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TD Tutorial 2 - 2026

The document presents a series of problems related to thermodynamics, focusing on entropy, irreversible processes, and the equations of state in thermodynamic equilibrium. It includes derivations for the entropy of an ideal gas, calculations for isothermal and adiabatic processes, and explores Maxwell's relations. Additionally, it addresses the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in a medium at equilibrium.

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5 views3 pages

TD Tutorial 2 - 2026

The document presents a series of problems related to thermodynamics, focusing on entropy, irreversible processes, and the equations of state in thermodynamic equilibrium. It includes derivations for the entropy of an ideal gas, calculations for isothermal and adiabatic processes, and explores Maxwell's relations. Additionally, it addresses the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in a medium at equilibrium.

Uploaded by

jipschuurman
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

TUTORIAL 2

Problem 1: Entropy

0
The internal energy of n-moles of an ideal gas can be calculated with a good precision as 𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑉𝑇.

a)​ Derive the entropy of an ideal gas when its molar specific heat at a constant volume is constant in

0
Temperature, 𝐶𝑉(𝑇) = 𝐶𝑉. Hint: choose a reversible path to calculate the entropy change.

b)​ 1 mole of an ideal gas of volume V1 expands adiabatically in vacuum. Calculate the increase in

entropy of the gas when the final volume is V2 and show that this process is irreversible.

Problem 2: Irreversible process and entropy

a)​ In an isothermal process, a body accepts heat 𝑄 and as a result of it, performs work 𝑊. Show that

the work 𝑊 is maximum if the whole process of conversion of heat to work is reversible.

b)​ We want to cause a rejection of heat 𝑄 by a body and for this we perform work 𝑊 on the body.

Show that in order to achieve the required rejection of heat 𝑄, the work 𝑊 is minimum if the

process is reversible.
Problem 3:

Consider 1 mol of an ideal gas of atoms at an initial temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 5 bar.

a)​ Calculate the following values for isothermal, reversible expansion to a final pressure of 1 bar:

a.​ Final temperature of gas

b.​ Work done on the gas

c.​ Increase in internal energy of the gas

d.​ Heat absorbed by the gas

e.​ Entropy change of the gas

f.​ Change in Helmholtz free energy ΔF = ΔU – TΔS of the gas

b)​ The same gas now expands isothermally from p = 5 bar to p = 1 bar, but now against a constant

external pressure of 1 bar. This is an irreversible process now. Without calculations, state if the

answer for all the quantities listed above will be different.

​
​
Problem 4: Equation of state in thermodynamic equilibrium
Consider a medium (not necessarily an ideal gas) in thermodynamic equilibrium. The medium has the
volume V = V0, temperature T, and experiences the pressure p = p0. Since the medium is in equilibrium,
pressure, volume and temperature are mutually dependent. These dependencies are expressed in terms of
the following coefficients:

α=
1
𝑉0 ( ),β=
∂𝑉
∂𝑇
𝑝
−1
𝑉0 ( ) ,γ =
∂𝑉
∂𝑝
𝑇
1
𝑝0 ( )
∂𝑝
∂𝑇
𝑉

Show that α = p0βγ.


Problem 5: Maxwell’s Relations
(Problem 7.3 (a, b, c) from C. J. Adkins “Equilibrium Thermodynamics”) A cylinder contains 0.1 kg of
water at 15°C. A piston increases the pressure on the water isothermally and reversibly from 1 atm to 100
atm. Find ​
(a) the work done on the water by the piston; ​
(b) the heat removed from the water;​
(c) the change in the internal energy of the water.
For water at 15°C, the cubic expansivity is 1.5 x 10-4 K-1 and the compressibility is 4.9 x 10-12 Pa-1. ​
1 ∂𝑉
( )
Cubic expansivity is defined as β = 𝑉 ∂𝑇 . Compressibility is κ =− 𝑉 ∂𝑝
1 ∂𝑉
( )
Use the fact that water is almost incompressible: Approximate the initial and final volume to be the same,
but don’t assume the compressibility is zero!

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