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Prevention, Treatment and Control (PART 2)

The document discusses various strategies for preventing the spread of diseases, including genetic engineering, vaccination programs, and environmental management. It highlights the importance of public health campaigns and education in raising awareness about preventive measures, particularly for vulnerable populations. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of vaccination uptake and the impact of environmental factors on disease control.

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4 views26 pages

Prevention, Treatment and Control (PART 2)

The document discusses various strategies for preventing the spread of diseases, including genetic engineering, vaccination programs, and environmental management. It highlights the importance of public health campaigns and education in raising awareness about preventive measures, particularly for vulnerable populations. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of vaccination uptake and the impact of environmental factors on disease control.

Uploaded by

abdulkareem.alsairawan.afc
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Investigate proce bit not limited a Pb Genetic engineerin Ou prevent spread of disea ‘The focus isto uickly to ct that loved aM be employ a Pb health programs and how each, help conal capris See severed ype il ek ateton wo cure dace eps prevent occurence of disease in large portion ofthe population by making tem ‘more aware of preventive measures ‘Example: Health campaign was launced afer ‘Sydney waters were contaminated with Giardia in 1998. People were banned fom viking water fom all sources an local pols were closed. Other information: Instructions on boiling water for safe we - Information on which hotled water was safe Education programs are longterm ond ‘Vulnerable target groups in sommnity (obies elderly and those with chronic ‘Mlnesss) are protected from developing or ‘contracting diseases. Controls the spread of disease by establishing rd meni Tzample of dcase tha in no spread duet the EFFECTIVENESS of tis riogy The NSW campaign forthe prevention of whooping cough (petun coughing episodes. The sampaign focused un renin |” RR mt ae rd meer ch ge teat trom Cibres cod wenapers (our yur ard 10 8015 year) (Gree 122.158) Ilan of thone infected with whooping cough + good hygene practi vhich results in long and serio Information i disseminated through healthcare sevice provides uc s matical centres and hompiala | 2s online media. | NOTE: despite the sucess of vacination programs, there bas recent been an ncease in the |munber ease of dvses wish whooping cough ern) Tid ‘> Some people not geting themselvester children vaccinated ~ because people some com Jess itty wi etanercept Thy mot experienced the seriousness ofthese diseases. ‘+ Some people concerned about possible side effect of the vaccine ee WIBGENGTOUGH TRACK VACCINES it i poor teh ‘ PESTICIDES. is es a Pung ready loscetliads,— Outine the procedures hat Procedures employed Outline ow pestis Wa |>Pesiciver O chemiats vseg | OE ets ab ims A enna inctadingpotmageas D KA! vectors thet deonsmd P2INAg eos elesn OFgmins 0 Ability of insect vectors and disease- ‘The use of pesticides is cavironment (affectin © Pesticides are inset pest spec datos ofthe Human toxicity: Pesticides pesticides may be present im indiscriminate: “This ereates eve pest are killed 0 may pose a Fe). grog fage related tothe use of psc: causing organisms to buildup resistance o peste and increases necessity fr developing stone P=. also being discourage! furer by their damaging effects on the saateal food chai) eto oon sil and wae Insets, rn worse est problems foods and m8 =\ Ning Heese PUsty A vectors eles cedese fhe ind ogeh at ee eg, 40 Rainy ees sor example, il any inset, nous the get because the mata competion sod ange to umans who we them Residues of ost threat 0 CONSUMES. ee perme sees f 2 isms af Ticino spread doef the EFFECTIVENESS oF tis SrAEY: tance) is used to + tmsetiides such as pyrethrum (( DDT due to mosquito resis i mumber of anopheles mosquito which isa veetor that caries the Plasmodium j otozoan) that causes malaria protozoan) that ease AGS BD ene ‘+ Another vector thats controlled by the use of inseeticdes isthe aphid that carries the potato | \ | teah rolt viru. a Vee Gee. an, ee, oe [i Titi ee end nora mine ee = | aims | Outline the procedures thay prevent spread of disease Genetic engineering helps produce «Plants and animals that are resistay esis and diseases. 10 commen | tian Prax Produce insecticide o conto) inset pests Ep, Potatoes resistant tothe .. go rae, ete Ee etn. ca). cE eae «+ Vaccines for human (e.g. Jhepotshs..8. vaccine) and animal use, 1+ Vectors (such as mosquitos) with a reduced |” ability to spread disease. For example, | genetically engineered mosquitoes may not carry the ..[Link]. Timing which contains the ..4¢9->- +The cows are then injected with # antibodies. = ei canbe employed in gy Ml nicrig Researchers have engineered cows by incorporating coms ponsible fr producing human ansbsies tage nese PEE. 10 cows promising | + Immunoglobulin therapy is POM EN pont hams OSS qh andcan be ele per month—much pena = ealy modified (GN) cvs ‘ : produced in gepetcal? ; ecsons The antibodies prodt cs nto mee the disease OY ne om a Bs fom nd how each can Using tr | nei i at ‘sin plnsand ands "Tv ratte Control the spread of disease win he Population, Reduced he incidence of seit sees a | ‘pests, no ‘human artificial chromosome int their genome, stimulate the production of these they cn profi 150-00 me of anitdit Depo: te and evaluate environmental managemert and quarantine methods used to idemic or pandemic Define: “Epidemic: when an infectious disease becomes suddenly widespread within a local oF regional level a particular time. Pandemic; a global outbreak of an infectious disease, To CONTROL a disease isto use interventions to REDUCE the number of pathogens in the ‘outside environment and hence REDUCING the chance of infection. Control measures include environmental management and quarantine. Environmental management is imperative for effective disease control, with many ‘environmental factors such as water supply, air quality, saritation facilites and food sources influencing the spread or control of infectious. Effective ervironmental management ean limit the spread of disease outbreaks and improve the health of those affected. Conversely, ‘uncontrolled environmental factors can facilitate the spread of an outbreak: Environmental management seeks to protect the following environmental factors 10 control spread of disease: ‘Water supply: chlorinating water, boiling water before drinking and draining water hich acts as breeding sites to vectors, (0912 Gan Be spreak by Vectors fn. o8 onqvings +Food source: following hygiene practices 00d handing in String regulations, avoid sharing food with ote. importing Jon) 3mm sche seppies Sanitation: removing wastes from areas of habitation, sealed sewage systems, safe Asposl of food, animal and hospital wastes. €3:cegnueh 0} c¥bAH. Soom owas Tic geansysategeasentisien tecture dispersal of scborne puthogeas. HR Poor ore quating A vernietin EM Facsitele Ake Moder of Indechions aseore IRE are, spre HA CeMenS dnplers Gahkarrey | Fitemenaene [Dearie] | during | epidemic Educate and encouragt pq nth Bt eg pemeen age Pl’ pate, (CASE STUDY: EBOK = carnage Ine mani Cause of Ebola | Ebola virus ——— i Tose direct contact wiht “Fowisit oe = Sl iy fds and mucous membranes (eg Blood, | Semen, sweat salve breast mill) fom nec individual ocung a indivilsGchatng wal wenn) oo aa ee vuching ite ‘Contaminated with body fluids e.g. bedding, reuse of sg ontaminated needles TaiiaVeary spn Tv nan aia na ssa ne ——| ‘Progress of disease: vomiting, rash, diarrhoea, blood in mucus and stool due | ‘to liver damage. Also leads to brain damage, seizures. | Sared witha young 2 eur oH hl coning i int pica Poet | ee ee the virus. (e.g. bas) + Death rate: 50% 28 000 cases, 11000 deathsin 2 years jes outside Africa + Documented in 6 count sland lal pen ge Se ne sk ofan Wer Wet ULTIFACTORIAL invot itu d . cling nc oe region oes : a ets: aren a saree Yaa sorb dm wid Analyse the risks and strategies employed at every level to imtite sed of ase Fea igs weaken it spend of dns seachleel |g pr tae Bet (caer cia | geod of dees, | cgennes.. NI 1] Tr eccane = eore an ines [ete | poinagens goer $0 spre Sapa | chs cmon npoved eva ssp! + ance ee | pay econ medial en, |) ea _ oo cae eon western mein! | sawn [Siege er at a ee rece i a + Local and spiritual BENG TS ake tor dees on Goad alae | a |= tmrens cies Combeminekon ch fener chan HK Fae cet 246 Imantea bere tenvin tt) tas gout 2 palin, hang ae Sang tang. of rexionfouttans de, tunfates ns Ptermines how mobile or ‘Solated' population is, Isolated individuals ae less exposed to disease + £00 9% regions area a greater risk of ai era end virus rere in Seawater and seafood due to sewage disposal +. Sasonsh..versehen3.. in temperature sd rainfall determines th availability of eNotes! asses. such as hnuricanes,carthquakes and volanic eruptions leading to poor sentation Datei 2 eS eaten . an i ae a Face .cegARTANN. and Tass | aoa a eft |Z eee ee fa crnploe been ee mane | + Besteng.. natural reservoirs of pathogens! stagnant water, ‘contaminated sil + Improve health of people (and hense immune system) by solving probes ‘of starvation and malnutrition. “+ Make pharmaceuticals and vaccines | accessible and affordable Global + Tnereased movement of people wound the globe duc to VF f%8\.nk Or © Migration of .ce4v36«.... populations due to their exposure to lack of base health eare such as vaccines, and overcrowding, + NNS296..0f..OnFbIONSS— thod Ned ha re 18 Cesisten drctene ional treet 16 Wechars ascor< content) + [Link]...nerr.. 8803 1 Bekman. medival check and ‘ratnation are caried out o exc Aiseases suchas malaria, polio, tuberculosis. A standard requirement in the condition of relaase camps. ‘+ WHO developed the “Global Action Plan On Antimicrobial Resistance’ to improve .owey:sos>>.. and | SCHES. of estance ole | the growing problem of resistance Effective .Armenncaynoe. between countries! scientists is possible due to internet transfer of upto date info, |) accurate information on outbreaks 5 | ages they occur. a ee sprend sue and washing bands afte Frosow#0.4. people to seek advice from theie GPs. Encourage vaio an.. every year before surveillance scheme’ to detect .€6¢14. 2pits0165.., develop vaccines per season and collect data on patient symptoms, health snd status (fl racking survey), + Have contact with laboratory surveillance to analyse MiCOh sins .etieg., S008. ch, ___Uerav0e... aun e500. AE sane Reduce baa expres vr rece Cvereromdng ad esese surelance of tots 2. Strengthen ery waraing system eure "1 ceive i lata from all Counce improve een 4. Bld capac fo ope with pandemic Enel cous hve effese pandemic 4. Coordinate global scientific research and development: to ensure vaccines and antiviral drugs are availabe shortly after the pandemic ‘and that scientific understanding of the virus ‘evolves quickly [> Reaching. pepe w meson —} Development ofthe “national influenza] ~ Analjsis of etfectvenss of sirategies | Disease stil spreads between the community — and has peak times as itis very hard o ensure all individuals jn community follow the required procedures, Therefore, strategies .9¢6..00h... IRs eit. lbsse especialy since vrs mutate every season ‘Ya. Declos. in collecting real time ‘data from al sates and developing suitable ‘vaccines per season mn adults (30-60 yrs), he rate of influenza in ‘Australia deceased dramatically fom 2009, 1 Theredare very effeetee Effenive in 2Feusnting .Aendsinsss however, epidemics in he temperate zone of the northem hemisphere continue to ise Date: vetious disease in revalence of infect «© Inmerpret data relating to the ineenee and P popilations, for example : that are immune or immnunise = mobility of individuals and the porto = Malaria or Dengue Fever in South East Asit includes a robust system of gathering = oval and global levels. This AAs covered earlier, a method of controlling seas savoen all three levels to send alerts truly of infrmaton rested to diese at ea, informacion ton needs to be rapidly ommunicaid when eee In tems of infections disease, epidemiology (the study of people) ss Ste Jn tes of infectious dower icase tient the cause ofthe disease od Adaermine effective conuolmeasreso prevent rhe read ‘The type of data that must be ‘collected during epidemiological studies at Jocal, regional ang lobal evel includes: Incidence of disease Prevalence of disease Mobility of population Percentage of the population that is immunised against an infectious disease~ This data helps determine the proportion of the population that is protected from the disease and identifies vulnerable individuals Who may act as carriers or be at rsk of. infection. pow ‘This datais collected though digital epidemfotogy, providing real-time insight i spread and impact of infectious diseases, eres ie a Digital epidemiology provides away to race, in real ime, how an infe through a population, hou en infect Incidence vs Prevalence Incidence of disease indicating the 1%... of individual tng the ics, of population (e.g, eases per 100,000 people). ees ecu ina population, Incidence is expressed asa Pressed a fraction of the population during a specific tine, [Fe |i) [Rear rEerennuaaa =] = speed yess Peek ares For example, calculate the incdence of eae ocho! ‘cases of influenza were reported this week ee eal Cote rhe nonce of ase Son our working nt ee B, Prevalence of desse ‘The prevalence of iscas isthe proportion ofthe population that has the disease at a particular point in time. While incidence refers only to new cases, prevalence includes all eases, both bw. and A900. ‘Note: Prevalence does not include those who have £640 #5668... oF those who have pee. Fesescty It can be thought of a measure ofthe overall burden or spread of disease within population, Its also expressed as a percentage. Prevalence is calculated asthe fraction ofthe population tht is affected by te disease during a speifed period andi sil alive at the end ofthat period, the poo of individuals with the disease within the population) AN new oh grains re Papuchen Oring me penne or example, a survey was conducted inthe aan schol the total aber of sce whe re tna over tee months of winter The ere 100 suds and 198 rience inne ruanza in tl winter Cleat the prevalence of ease, show scan apesehon conkesteh Jee wish Date ion indian ion on the percentage of peo 1 infestious disease Mobility of population is the study of rove. pattecn's. (n ion is the study of ‘ten ly Pattee. (migration) of peopl Fras involves collecting data related tothe movement of people in Australia, movement igration rates from overseas and method of travel by plane/boat. + Humans act as CACCi¢¢8., for ee 2 pathogens and may spread the disease to new locations Eee isthe proportion of people within population w have been vaccinated against parila dpease, Ps Paton he * The rate of immunisation of the population both residing, an essential in controlling the spread of disease. + * Dain is colected to ensure that sigicantproporion ofthe population i immunised to msiniin Need. iSewosh ge a * Itrelies on high numbers of vaccinated individuals. Asa result, the chance of an infected individual coming into contact with an unprotected person is very low (fewer susceptible hosts), reducing transmission of disease. When a population has h«c¢....imenvnity... everyone in that population including ‘unvaccinated individuals are protected against epidemics. Given the speed of ..Acowe’.. itis possible that an infected individual can circle the ‘globe within the incubation period of a disease, causing an exponential increase in ontacts, for example HIV has a long incubation period and therefore mobility of infected individuals can be a high-risk factor in the spread of disease. "Mobility increases the contact between humans ard W.6S 10... ‘ Sheoins [Link].... into areas, for example Australia has seen an tuberculosis with 80-90% of cases coming from overseas read from neighboring countries of multidrug Mobility can bring Atv. in the incidence of vals. The increase is a result ofthe sp sistant strains of TB. + Evaluate historical, ical, culturally iy spread of disease 9 gg give and cure sates oped and conto the Es ee ying incidence and disuibution management and conto ofan stems of cscs helps in understanding the cae, (Our epidemiological approach tu Ind changed iin conten nme sanding he ase, incidence and conf dese due to malleable ature of knowledge, technologies and culture Recap of terminology: Treatment: voles sates employed oir ar edn or aleve He stems ‘Control: involves reducing its spread trough the population once already present Prevention: vise of sates ht unre he scans of dis ine ‘Management: involves programsintervention thatimprove the outcomes of chromic Jang: lasting) conditions and improve the quality of if of sufferers. Successb) anemeg ew ent OO Peder te eR ch heomen R Cmby Ammen |, Historical control ofthe spread of disease Background: + 150 years ago there was litle understanding as the COW? of disease. + When disease occurred, attempts would be made to treat them. ‘This was often unsuecessful, death rate was high, many children didnot survive to adulthood. ‘After breakthroughs in the understanding of disease, there came the knowledge that “allowed more successful ¢OMm.. tobe developed. For example, the work of ‘Pasteur and Koch (late 1800's) demonstrated tht microbes caused infectious disease, inthe form of VA14i96%... due tthe + Barly preventative strategies were also developed work of Pastur, Koch, Jenner wae. since cat +Other preventative measures such as 4##7 £8.42. have been used ly times. payin tenn apis Sel A Histoncet * sircte gure) Vee Img te jena umm ehowieer AS EtgpeM eS AN eateren pact) at) mr SS matin Sheher 2 curcend > 4 ech Wmomtat i cerinmy betes & eee an outbreak of the plague “Black: «+ First used in Dubrovn, Croatia in 1° rantine cent? Death’ (Temporary hospital’gua ‘ia veneeeuie ta (called ) opene + First permanent plague hospi fstand of Sans Mari in 142 sn Marseille (France) in 1467 tal for leprosy patients opened i sires so that they had rei’ and were sratcrically located ‘a river or mountain to ..SC¢Drche + Similar hosp + Plague hospitals were called ‘lc - crete. MEEES - sach asthe se them Soom. grpwieted OER : + gach sategien_conteined. te [Link] alowed downlrestricted tie spread ofthe disease. EXAMPLE: Historie control of disease - Sydney + Sydney has experienced many epidemics during is history + Measles (1866), scarlet fever (1876), smallpox (1789, 1881, 1913), the plague (1900), ‘Spanish influenza (1918) [Responses to these ealy epidemics such as quarantine measures were successful in controlling further spread ofthe diseases Example 2: Maps [Link] epi dens broke out in London in si Bi se 1854, physician Dr, Salve, /estigation, row bypothesised that toh waa tha nes orient developed a *POR... 10 show the en gcophis...AstriWshO. of cases to map the Jnsident of disease By mapping the location of local wrOMC...7/P$..., he identified the relationship between prevalence of cholera and water supply. After identifying the source of the outbreak, area officials .{ Owarantine measures were employed to provide a natural barrier (eg. se, river or ‘mouinain) to separate infected people from the populated areas Using maps to record deaths and hence pinpoint source of pathogens + Mandatory reporting of new + Use of drugs + Useof pesticides + Use of antibiotics SUMMARY ‘Example of a dises affected by this strateey Cholera - Epidemiology (ohn Snow) Malaria: Using anti-malarial drugs such as quinine (Go treat malaria) + Also using pesticides suchas DDT However, the Protozoan plasmodium became resistant against treatment and mosquitoes became resistant against pesticide, i Saas Oe ee ori evn steateey | urantine methods were very a Rydney experienced regardless of Short history (measles, smallpox, ry Spanish influenza). Effective as the outbreak was consi first example of epidemiology. However, the use of antibioties si pesticides led to the problem of resistance in some diseases least? 3 untreatable diseases, high costs, 5p damaged crops and a lower gun 2! a ‘it E Cultural control of the spread of disease Culture refers to integrated pat san tne beer ange stems of human behnvour isting the language, hous, » belbef¥ and vale oF racial, ethic! religions tr mcial groupe Sie cuteral ballets can Ser 0¢. serres is preven ad i EG. In2014 the Ebola outbreak in Africa was ableto spread because of «combination of Poverty, famine and coruption together with the THO! exes, of paying spect to the deceased through close contact withthe corpse. Control measures needed to include educating the public to . | acknowledges CBeaechar 2 Biren cs Gace thea cNscovered cb Bins \ beneQhs ginals Cedein = =) Ho ooo ae aces » Cn i ; Fnowiedgs “POSS enero a IIT) >e Clg iu Date Example of Indigenous intellectual property being at risk Name of native Australian plant: Smokebush. Benefits of ts use in medicine: [Link]... Ar oH. camer. dis. media RAL OYE: ee Faling.... rimemtics Te SOtdoeny...ch.. smaebush cringe, Coanehrawanes oe Berperty wiimote imemel to Loteng. tow ‘Risk on Indigenous intellectual property: ("OM OF HIV The. VER... [Link], eee, Membng, £1808 $o...catesk..Saccimnenn,ch SMO Ehwth... Sree she We. Bbeatreagst a6. dteelmenk. Mf, ANY. A concen The (Osh ete. SemES We... or. AM.. perme, 684). Bence NP. BNE. RENEE. SO. CBNSHEAMNNE 2. SHOWN he A SEMEN Ae. AA, gorecnmens.2...Nencay.... will Chae. RINE. AnH... while, Alege en. discovered Ake hecing pmperter ch Smnkchrh, wold yer nn Obknariegleret juno ciet Ccimmvesemend - * mMemorise

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