINE TO CUT
Calculate cut-off length in feet for:
Drilling line = 1 ½”
Drum diameter = 30"
Derrick height = 147 ft
DF = 5