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Intersection

Intersection is a surveying method used to determine the coordinates of an unknown point by measuring angles or distances from known control points. It is particularly useful for locating inaccessible points and involves using instruments like theodolites and total stations. The process includes observing angles or bearings and applying trigonometric calculations to find the unknown point's coordinates.

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2 views3 pages

Intersection

Intersection is a surveying method used to determine the coordinates of an unknown point by measuring angles or distances from known control points. It is particularly useful for locating inaccessible points and involves using instruments like theodolites and total stations. The process includes observing angles or bearings and applying trigonometric calculations to find the unknown point's coordinates.

Uploaded by

georgenyesiga5
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTERSECTION a method used to determine the coordinates of an unknown point

by taking angular or distance measurements from two or more known control points,
without occupying the target point itself.
This technique is ideal for locating inaccessible points, such as high-rise buildings or
tower sites, by computing intersection points from bearings or angle.

Applications

 Locating inaccessible points (e.g., far side of a river, top of a mountain).


 Setting out building corners where direct measurement is blocked.
 Photogrammetry and aerial surveying.
 Artillery targeting and navigation.

 Equipment Used

 Theodolite / Total Station


 EDM (used only on accessible baseline)
 Ranging poles, flags, reflectors

Key Concepts and Techniques

 Methodology: The instrument (theodolite/total station) is set up on known points,


not the unknown point. Two rays (bearings) are observed towards the new point, and
their intersection defines its position.
 Types:
o Bearing Intersection: Computes the bearings of lines from known points to the
unknown point.
o Angle Intersection: Uses angles observed from known points, often utilizing
trigonometric formulas.
 Applications: Establishing new control points, surveying features that cannot be
occupied, and monitoring structural deflection.
 Intersection vs. Resection: In intersection, you occupy known points. In resection
(or "three-point problem"), you occupy the unknown point and sight known points.
Calculation Steps
1. Obtain Coordinates: Identify coordinates of two known stations (A and B)
2. Observe Angles/Bearings: Measure angles to the unknown point (P).
3. Compute: Calculate the coordinates (XPYP,) of the new point using trigonometry
(often using bearings AZ1 and AZ2)

Derivation of Formula

Given points A (x_A, y_A), B (x_B, y_B), and measured angles α (at A to P from AB
line) and β (at B to P from BA line).

First compute distance AB = d.

Then using sine rule in triangle ABP:

Angle at P = 180° – (α + β)

Where θ_AB = directiongle at P = 180° – (α + β) ngle at P = 180° – (α + β)


Where θ_AB = direction from A to B.

References

1. Anderson, J.M. & Mikhail, E.M. (1998). Surveying: Theory and Practice, 7th
ed. McGraw-Hill.
2. Ghilani, C.D. & Wolf, P.R. (2015). Elementary Surveying, 14th ed. Pearson.
3. Schofield, W. & Breach, M. (2007). Engineering Surveying, 6th ed.
Butterworth-Heinemann.
4. Uren, J. & Price, W.F. (2010). Surveying for Engineers, 5th ed. Palgrave
Macmillan.
5. Bannister, A., Raymond, S. & Baker, R. (1998). Surveying, 7th ed. Longman.

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