KEY QUESTION 11

How successful was the

establishment of an
independent nation
between 1947 and 1948?
 RADCLIFFE AWARD (1947)

Background:

The issue which was not solved

on 14thAugust was the
boundary between Muslims and
non-Muslims areas. Lord
Mountbatten had appointed Sir
Cyril Radcliffe to head a
boundary Commission to
establish new borders,
particularly in Bengal and
Punjab. Radcliffe had four
assistance, two nominated by
the Muslim league and two by
[Link] decision of the
boundary Commission (known
as Boundary reward on
Radcliffe award) was
announced on 16th August
1947.

Outcomes to the Radcliffe Award:

There were numerous objections to the boundaries and millions of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs found
themselves on the wrong side of the partition. Once the details of the borders were finally announced,
TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 1
emigration grew dramatically and Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus all suffered terribly. It is true, however, that
more Muslims lost their lives than Hindus and Sikhs combined.

Impact of Award on Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs.

Muslims main objections were:
The Muslim league was disappointed to hear that Calcutta was given to India, even though the Muslim
areas surrounded it. The city of Calcutta was the capital of the province and its biggest industrial,
commercial and educational centre. The raw material which East Bengal produced had to be sent to Calcutta
because all factories and mills were in that city. In Punjab both Ferozpur and Gurdaspur were given to
India. Again the Muslims were disappointed by this decision. Ferozpur had a Muslim majority and Pakistani
had evidence to suggest the Radcliffe had originally awarded it to Pakistan but had been forced Mountbatten
to change his mind. Gurdaspur also had a Muslim majority. By awarding it to India the Indian now had a
border with Kashmir and future disputes between India and Pakistan became inevitable.
Jinnah denounced the Award as unjust and incomprehensible.

Hindus main objections were:

The Hindus had some complaints about the Award. For instance, they most resented the fact that the
Chittagong Hill Tracts were not awarded to India. These had a large Hindu majority. However, the Tracts
were having a vital economic relationship with East Bengal, and so it was awarded to Pakistan.

Sikhs main objections were:

The Sikhs were disappointed because they made a large proportion of the population in Punjab and had
historical and religious association with it. They wanted a separate Sikh state but the Punjab was divided on
the basis of majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims. Sikh migrated into Indian Punjab where the claim
for a separate Sikh state was to be renewed immediately after partition.

Practice Question

Question 1 Why was the Radcliffe Award objected by Muslims, Sikks and Hindus?
[7 marsks]

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 2

 PROBLEMS OF THE NEWLY BUILT PAKISTAN
On 14th August 1947 Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as the Governor-General of Pakistan. He declared that
‘Pakistan has come to exist for ever’, but the new nation faced many problems before it could feel secure.
Many of the early problems of Pakistan were related with disputes with India e.g. Accession of Princely
States, Canal Water Dispute, Refugee Problem and Accommodation Crises, Division of Military Assets and
Division of Financial Assets.
The Congress leaders did not want to see Pakistan coming into being as a free and independent country. So
when they failed to stop the emergence of Pakistan, they created problems for the newly born country to
cripple its administration from the very beginning.

1-Formation of a Government/Administrative / Political problems

a)Lack of experienced personnel: The most important job was to establish an efficient administration for
the government, but since there was a great deficiency of able and experienced personnel in the central and
provincial government, instead of skilled people, junior staff were occupying important posts.

b)Officials’ accommodation: There was no proper accommodation for administrative purposes. The
central secretariat began to function hastily in improvised shacks and army barracks with no proper furniture
and stationery. Also, the official records required for administration were either not transferred or destroyed
during the transition.
c) Constitutional problem: After partition, the Government of Act of India 1935 was adopted with some
amendments as the constitution, until such a time that the constituent assembly framed another constitution
However, the assembly failed to do so and a constitution was eventually formed in 1956 after 9 years of
effort.

SOLUTION: Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed Prime Minister and Cabinet was formed. A Constituent
Assembly was set up to begin to frame a constitution for the new Pakistan.
•The Civil Services were recognized to draft the civil services rules.
•He also completed the judicial structure of administration by creating the Federal court.

2-Division of Financial and Military Assets

a)Obsolete Machinery: Pakistan needed military equipment for defence and other machinery for economic
welfare. The army was justly divided but the division of military assets was most unfair. All the weapons
were not transferred and those which were obsolete and out of date. Similarly, India delayed sending
Pakistan’s share of railway carriages. Later, broken and outdated ones were dispatched to Pakistan
.
b)Division of armed forces: Division of the armed forces with their assets was a question of life and death
for Pakistan for obvious reasons. The British, at first, were reluctant to divide the armed forces but
eventually it was agreed that they should be split 36% to 44% between India and Pakistan. General
Auchinleck was appointed as the Field Marshal of the joint army of India and Pakistan and in-charge of the
distribution of military assets Pakistan’s immediate requirement for an army of 150,000 soldiers and 4000

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 3

officers. There were only 2500 Muslim officers were available. The short falls had to make up of temporary
commissions’ and 500 British officers, which included the 1st two C-in-C of Pakistan Army.

c)No ordinance factories: There were no ordinance factories in Pakistan whereas 16 were situated in India.
Eventually a financial settlement of 60 million rupees towards Pakistan’s share of ordinance factories were

arranged at Wah. Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India’s fourteen, eight Artillery divisions to
India’s forty and eight Infantry divisions to India’s twenty one. As a result, Pakistan started its existence
with a seriously under- resourced military force. Pakistan also received the Staff College in Quetta and
Service Crops College at Kakul, which later became Pakistan Military Academy.

d)Division of money: When Pakistan was born, the cash balance of 4 billion rupees in the Reserve Bank
was to be divided between the two countries. Pakistan was to receive 750 million out of which 200 million
was paid, while the rest was stopped by the Vice President of India, Sardar Patel, who said it would be used
to fight against India. Ultimately India because of Gandhi’s hunger strike paid 500 million rupees. However,
the remaining fifty million have still not been paid.

SOLUTION: Although Pakistan has been given poor military equipment & it lacked military officers’ for
the army. Quaid fulfilled this gap by offering temporary commission & using British officers in the
Pakistan army.

3-Rehabilitation of Refugees

a) Communal strife: The unjust Radcliffe Award had made the problems worse between the two. Pakistan
was a new born state without funds. After partition the Hindus and Sikhs, according to a planned conspiracy,
started a brutal massacre of the Indian Muslims. The Indian Army was also involve in this large scale
Genocide. In the non-Muslim princely states there were examples of state troops being used to support
attacks on Muslims.
b) Refugee Accommodation: Just after a few weeks of creation more than a million Muslims had migrated
to all parts of the country, there was no place to accommodate this growing number of Refugees. Millions of
people found themselves living in the ‘Wrong Country’ and became victims of communal attacks. The only
answer was for Muslims to move into Pakistan and non-Muslims to move into India. At the time of partition
World’s largest migration took place. Over 10 million people had moved from India to Pakistan or in the
other direction by January 1948. A million men, women and children died as a result of violence or the
difficulties of the long journey. Nearly 20 million people were made homeless and both India and Pakistan
faced enormous problems and huge numbers of refugees fled to them for safety. Karachi alone received
nearly two million refugees in 1947 alone. Due to these reasons refugees could not be brought back to
civilian lives and chaos prevailed everywhere.
SOLUTION: To help the newly arrived refugees Jinnah setup a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them as
quickly as possible. The people were quick to respond with donations in cash & kind.
4- Canal Water Dispute

Irrigation head works were in India. Due to the division in Punjab

the headworks of various rivers flowing into Pakistan went to
India. Knowing that Pakistan's economy was mainly dependent on
agriculture, India stopped the flow of water in these canals on 1st
TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 4
April 1948 turning Pakistan’s fertile plains into an arid desert. In the beginning Pakistan had to pay large
sums of money to buy water.
Resolution and Role of United Nation

The Pakistan government called for the matter to be settled by the International Court of Justice, but India
refused. In May 1948 a temporary agreement was reached. India agreed to allow water from east Punjab to
flow into west Punjab, but only if Pakistan

agreed to try to find alternative water supplies. The United Nations played a significant role when the
president of the World Bank made a recommendation that it should provide financial and technical support
to resolve the disagreement. Finally, this proposal formed the basis of the Indus Water Treaty signed in
September 1960 between the president of Pakistan Ayub Khan and prime minister of India Jawahar Lal
Nehru. The World Bank also provided financial help to establish hydroelectricity and soil reclamation
programs.

SOLUTION(After 1948) later the World Bank took up the matter and the Indus Basin Treaty was signed
in 1960 according to which river Indus Chenab and Jhelum were given to Pakistan and Ravi, Sutlej and
Beas were given to India.

5-Social issues
a) Language problem: The newly formed government faced difficulties in choosing an official language
for the nation. The western half wanted Urdu to be the official language whereas, the eastern wing wanted
the official language to be Bengali, this was the cause of great disunity among the people at such a crucial
stage.
b) Pukhtoon problem: After independence the people of NWFP created many problems for the newly born
state. They believed that they were a separate nation and deserved an independent homeland therefore, they
revolted against Pakistan's government, observing demonstrations and boycotting at a time when the
government needed to give attention to other serious problems. This movement was led by Khan Abdul
Ghaffar Khan.

SOLUTION: Jinnah could little about the fact that the country was divided into two distinct areas-East &
West Pakistan. He works hard toward establishing Pakistan as a single, united country. He stressed
people not think of themselves as, for example: Punjabi or Bengali.

•Quaid-e-Azam declared himself “Protector General of Minorities”. He made it clear that the state of
Pakistan was not going to discriminate against any citizen on the ground of his religion.

6-Accession of Princely States

The Indian Princely states were ruled by the Indian princes. At the time of partition the states were offered
to join either India or Pakistan.

Issue of Junagadh:
The ruler was Muslim named Nawab Khanji, but the population was Hindus and non-Muslims. Its accession
was announced with Pakistan but Mountbatten opposed it. The Indian government sent troops to surround
the state. A blockade was imposed and soon Junagadh was short of food. Indian troops invaded in

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 5

Nov.1947, and took control of the area. The Government of Pakistan protested to the UNO, but the matter
was unresolved.
Issue of Hyderabad
It was the largest of the princely states, with a population of more than 160 million.
The ruler was Muslims and called Nizam, but the Hindus and non-Muslims were in majority. The Indian
government was determined not to allow Hyderabad to join Pakistan. It began pressuring the Nizam to join
India. He was unwilling but finally agreed to enter into a treaty in respect of defence, foreign affairs and

communications. Further pressure was exerted by the Indians and in Aug.1948 Hyderabad filed a complaint
before the UNO. Before it could be heard, Indians troops entered Hyderabad, dismantled the city and
incorporated it into different provinces in India.

Issue of Kashmir: This was the largest state in the subcontinent, with a population of 4000, 000, majority
was Muslims. It has boundaries with Tibet,China,Afghanistan and Russia, giving it strategic importance.
Dogra ruler Maharaja Gulab Singh ruled the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Dogra dynasty purchased it from
the British government in 1846 for 7.5 million rupees and was sold to Gulab Singh by the Treaty of
Amritsar. Due to pressure from people, it was announced that it should be acceded to Pakistan. He did not
treat the Muslim population well and started a campaign to drive many Muslims out of Kashmir. Over
200,000 fled to Pakistan and finally the Muslims rose in rebellion. The Maharaja was forced to turn to India
for help to crush the Muslims. Indian help came after the maharaja acceded to India. Pakistan could not
accept this so sent troops to help Kashmiri Muslims. Pakistan’s government was convinced that the Indians
had always planned to hold Kashmir. Neither side was strong enough for a long war nor Jan 1948 the matter
was referred to the UNO. A ceasefire was arranged. Pakistan angered that India retained the largest area of
Kashmir, Srinagar. After pressure from Lord Mountbatten, Nehru agreed that the referendum should be
held in Kashmir to determine the wishes of the people. This referendum was not being held and the Kashmir
issue remained the major source of discontent between the two countries today.
SOLUTION: Quaid secured membership of the country into the United Nation Organization (UNO) on
30th September 1947. This helped in gaining recognition & support among the other nations of the
world.

7- Geographical Problems
The country was split into separate parts almost a thousand miles apart. East Pakistan [comprising most of
Bengal but not Calcutta and the district of Sylhet. West Pakistan [comprises West Punjab, Sindh,
Balochistan and NWFP. The princely states of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit and Bahawalpur also
joined Pakistan. Both the parts were far away from each other nearly thousand miles apart with the Indian
Territory in between. It was very difficult for West Pakistan to control East Pakistan. Bengal and the west
Punjab were both largely comprised of Muslims but except religion there was nothing similar between them.

8-Economic Problems
Pakistan was an undeveloped country, with very little industry. Karachi was the only developed port
city along with other seven cities. Ninety percent of the people lived in villages, there were only 8 towns
with a population of more than 100,000 [hundred thousand].In 1947, EP was producing about seventy
percent of the world’s jute which was the source of foreign exchange earnings. But due to the partition
Pakistan could not get even a single jute mill.

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 6

SOLUTION: Jinnah sent a delegation and asked for the funds from other foreign countries. In 1948
Jinnah industrial policy made it essential to increase industrialization quickly. And to attract the local
investors. Jinnah also made a temporary agreement with India regarding canal water to increase the
efficiency of the agro based industry of Pakistan.

Analysis/ Judgment
It is correct to say that formation of a central government for the newly created country of Pakistan was
most important. Because without a proper government Pakistan could not be recognized as a sovereign state
internationally nor could diplomatic relations with other countries be established.

Practice Questions
Question 2 Why was the Canal Water Dispute so serious? [7 marks]
Question 3 Why was there a dispute over Kashmir in 1948? [7 marks]

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Describe Radcliffe Award.

Ans: One issue which could not be resolved by 15 August was the boundary b/w Muslims and
non-Muslim areas. Mountbatten had appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to head a Boundary Commission to
establish the new borders particularly in Bengal and Punjab. The decision of the Boundary Commission
known as Radcliffe Award which was announced on 16 August.

2. What geographical problems did Pakistan face as a new country in 1947?

Ans: Pakistan faced serious problems, the country was split into two separate parts almost a thousand
miles apart, the vast distance b/w them meant that there were significant differences and outlook
between the people of the two different regions.

3. What is the Kashmir Issue?

Ans: Jammu and Kashmir was the largest state, Muslim majority under a Dogra Hindu ruler, sept.1947,
a campaign to drive out Muslims, over 2 lacs Muslims migrated to Pakistan, 1st [Link] on
Kashmir, Jan 1948,UN intervention, ceasefire and Line of Control to divide Kashmir b/w Pakistan and
India.

4. What was the Canal water DISPUTE?

Ans: Canal water Dispute arose when India discontinued the supply of water in two canals which
entered Pakistan. Threatened agriculture in the Punjab, the irrigation system depended on 6 rivers and 30
canals, some of which were in India. April 1948 India shut off waters flowing into Pakistan from
Firozpur headworks, threatening millions of acres of agricultural land in Pakistan. Some waters were
reinstated in May 1948 but not permanently until 1959 and the Indus Water Treaty.

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 7

5-Describe the refugee problem.

Summer 1947 saw rioting and many deaths because of violence between Muslim and non-
Muslim communities across India. After the Boundary Award, things got worse with millions
Of people in the ‘wrong’ country. The largest migration then took place with Muslims moving into
Pakistan and non-Muslims moving into India. 10 m people were involved in this migration accompanied by
violence and mass slaughter in some places. 1 m may have been killed and 20 m people made homeless.
Karachi received 2 m refugees alone.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS

SOURCE 1

Q According to this source what problems did Pakistan face in 1951?

Ans: The new country, Pakistan was split into two separate parts i.e. East and West Pakistan. There were
significant differences and outlook between the people of the two different regions. These people had
different traditions, culture, language and lifestyles. Hence, the two regions faced severe mismatching
problems that were completely incompatible with each other as the problem started to emerge after partition.

SOURCE 2

Q How does Jinnah describe the people of Pakistan in Source 2?

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 8

Ans: Jinnah said that our people of Pakistan are not organized today and are worried because of the
difficulties. They migrated from India due to insecurity and so their morale is low. They were faced with the
problem of influx of bleeding, carrying, desolute muhajireen, pouring in Pakistan.

Q According to source 2, what does Jinnah see as a possible solution to the peoples’ problems?

Ans: Jinnah stressed the need for civil servants in Pakistan to work with full spirit and determination to
create a nation. At the same time he laid stress on the nation to combine their efforts in the struggle for
achieving their goals and persevere under the guidance of the civil servants.

PAST PAPER QUESTION

Q Explain why the subcontinent was faced with a refugee problem in 1947.[ NOV 2017]

In 1947 Pakistan faced refugee problems because of the following reasons.

The major reason was the unjust demarcation of land due to the Radcliffe Award. After the announcement of
the Radcliffe Award,millions of people migrated across the Pak- India border. It increased the number of
refugees as they thought that they were in the wrong country. Muslim majority districts of Gurdaspur,
Ferozpur were unfairly given to india. This led to a huge migration from India to Pakistan.

Another reason was the communal violence started in 1947 .in August 1847,The communal violence
reached its peak as Hindus and Sikhs were opposed to the creation of Pakistan. They began to target
Muslims living in the non- Muslims majority areas and forced them to leave india. Many Muslims in India
feared being killed crossing into Pakistan to seek shelter, often with few or no possessions. Partition left
people of different religions in the country they felt would not support their freedoms. At the time of
partition World’s largest migration took place. Over 10 million people had moved from India to Pakistan.
Thus, Pakistan faced a refugee problem.

Pakistan was a new born state without funds and resources thus faced with a refugee problem. Over 10 to 15
million refugees entered Pakistan creating grave and serious problems for the newly established country.
Pakistan was unprepared for this [Link] was difficult to handle and manage a sudden influx of refugees.
Karachi received 2 million refugees alone. Due to these reasons refugees could not be brought back to
civilian lives and chaos prevailed everywhere.

Q ‘The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of Partition during 1947
and 1948.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14] (J2005/4c)
Marking Scheme: Explains successes and failures Successes:

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 9

Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees. He appealed to the people to help the refugees.
He toured the provinces encouraging and motivating the people.
Declared himself ‘Protector-General’of religious minorities.
State Bank of Pakistan set up.
Karachi made capital of Pakistan.
Civil Services re-organized.
Joined United Nations and attempted to draw their attention to Kashmir problem.
Failures:
Kashmir and other Princely States issues not resolved. Canal Water Dispute not resolved until 1959.
Millions made homeless or died as a result of Partition.

Q How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of partition during 1947
and 1948? Explain your answer. [14] (June
2002/4c)

The government of Pakistan was successful to some extent in solving the problems of partition during 1947
and [Link] Pakistan came into existence in August 1947, it faced many difficulties.
The most important problem was the formation of a central government of Pakistan. There were no
offices, no office equipment and no office workers. The central government offices were set up in army
barracks and hired residential buildings. However under the guidance of Quaid – e – Azam and with
courage and confidence, the difficulties were overcome and the government of Pakistan started functioning
smoothly. Quaid – e – Azam and Liaqat Ali Khan became the Governor general and Prime Minister
respectively. A Constituent Assembly was set up to begin to frame a constitution for the new Pakistan. The
Civil Services were recognized to draft the civil services rules. He also completed the judicial structure of
administration by creating the Federal court. Thus, the Pakistan government solved administrative problems.
The problem of refugees was a very big problem. Communal riots had started in Indian Punjab and Delhi.
Millions of Muslims had to leave their homes and had to run to Pakistan. The Pakistan government set up
camps for the refugees and looked after them for several months. They gradually settled in the new country.
Under the guidance of Quaid-e- Azam a new department was created for rehabilitation of the refugees. To
help the newly arrived refugees Jinnah set up a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them as quickly as possible. The
people were quick to respond with donations in cash & kind.
The division of military assets was another problem. The division was to be made at a ratio of 36:64
between the two countries. But since all big military stores were on the side of India. The equipment given
to Pakistan was obsolete and consisted of unusable machinery and equipment. Pakistan had to suffer a great
loss and had to start from a scratch. Although Pakistan has been given poor military equipment & it lacked
military officers’ for the army. Quaid fulfilled this gap by offering temporary commission & using British
officers in the Pakistan army.

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 10

Canal water dispute also arose in April 1948 when India stopped the supply of water in the canals coming
out of River Ravi and River Sutlej, because their head-works were located in India. A large agricultural area
of Pakistan was badly affected. The Pakistan government reached a compromise with India in the canal
water dispute which ensured that Pakistan’s agriculture would not be denied precious water supplies.
Pakistan was an undeveloped country, with very little [Link]-e-Azam gave monetary
independence to Pakistan by establishing the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948. In 1948 Jinnah’s
Industrial policy Statement made it clear that he & the government wanted to set up industries in Pakistan as
quickly as possible.
The Pakistan’s government tried to solve the initial problems. Jinnah worked day and night but the problem
of refugees could not be settled in a year’s time and it took years to settle them by providing them jobs and
accommodation. The Canal Water Treaty was signed in 1960 after Jinnah’s death. The death of Jinnah was a
great blow for early leaders, especially Liaquat Ali Khan . He was not able to draft the constitution of
Pakistan. Kashmir still remains a disputed territory. India does not obey the resolutions of the Security
Council which has ordered a free and fair plebiscite in Kashmir. Besides all these uncertainties Pakistan
government was successful in overcoming its initial problem.

ASSESSMENT OF JINNAH’S ROLE AND ACHIEVEMENTS AS GOVERNOR- GENERAL

WHAT WERE QUAID-E-AZAM’S AIMS FOR PAKISTAN?

The guiding principles for the achievement of an independent country and its development were `Unity,
Faith, and Discipline’. Quaid-e-Azam maintained that Pakistan should be a progressive democracy based on
brotherhood and equality. He liked to say that the Government was in the hands of the people.
Pakistan faced great economic problems. Quaid-e-Azam was determined that the condition of Pakistan’s
poor should improve. Education was important to train people for jobs. There was a shortage of skilled
workers. He disapproved of the economic system of Britain and the USA as he believed it had failed to
bring about a fair society and was largely the cause of the two World Wars. Instead he proposed an
economic system based on Islamic principles of equality and social justice.
Quaid-e- Azam appointed Liaquat Ali Khan as the Prime Minister. Often called the Architect of Pakistan, he
was committed both to Islam and support for the common people.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM
Key Questions:
1- To what extent did Quaid-e-Azam make the single biggest contribution to Pakistan’s early
survival? [10/14]
2- How did Quaid-e-Azam solve the problems facing the new state? [5/10]
3- How successful was Quaid-e-Azam in establishing the new Pakistan in 1947? Explain your
answer. [10]
4- How important was the role of Jinnah in solving the problems of Pakistan?[10/14]
SUCCESSES
1- GOVERNOR-GENERALSHIP OF QUAID-E-AZAM

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 11

On
15thAugust 1947 Quaid-e-Azam assumed the office as the Governor General of Pakistan. However, he took
the role of Chief Executive in the new government. He chaired cabinet meetings & was the president of the
constituent assembly.
2- BUILDING A NATION :
•He could say little about the fact that the country was divided into two distinct areas-East & West Pakistan.
He works hard toward establishing Pakistan as a single, united country. He stressed people not think of
themselves as, for example: Punjabi or Bengali.
•Quaid-e-Azam declared himself “Protector General of Minorities”. He made it clear that the state of
Pakistan was not going to discriminate against any citizen on the ground of his religion.
•To help the newly arrived refugees he set up a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them as quickly as possible. The
people were quick to respond with donations in cash & kind.
•Quaid secured membership of the country into the United Nation Organization (UNO) on 30th September
1947. This helped in gaining recognition & support among the other nations of the world.
3- BUILDING A GOVERNMENT
•Quaid-e-Azam paid up his attention towards setting up the administrative machinery. Karachi was made the
capital of Pakistan where the central secretariat was set up. Without carrying inadequate office equipment,
the government officers began their work with zeal & sentiments of sacrifices.
•Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed Prime Minister and Cabinet was formed. A Constituent Assembly was set
up to begin to frame a constitution for the new Pakistan.
•The Civil Services were recognized to draft the civil services rules.
•He also completed the judicial structure of administration by creating the Federal court.
Quaid-e-Azam advised the government officials to consider themselves servants of the people and not their
rulers. He made stirring speeches to revive faith, confidence, and determination among the people. The
government officials worked with zeal and national spirit under the most difficult conditions. In a short time
the government of Pakistan started working smoothly on sound lines.

4- BUILDING AN ECONOMY:
•Quaid-e-Azam gave monetary independence to Pakistan by establishing the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st
July 1948.
•In 1948 Jinnah’s Industrial policy Statement made it clear that he & the government wanted to set up
industries in Pakistan as quickly as possible.
•The Canal Water Dispute was settled due to Quaid’s efforts. He also helps to persuade the Indian
government to hand over the agreed share of financial assets from pre-partition of India.
5- ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SECURITY:
•Although Pakistan has been given poor military equipment & it lacked military officers’ for the army.
Quaid fulfilled this gap by offering temporary commission & using British officers in the Pakistan army.
•Although the Pakistan army was ill equipped, it saw its 1st action in Kashmir. Despite being outnumbered
& having inferior arms & ammunition, it stood up well & held its own in fighting.
FAILURES
 Kashmir and other princely states issues were not resolved.
TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 12

Canal water Dispute not resolved until 1959.
 Millions became homeless or died as a result of partition.
 Jinnah’s sudden death.

TUBA ANAS (PAKISTAN STUDIES) 13