REVIEW 4

TASK 1. MCQ
1. The __________ is the largest part of the brain, and the __________ controls balance and
coordination.
A. brainstem / thalamus B. cerebrum / cerebellum
C. hippocampus / medulla D. hypothalamus / pons
2. The __________ transmits signals between the brain and the body, and the __________ protects the
brain from injury. thể chai
A. spinal cord / meninges B. corpus callosum / cortex
C. cerebrum / synapse D. medulla / neurons
3. The __________ neurons carry sensory information to the CNS, while __________ neurons send
motor commands away.
A. motor / sensory B. sensory / motor
C. interneurons / glial D. glial / interneurons
4. The __________ lobe is responsible for processing visual information, and the __________ lobe
processes auditory information.
A. occipital / temporal B. parietal / frontal
C. temporal / occipital D. frontal / parietal
5. The __________ myelinate neurons in the CNS, whereas the __________ myelinate neurons in the
PNS.
A. Schwann cells / oligodendrocytes B. astrocytes / microglia
C. oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells D. microglia / astrocytes
6. The __________ is the relay center for sensory signals, and the __________ regulates temperature and
hunger.
A. hypothalamus / thalamus B. thalamus / hypothalamus
C. medulla / pons D. cerebellum / brainstem
7. The __________ reflex protects the eye, and the __________ reflex tests knee extension.
A. corneal / patellar B. withdrawal / gag
C. pupillary / Achilles D. patellar / corneal
8. The __________ carries oxygenated blood to the brain, and the __________ surrounds the brain to
provide cushioning.
A. carotid artery / cerebrospinal fluid B. jugular vein / meninges
C. carotid artery / dura mater D. vertebral artery / arachnoid mater
9. The __________ connects the left and right hemispheres, and the __________ is the brain’s outer
layer.
A. thalamus / hippocampus B. medulla / cerebellum
C. pons / midbrain D. corpus callosum / cerebral cortex
10. The __________ are responsible for reflex actions, and the __________ connect sensory and motor
neurons.
A. interneurons / motor neurons B. motor neurons / interneurons
C. sensory neurons / interneurons D. interneurons / sensory neurons
11. The __________ gland controls endocrine functions, while the __________ processes memories and
emotions.

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 A. pituitary / amygdala B. pineal / hippocampus
C. pituitary / hippocampus D. hypothalamus / cerebellum
12. The __________ nerves transmit signals from the brain to muscles, while the __________ nerves
transmit sensory signals from the body to the brain.
A. motor / sensory B. sensory / motor
C. cranial / spinal D. autonomic / somatic
13. The __________ is responsible for voluntary movement, and the __________ controls involuntary
functions.
A. autonomic nervous system / somatic nervous system
B. CNS / PNS
C. brainstem / cerebrum
D. somatic nervous system / autonomic nervous system
14. The __________ matter contains nerve cell bodies, and the __________ matter contains myelinated
axons.
A. gray / white B. white / gray
C. glial / neuron D. axon / dendrite
15. The __________ nerve controls facial expressions, and the __________ nerve transmits smell
information.
A. olfactory / facial B. facial / olfactory
C. vagus / glossopharyngeal D. trigeminal / vestibulocochlear
16. The __________ nerve controls hearing and balance, while the __________ nerve affects swallowing
and speech.
A. glossopharyngeal / vagus B. vagus / facial
C. trigeminal / hypoglossal D. vestibulocochlear / glossopharyngeal
17. The __________ is the brain structure responsible for alertness, and the __________ controls heart
rate and breathing.
A. hypothalamus / pons B. cerebellum / brainstem
C. thalamus / spinal cord D. reticular formation / medulla
18. The __________ connects the brainstem to the cerebellum, and the __________ is involved in
voluntary muscle movement.
A. medulla / hippocampus B. corpus callosum / thalamus
C. pons / cerebrum D. hypothalamus / cerebellum
19. The __________ is involved in processing emotions, and the __________ controls the autonomic
nervous system.
A. hippocampus / pituitary B. thalamus / amygdala
C. amygdala / hypothalamus D. cerebellum / pons
20. The __________ nerves primarily regulate involuntary functions, and the __________ nerves control
voluntary muscle movements.
A. somatic / autonomic B. sensory / motor
C. cranial / spinal D. autonomic / somatic
21. The functions of the nervous system are control and __________ of all body systems and organs and
receiving information about external environment.
A. coordinate B. coordinated C. coordinating D. coordination

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22. The nervous system is divided __________ three parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the
peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
A. into B. by C. with D. from
23. The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron. Each neuron __________ of the cell
body, dendrites and axon. The cell body __________ cytoplasm and a nucleus.
A. consists/ contains B. contains/ consists
C. includes/ contains D. consists/ consists
24. The dendrites are branched projections __________ impulses to the cell body, the axon is a single
long projection __________ impulses away from the cell body.
A. which conduct/ that conducts B. that conduct/ that conducts
C. which conduct/ which conducts D. All are correct
25. The main function of the neuron is __________ of impulses. The axon of one neuron __________
impulses to the dendrite of another neuron. The synapse is a place of junction between the axon and the
dendrite.
A. transmission/ transmits B. transmitted/ transmitting
C. to transmit/ transmit D. transmission/ transmitted
26. Certain chemicals, __________ neurotransmitters enable the impulses __________ over the
synapse. Each nerve is a bundle of axons of many neurons.
A. called/ jumping B. known/ to jump
C. called/ to jump D. known/ jumping
27. Neurons are organized into larger structures called nerves. Neurons are __________; nerves are
__________. Nerves are organized in a similar way to __________.
A. cells/ organs/ muscles B. muscles/ cells/ organs
C. organs/ muscles/ cells D. organs/ cells/ muscles
28. Nerves __________ in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They form the __________ between
sensory receptors, the central nervous system (CNS), and organs.
A. are found/ connect B. are found/ connection
C. found/ connect D. found/ connection
29. Cranial nerves travel __________ the brain and other areas in the head. __________ these nerves
are found in the head, they are still part of the PNS.
A. between/ Even though B. between/ Because
C. neither/ Though D. either/ Despite
30. Mixed nerves carry messages in both directions. This means that some of the neurons in the nerve
carry messages from the brain to the __________ (efferent motor neurons), while other neurons in the
same nerve carry messages from __________ to the brain (afferent sensory neurons).
A. sensory receptors/ muscles B. muscles/ sensory receptors
C. muscles/ muscles D. sensory receptors/ sensory receptors
31. Spinal nerves travel between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are thirty- one pairs of
spinal nerves __________ to the spinal cord. Spinal nerves are always __________ nerves.
A. attach/ mixed B. that attaches/ afferent
C. that attaches/ efferent D. attaching/ mixed
32. The __________ constantly sending signals to the body is in charge when decisions are made while
the __________ is in charge of most reflex decisions.
A. brain/ brain B. brain/ spinal cord
C. spinal cord/ brain D. spinal cord/ spinal cord

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33. The brain, __________ is composed of a great number of neurons, lies in the cranial cavity in the
skull.
A. that B. which C. where D. whose
34. Gray and white matter are present in the brain as in the spinal cord. Gray matter __________ is the
outer layer of brain tissue contains neurons. It is __________ interpretation, thought, and conscious
decision-making occurs.
A. that/ which B. which/ that
C. which/ when D. that/ where
35. The cerebrum allows a person to think and control __________ muscles, which a person is able to
control.
A. voluntary B. involuntary C. voluntarily D. involuntarily
36. A person can kick a ball, walk down, the street, or jump in the air __________ they control the
muscles and movements.
A. because B. because of C. although D. despite
37. The __________ is active when a person is thinking during a test, making decisions, or playing a
video game.
A. cerebellum B. brain stem C. cerebrum D. pons
38. Memory is a part of the cerebrum, including __________ memory, recalling a morning event, or
__________, a memory from several years ago.
A. short-term/ short-term B. short-term/ long-term
C. long-term/ short-term D. long-term/ long-term
39. The cerebrum __________ into two hemispheres, right and left, by the longitudinal fissure.
A. divides B. dividing C. divided D. is divided
40. The right half helps a person think about __________ things like art, music, colors, shapes, and
other parts of the imagination. The left half is more __________, which helps a person speak, make
logical decisions, do math problems, and reason.
A. analytical/ abstract B. abstract/ analytical
C. analytical/ analytical D. abstract/ abstract

TASK 2. FIND THE ERROR

1. The nervous system reacts both to internal and external stimulus. stimuli
2. A particular spinal nerve carries messages from a specific area of the body to the spinal cord. It also
carries messages between the spinal cord to the muscles in that area of the body. For example, branches
of three spinal nerves join together to form the femoral nerve. from
3. When you touch the front of your thigh, this nerve has afferent neurons sending messages from the
brain. to
4. The femoral nerve also has efferent neurons that sending messages from the brain to the quadriceps
muscles so that you can walk. send
5. The central nervous system (CNS) contains of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain and spinal
cord are the control centers of the body. consists
6. The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, making up about 85% of the brain's weigh. weight
7. Scientists are unsure about which half of the brain control the left or right side of the body. controls
8. Certain areas of the cerebrum is responsible for specific functions, such as: seeing, hearing,
thinking, speaking and feeling. are

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9. The brain stem, also small, is responsible for all of the functions of the body for a person to remain
alive, include breathing, food digestion, and blood circulation. including
10. The brain stem is also the pipeline send and receiving millions of messages back and forth between
the brain and the body. sending

TASK 3. SYNONYMS

1. Nerves are also comprised of fascicles. The fascicles in nerves are comprised of dendrites and/or
axons.
A. composed B. made up C. constructed D. All are correct
2. There are two major categories of nerves in the PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
A. optional B. main C. minor D. various
3. All nerves are part of the PNS. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. These can be classified into
three different types of nerves: sensory, motor, and mixed.
A. numerous B. identical C. various nhiều loại D. tough
4. Sensory nerves travel from a sensory receptor to the brain. Motor nerves travel from the brain to a
muscle or gland in the head.
A. afferent nerves/ efferent nerves B. efferent nerves/ afferent nerves
C. efferent nerves/ efferent nerves D. afferent nerves/ afferent nerves
5. The brain is protected by the skull and tough connective tissue layers located between the skull and
the brain tissue.
A. founded B. constructed C. protected D. situated
6. The brain has several different parts working together to help a person live their life each day. The
five main parts of the brain include the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, pituitary gland, and
hypothalamus.
A. hypophysis B. pineal gland C. thyroid gland D. hypothalamus
7. The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain under the cerebrum, but it is only about one-eighth
the size of the cerebrum, though it is a vital part of the brain.
A. very important B. unimportant C. optional D. minor
8. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum responsible for higher-order thinking.
A. basal ganglia B. advanced cognition C. emotional response D. spinal function
9. The pons plays a key role in relaying signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
A. bridge B. shield C. node D. divider
10. Damage to the medulla oblongata can lead to disruption of basic life functions.
A. acceleration B. malfunction C. stimulation D. loss
11. Neuroglia are cells that provide supportive functions to neurons.
A. sensory B. backup C. structural D. auxiliary
12. The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary muscular movements.
A. spontaneous B. intentional C. subconscious D. reactive
13. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, functioning as the body’s command
center.
A. motor generator B. control hub C. sensation origin D. hormone pool
14. Afferent neurons carry sensory input from the body to the central nervous system.
A. motor responses B. nerve endings C. incoming signals D. internal reflexes
15. A reflex arc enables a rapid involuntary response to a stimulus without direct brain involvement.
A. unconscious B. conscious C. random D. deliberate

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 TASK 4. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
disrupted
1. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is (DISRUPT) __________, either by a blockage or
bleeding. This deprives brain cells of oxygen, causing them to die. Common symptoms include sudden
(WEAK) __________,
weakness slurred speech, and confusion. Prompt treatment is crucial to reduce brain
damage and improve recovery outcomes.
2. Epilepsy is a (NEUROLOGY) __________
neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to
abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can vary in intensity and type, from brief lapses of
(AWARE) __________
awareness to full-body convulsions. Medication helps control seizures in most cases, but
some people may require surgery or lifestyle adjustments.
3. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the (PROTECT)
__________
protection covering of nerves. This leads to disrupted communication between the brain and the body.
Symptoms include fatigue, vision problems, numbness, and difficulty walking. The disease progresses
(DIFFERENCE) differently
__________ in individuals and is managed with medication and therapy.
4. Alzheimer is a degenerative brain disease that leads to memory loss, confusion, and (BEHAVE)
__________ changes. It primarily affects older adults and is the most common cause of dementia. As
behavioural
brain cells deteriorate, daily tasks become (INCREASE) __________
increasingly difficult. There is no cure, but
treatments can slow symptom progression.
5. Parkinson is a movement disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons. It results in
tremors, muscle (STIFF) __________,
stiffness and slowed movements. Non-motor symptoms like depression
and sleep issues also occur. While there's no cure, medications and therapies help manage symptoms and
improve quality of life for those (AFFECT) __________.
affected

6. Migraines are intense headaches often accompanied by nausea, visual disturbances, and (SENSITIVE)
__________
sensitivity to light and sound. They result from (NORMALITY) abnormal
__________ brain activity affecting
nerve signals and blood flow. Triggers vary by individual and can include stress, diet, or hormonal
changes. Treatments include pain relief and preventive medications.
7. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease that affects nerve cells controlling
(VOLUNTEER) __________
voluntary muscles. Over time, patients lose the ability to move, speak, eat, and
breathe. Though the mind often remains sharp, muscle control deteriorates. There is no cure, but
(SUPPORT) __________
supportive care can improve comfort and extend quality of life.
8. Peripheral neuropathy occurs when nerves outside the brain and spinal cord are damaged. It often
causes (NUMB) __________,
numbness tingling, pain, or weakness, usually in the hands and feet. Causes include
diabetes, infections, and certain medications. Treatment focuses on (MANAGE)managing__________ the
underlying condition and relieving nerve pain.
9. Meningitis is the (INFLAMED) __________
inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and
spinal cord, often caused by infection. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to
light. (BACTERIUM) Bacterial
__________ meningitis is a medical emergency, while viral forms are usually less
severe. Vaccination and early treatment are vital.
10. Huntington is a (GENE) __________
genetic disorder causing progressive brain cell death. It leads to
movement issues, cognitive decline, and (PSYCHIATRY) __________
psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms typically
appear in midlife and worsen over time. There’s no cure, but supportive treatments can help manage
symptoms and improve daily functioning for affected individuals.
TASK 5. CLOZE TEST
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by (1)
__________ electrical activity in the brain. Seizures vary in type and severity, ranging from brief lapses of

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awareness (2) __________ convulsions with loss of consciousness. The condition can affect individuals of
all ages, (3) __________ onset is more common in childhood or later adulthood.
The causes of epilepsy are diverse. In some patients, it is linked to genetic predispositions, brain injuries,
infections, or developmental abnormalities. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains (4)
__________. Seizures may be classified as focal, arising from one specific brain region, or generalized, (5)
__________ both hemispheres. Symptoms can include muscle jerking, sensory disturbances, (6)
__________ behavioral changes, or episodes of staring.
Diagnosis (7) __________ on a detailed medical history, neurological examination, and investigations such
as electroencephalography (EEG) and brain imaging. Treatment usually involves long-term use of
antiepileptic drugs (8) __________ seizures. In drug-resistant cases, surgical interventions, vagus nerve
stimulation, or dietary therapy, such as the ketogenic diet, may (9) __________.
While epilepsy can significantly affect quality of life, many patients achieve good seizure control with
appropriate therapy. Early diagnosis, consistent treatment, and supportive care are essential for reducing
complications and (10) __________ outcomes.
1. A. normal B. abnormal C. normally D. abnormally
2. A. to B. of C. from D. with
3. A. because B. due to C. although D. despite
4. A. known B. unnoticed C. untreated D. unknown
5. A. involve B. involving C. involved D. involves
6. A. sudden B. suddenly C. gradual D. gradually
7. A. focus B. focuses C. relies D. rely
8. A. control B. controlled C. controlling D. to control
9. A. consider B. considering C. be considering D. be considered
10. A. improve B. improved C. improving D. improvement

TASK 6. READING COMPREHENSION

Parkinson’s disease is a long-term, progressive disorder of the nervous system that primarily affects
movement. It occurs when nerve cells in a specific part of the brain, known as the substantia nigra, become
damaged or die. These cells are responsible for producing dopamine, a chemical messenger that transmits
signals within the brain to produce smooth, purposeful movements. When dopamine levels drop due to the
loss of these cells, the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease begin to appear.
The most well-known symptoms of Parkinson’s are motor-related. These include tremors, often starting in
one hand; muscle stiffness or rigidity; bradykinesia, which is the slowness of movement; and problems
with balance and coordination. As the disease progresses, patients may find it increasingly difficult to walk,
speak clearly, or perform daily activities. Movements may become smaller and more rigid, and facial
expressions may lessen, a condition often called “masked face.”

However, Parkinson’s disease is more than just a movement disorder. Many people experience non-motor
symptoms that can be just as disruptive. These may include depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances,
memory problems, fatigue, constipation, and loss of the sense of smell. In some cases, these symptoms
appear even before the physical signs of the disease become noticeable. This makes diagnosis particularly
challenging, especially in the early stages.

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The cause of Parkinson’s disease is still not fully understood. While most cases are considered idiopathic,
meaning they arise without a known cause, some are linked to genetic mutations. Environmental factors,
such as exposure to pesticides or heavy metals, have also been suggested as potential contributors. Age is
a significant risk factor, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 60, although early-onset
Parkinson’s can develop in younger individuals.

There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but treatments are available to manage symptoms and
improve quality of life. The most common and effective medication is levodopa, which the body converts
into dopamine. It is often combined with other drugs to enhance its effectiveness and reduce side effects.
In more advanced cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be recommended. This involves surgically
implanting electrodes into the brain to help regulate abnormal brain activity.

Living with Parkinson’s disease can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. However, many
people are able to lead active and meaningful lives with proper medical care, therapy, and support. Physical
therapy can help maintain mobility, while speech therapy can assist with communication difficulties.
Support groups and counseling provide emotional strength and help patients and families cope with the
daily realities of the condition.

Parkinson’s disease continues to be an area of active research. Scientists are exploring new treatments,
including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and neuroprotective drugs that might slow the progression of the
disease or prevent it altogether. With continued advancements in medical science and growing public
awareness, there is hope that more effective solutions will emerge in the near future to improve the lives
of those affected by Parkinson’s.

1. Based on the passage, which of the following best explains why Parkinson’s disease is hard to
diagnose in its early stages?
A. The symptoms are extremely rare and unusual.
B. Tremors don’t appear until the final stage.
C. Non-motor symptoms may appear before the classic motor symptoms.
D. It can only be detected through surgery.
2. Why is dopamine important in the context of Parkinson’s disease?
A. It repairs damaged neurons in the brain.
B. It transmits signals that control muscle movements.
C. It blocks the progression of non-motor symptoms.
D. It strengthens the immune system against brain diseases.

3. What does the phrase “masked face” in the passage most likely refer to?
A. A person who hides their condition from others
B. A stiff, reduced facial expression typical in Parkinson’s patients
C. A surgical procedure involving the face
D. An emotional symptom of depression

4. Which of the following can be inferred about the progression of Parkinson’s disease?
A. It progresses rapidly in all patients.
B. Symptoms disappear after proper medication.
C. It gradually affects both physical and mental functions.
D. Most patients fully recover within a few years.

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5. According to the passage, which combination of factors is considered a possible cause of Parkinson’s
disease?
A. Only genetics B. Genetic and environmental factors
C. Viral infections and aging D. High blood pressure and diabetes
6. Why is levodopa combined with other drugs in treatment?
A. To reduce its cost
B. To avoid brain surgery
C. To increase its effectiveness and minimize side effects
D. To cure the disease completely

7. What does the mention of “deep brain stimulation” imply about Parkinson’s treatment options?
A. Surgical options are available for severe cases.
B. All patients require brain implants.
C. Non-surgical treatment is ineffective.
D. Brain activity can be restored to normal permanently.

8. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s attitude toward the future of Parkinson’s disease
treatment?
A. Hopeless but accepting B. Skeptical and cautious
C. Optimistic and forward-looking D. Dismissive of current efforts

9. What role do support groups and counseling play in managing Parkinson’s, according to the passage?
A. They provide medication and physical therapy.
B. They replace the need for medical treatment.
C. They help patients and families emotionally cope with the condition.
D. They prevent the disease from worsening.

10. Which sentence from the passage suggests that new discoveries are still being made in the field of
Parkinson’s research?
A. “There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease…”
B. “Living with Parkinson’s disease can be challenging…”
C. “Scientists are exploring new treatments, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy…”
D. “The most common and effective medication is levodopa…”

TASK 7. TRANSLATION
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It results from
the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra.
Dopamine is a chemical messenger that helps regulate smooth and coordinated muscle movements. As
dopamine levels decrease, individuals with Parkinson’s experience symptoms such as tremors, muscle
rigidity, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and balance problems. In addition to motor symptoms, the
disease can also lead to non-motor complications such as depression, sleep disturbances, and memory
issues.
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors
is believed to play a role. While the disease typically affects people over the age of 60, early-onset cases
can occur. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms, medical history, and neurological examination.

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There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but treatments can help manage symptoms. Medications
such as levodopa can temporarily restore dopamine levels and improve movement. In some cases, surgical
procedures like deep brain stimulation may be recommended. Ongoing research aims to better understand
the disease and develop more effective therapies. Parkinson’s remains a major challenge in neurology,
affecting millions worldwide.
Bệnh Parkinson là 1 bệnh lý thần kinh tiến triển ảnh hưởng chủ yếu vận động. Đây là hậu quả của việc mất nhất
neuron sản xuất dopamine ở vùng não gọi là chất đen. Dopamine là tín hiệu truyền tin hoá học điều hoà hoạt động

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