Module 3: Multivariable Calculus
Multivariable calculus is used for: areas, volumes, mass, energy, optimization,
modeling change, fluid flow, electromagnetics, and aerodynamics. Solving real-
world problems in different geometries (spherical, cylindrical), used in machine
design and robotics. Computer Graphics & Image Processing: (Double integrals for
calculating pixel intensity averages.)
Double integrals (Cartesian): A double integral integrates a function of two variables
f(x,y) over a region R:
where a, b, c and d are constant.
Note : (i) When ( ) and ( ) then integral
( )
∫ *∫ ( )
( ) +
(ii) When ( ) and ( ) then integral
( )
∫ *∫ ( )
( ) +
Properties:
(i) Linearity:
(ii) Additivity:
(iii) Non-negativity:
PROBLEMS
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ( ) .
Ans.:
√
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ .
Ans.:
3. Evaluate ∬ where R is the region bounded by the coordinate
axes and the line .
Ans. :
4. Evaluate ∬ ( ) over the region R bounded between the
parabola y = and the line
Ans.:
Change of order of integration in double integrals:
In a double integral with variable limits, the change of order of integration
changes the limits of integration. While doing so, sometimes it is required to split
up the region of integration and the given integral is expressed as the sum of a
number of double integrals with change limits.
For given integral in the form
( )
∬ ( ) ∫ ∫ ( )
( ) ( )
Or
( )
∬ ( ) ∫ ∫ ( )
( ) ( )
That is, if integral (1) is given then identify the region of integration 𝑅 by
writing the figure and express (1) in the form of (2).
The evaluation of (2) will be the value of (1) on changing the order of
integration.
The double integral which is difficult to be evaluated in the existing form can
be evaluated on changing the order of integration.
PROBLEMS
√
1. By changing the order of integration of ∫ ∫ .
Ans. :
2. By changing the order of integration of ∫ ∫ .
√
Ans.: (√ )
√
3. By changing the order of integration in ∫ ∫ ( ) and hence
evaluate.
Ans.: .
4. Changing the order of integration in ∫ ∫ and hence evaluate
the same.
Ans.:
Change of variables (Cartesian to polar) :
To change a double integral from Cartesian to polar coordinates, substitute ( )
and ( ), and replace with . The process involves
converting the region of integration and the limits from Cartesian to polar, setting up the
new integral with the transformed function and the new differential element , and
then evaluating the integral with respect to r and θ in the new coordinate system.
PROBLEMS
1. Evaluate by changing to polar co-ordinates ∬ over the positive
quadrant bounded by the circle .
Ans.:
2. Evaluate by changing to polar co-ordinates ∬ where R is the
annular region between the circles and .
Ans.: .
3. Evaluate ∬ where R is the region bounded by the cardioid
( ) above the initial line.
Ans. :
Triple integrals (Cartesian) :
PROBLEMS
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
( )
Ans. :
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫
( )
Ans. :
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ ( )
Ans.: 0
√ √
4. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫
Ans.:
PROBLEMS
Applications: areas, volume :
1. Show that the area between the parabolas and is .
2. Find the area of the ellipse by double integration.
Ans. :
3. Find the area lying inside the cardioid ( ) and outside the circle
.
Ans.: ( )
4. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder and the planes
and .
Ans. : (Hint: ∬ ( ) ∬ )
5. Calculate the volume of the solid bounded by the planes
Ans.: (Hint: ∭ )
6. Find the volume of the ellipsoid
Center of mass and Gravity (constant and variable densities)
Center of Mass (C.M.) is the point at which the entire mass of a system can be assumed to be
concentrated for analysis of translational motion.
Center of Gravity (C.G.) is the point where the resultant weight of the body acts.
For a uniform gravitational field, C.M. and C.G. coincide.
Calculation of Mass:
(a) For a plane lamina, if the surface density at the point ( ) be ( ) then
the elementary mass at
Therefore, total mass of the lamina ∬ ()
with integrals embracing the whole area of the lamina.
In polar coordinates, taking ( ) at the point ( )
Total mass of the lamina ∬ ( )
(b) For a solid, if the density at the point ( ) be ( ) then the
Total mass of the lamina ∭ with appropriate limits of integration.
Centre of Gravity:
PROBLEMS
1. Find the mass of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinates planes
and the plane the variable density .
Ans. :
2. Find by the double integration, the Centre of gravity of the area of the
cardioid ( )
Ans.: ( )
3. Using the double integration, find the Centre of gravity of a lamina in the
shape of quadrant of the curve ( ) ( ) the density being
, where k is a constant.
Ans.: ( )
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates
Let the rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) of any point be expressed as function of u,
v, w so that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Suppose that (1) can be solve for u, v, w in terms of x, y, z so that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
We assume that the function in (1) and (2) are single-valued and have continuous partial
derivatives so that the correspondence between ( ) and ( ) is unique. Then
( ) are called curvilinear coordinates of ( ).
Each of has a level surface through an arbitrary point. The surfaces
are called coordinate surfaces through ( ). Each
pair of these coordinate surfaces intersect in curves called the coordinate curves. The
curve of intersection of and will be called the w-curve, for only changes
along this curve. Similarly we define u and v-curves.
In particular, when the coordinate surfaces intersect a right angles, the three coordinates
curves are also mutually orthogonal and are called the orthogonal curvilinear
coordinates. In this case and are mutually perpendicular unit
vector traids and hence become identical.
There are two special curvilinear systems:
(1) Cylindrical Coordinates
Ex.: Express the vector in cylindrical coordinates.
(2) Spherical polar Coordinates
Ex.: Express the vector field in spherical polar coordinates system.