Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Chapter – 4

Torsion
4.1. Introduction:

Twisting of a structural member, when it is loaded by couples that produce rotation about
its longitudinal axis.
T1 = P1 × d1 T2 = P2 × d2
The couple's T1, T2 are called torques, twisting couples or twisting moments.
Unit of T : N-m,

Figure 4.1. Torque (or) Twisting Moments

4.2. Torsional Deformation of a Circular Bar

Consider a bar or shaft of circular cross section twisted by a couple T, assume the left-
hand end is fixed and the right-hand end will rotate a small angle ∅, called angle of
twist.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

------------------------------------------------------------
Example Calculations -1

A solid bar of circular cross section

d = 40 mm, L = 1.3 m, G = 80 GPa

(a) T = 340 N-m, τmax, φ = ?

(b) τall = 42 MPa, T = ?

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Given Data:

d = 40 mm = 0.04 m

L = 1.3 m

G = 80 GPa = 80×109 N/mm2

T = 340 N-m

τall = 42 MPa = 42×106 N/mm2

φall = 2.5o

To Find:

a. Φ = ?
b. T = ?

Solution:

(a) T = 340 N-m, τmax, φ = ?

𝝅 × 𝒅𝟑
𝑻= 𝝉𝑴𝒂𝒙
𝟏𝟔

𝟏𝟔 𝑻 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟑𝟒𝟎
𝝉𝑴𝒂𝒙 = =
𝝅 × 𝒅𝟑 𝝅 × (𝟎. 𝟎𝟒)𝟑

𝝉𝑴𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟏 𝑴𝑵/𝒎𝟐

∅ = Ɵ𝐿

T = G×Ɵ×IP

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

𝑇𝐿
∅=
𝐺𝐼𝑃

𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋 × (0.04)4
𝐼𝑃 = = = 2.51 × 10−7 𝑚4
32 32

∅ = 0.02198 𝑟𝑎𝑑

0.02198 × 180
∅= = 1.260
𝜋

∅ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟎

(b) τall = 42 MPa, T = ?

𝜋 × 𝑑3
𝑇= 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙
16

𝜋 × (0.04)3
𝑇= × 42 × 106
16

T = 527.7875 N-m

Result:

a). ∅ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟎

b). T = 527.7875 N-m

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Example Calculations -2

A steel solid shaft of T = 1200 N-m, τall = 40 MPa. Determine outer diameter (d0) of
the solid bar.

Given Data:

T = 1200 N-m
τall = 40 MPa = 40×106 N/mm2
To Find:

Diameter of the solid shaft.

Solution:

𝝅 × 𝒅𝒐 𝟑
𝑻= 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝟏𝟔

𝟏𝟔 × 𝑻 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒐 𝟑 = =
𝝅 × 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝝅 × 40 × 106

do = 53.5 mm.

Result:

Diameter of the solid shaft (do) = 53.5 mm.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Example Calculations - 3

A solid steel shaft of diameter = 30 mm and torque = 275 N-m. Determine shear stress
of solid shaft.

Given Data:

d = 30 mm = 0.03 m

T = 275 N-m

To Find:

Shear stress of solid shaft.

Solution:

𝝅 × 𝒅𝒐 𝟑
𝑻= 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝟏𝟔

𝑻 × 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟔
𝝉= =
𝝅 × 𝒅𝟑 𝝅 × (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑)𝟑

τ = 51.87 × 106 N/m2

Result:

Shear stress of the solid shaft τ = 51.87 MN/m2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Example Calculations - 4

A solid steel shaft of diameter = 30 mm, L = 500 mm, Torque = 450 N-m and
G = 80 GPa. Determine the angle of twist of the shaft.

Given Data:

d = 30 mm = 0.03 m

L = 500 mm = 0.5 m

T = 450 N-m

G = 80 GPa = 80×109 N/mm2

To Find:

Angle of twist of the shaft (φ)

Solution:

𝐺 × ∅𝑎𝑙𝑙 × 𝐼𝑃
𝑇=
𝐿
𝑇𝐿
∅𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐺𝐼𝑃

𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋 × (0.03)4
𝐼𝑃 = = = 7.95 × 10−8 𝑚4
32 32

𝐼𝑃 = 7.95 × 10−8 𝑚4

450 × 0.5
∅𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.035 𝑟𝑎𝑑
80 × 109 × 7.95 × 10−8

Result:

Angle of twist of the shaft (φ) = 2.020

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

4.4. Transmission of Power by Circular Shaft:

The most important use of circular shaft is to transmit mechanical power, such as
drive shaft of an automobile, propeller shaft of a ship, axle of bicycle, torsional bar, etc.

P = 2πfT

n = 60f – rpm

The number of revolution per minute (rpm)

𝟐𝝅𝒏𝑻
𝑷= 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝟔𝟎

𝟐𝝅𝒏𝑻
𝑷= 𝒊𝒏 𝑯𝒑
𝟔𝟎 × 𝟓𝟓𝟎

Where:

P = Power in Hp

T = Torque transmitted in N-m

n = rpm

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example Calculations – 5

P = 30 kW; τall = 42 MPa

a). n = 500 rpm; Determine “d”

b). n = 4000 rpm; Determine “d”

Given Data:

P = 30 kW

τall = 42 MPa = 42 × 106 N/m2

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

To Find:

a). n = 500 rpm; d = ?

b). n = 4000 rpm; d = ?

Solution:

a). n = 500 rpm; d = ?

2𝜋𝑛𝑇
𝑃=
60

𝑃 × 60 30 × 103 × 60
𝑇= =
2𝜋𝑛 2 × 𝜋 × 500

T = 572.95 N-m.

𝜋 × 𝑑3
𝑇= 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙
16

16 × 𝑇 16 × 572.95
𝑑3 = =
𝜋 × 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜋 × 42 × 106

d = 0.04111m = 41.11 mm.

b). n = 4000 rpm; d = ?

2𝜋𝑛𝑇
𝑃=
60

𝑃 × 60 30 × 103 × 60
𝑇= =
2𝜋𝑛 2 × 𝜋 × 4000

T = 71.61 N-m.

𝜋 × 𝑑3
𝑇= 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙
16

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

16 × 𝑇 16 × 71.61
𝑑3 = =
𝜋 × 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜋 × 42 × 106

d = 0.02055m = 20.55 mm.

Result:

a). n = 500 rpm → d = 41.11 mm.

b). n = 4000 rpm → d = 20.55 mm.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example Calculations – 6

An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torque applied to

gears attached to it as shown below. Using G = 28 GPa. Determine the Ɵ B/A, ‫ح‬max, and
shear strain (𝜸).

Given Data:

d = 50 mm = 0.05m
L=2m
T = 600 N-m
G = 28 GPa = 28 × 109 N/m2

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

To Find:
a. Angle Twist - Ɵ B/A ,
b. Max Shear Stress ‫ح‬max,
c. Shear strain (𝜸).
Solution:
a. Angle Twist - Ɵ B/A

𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐺𝐼𝑃

𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋 × (0.05)4
𝐼𝑃 = = = 0.613 × 10−6 𝑚4
32 32

𝑇 600
𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = = = 0.0349 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝐺𝐼𝑃 28 × 109 × 0.613 × 10−6

𝜽𝑩/𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟎

b. Max Shear Stress ‫ح‬max,

16T
‫ح‬max =
π × d3

16 × 600
‫ح‬max = = 24.4MPa
π × 0.053

‫𝟒𝟐 = 𝐱𝐚𝐦ح‬. 𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚

C. Shear strain (𝜸).

Shear Stress (‫)ح‬
𝐺=
Shear strain (𝛾)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Shear Stress (‫)ح‬

Shear strain (𝛾) =
𝐺

24.44 × 106
Shear strain (𝛾 ) = = 0.000874
28 × 109

Result

a) Angle Twist- 𝜽𝑩/𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟎 ,

b) Max Shear Stress ‫ح‬max = 24.44 MPa
c) Shear strain(𝜸) = 0.000874
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example Calculations – 7

A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4°. Using
G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft
at 20 Hz?

Given Data:

L = 5m

σ = 80 MPa = 80×106 N/m2

G = 83 GPa = 83×109 N/m2

𝜃 = 40 = 0.0698 rad

f = 20Hz

To Find:
a) Diameter of the shaft =?

b) Power = ?

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Solution:
a) Diameter of the shaft
T = G × Ɵ × IP

𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋 × (𝑑)4
𝐼𝑃 = = = 0.098𝑑 4 𝑚4
32 32

T = 83×109 × 0.0698 × 0.098 d4

T = 567.753×106 d4 N-m

𝜋 × 𝑑3
𝑇= 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
16

π × d3
6 4
567.753 × 10 𝑑 = × 80 × 106
16

𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟔𝐦 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔 𝐦𝐦

Diameter of the shaft d = 27.6 mm

b. Power

𝑃 = 2×𝜋×𝑓×𝑇

T = 567.753 ×106 d4 = 567.753×106×(0.0276)4 = 329.4548 N-m

𝑃 = 2 × 𝜋 × 20 × 329.4548 = 41400.51 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

P = 41.4 Kw

Result:

1) Diameter of the shaft (d)= 27.6 mm

2) Power (P) = 41.4 Kw

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

Example Calculations – 8

A hollow shaft is to transmit 300 KW power at 80 r.p.m. if the shear stress isn’t be
exceed 60 MN/m2 and internal diameter is 0.6 of the external diameter. Find the
external and internal diameters. Assuming that the maximum torque is 1.4 times the
mean.

Given Data:

P = 300 KW

N = 80 r.p.m

‫ح‬max = 60 MN/m2 = 60 × 106 N/m2

d = 0.6 D

Tmax = 1.4 Tmean

To find:

1) Internal diameter

2) External diameter

Solution:

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃=
60

𝑃 × 60 300 × 103 × 60
𝑇= = = 35809.86 𝑁 − 𝑚
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋 × 80

𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 1.4 𝑇𝑀𝑖𝑛 = 1.4 × 35809.86 = 50133 𝑁 − 𝑚

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar

Hawassa University – Institute of Technology Strength of Materials

𝜋 × 𝐷3 − 𝑑3
𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 = × 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
16

𝜋 × (𝐷 3 − (0.6𝐷 )3 )
50133 = × 60 × 106
16

D = 175.74 mm

d = 0.6 D = 0.6 × 175.74 = 105.44 mm

Result:

1) Internal diameter (d)= 175.74 mm

2) External diameter (D)= 105.44 mm

------------------------------X--------------------------------X-----------------------X-------------------------

All the Best

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr. S. Rajkumar