Presentation

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DC GENERATORS

RAVINDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINERRING FOR WOMEN

Kurnool – 518452, Andhra Pradesh, India
Fleming’s Right hand rule

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• Fleming’s Right hand rule Used to determine
the direction of emf induced in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb
of the left hand are kept at right angles to one
another. The fore finger represent the
direction of magnetic field
• The thumb represent the direction of motion
of the conductor
• The middle finger will indicate the direction of
the inducted e.m.f . This rule is used in DC
Generators
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 Len’s Law

• The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz’s

[Link] to this law, the induced emf will
be acting in such a way so as to oppose the
very cause of production of it .
• e = -N (dØ/dt) volt

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 DC Generator
• Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy.
• Three requirements are essential
• 1. Conductors
• 2. Magnetic field
• 3. Mechanical energy Working principle

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 Working principle
• A generator works on the principles of
Faraday’slaw of electromagnetic induction
• Whenever a conductor is moved in the
magnetifield , an e.m.f is induced and the
magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
• This e.m.f causes a current flow if the
conductor circuit is closed .

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CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR

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• Field system
• Armature core
• Armature winding
• Commutator
• Brushes

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 Field system

• It is for uniform magnetic field within which

the armature rotates.
• Electromagnets are preferred in comparison
with permanent magnets
• They are cheap , smaller in size , produce
greater magnetic effect and Field strength can
be varied

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• Field system consists of the following parts
• Yoke
• Pole cores
• Pole shoes
• Field coils

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 YOKE
• The outer frame of a dc machine is called as
yoke.
• It is made up of cast iron or steel.
• It not only provides mechanical strength to
the whole assembly but also carries the
magnetic flux produced by the field winding.

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Pole Core and Pole Shoes

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• The Pole Core and Pole Shoes are fixed to the
magnetic frame or yoke by bolts.
• Each pole core has a curved surface. Usually,
the pole core and shoes are made of thin cast
steel or wrought iron laminations which are
riveted together under hydraulic pressure.
• The poles are laminated to reduce the Eddy
Current loss.

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 Purpose of poles core
• It supports the field or exciting coils.
• They spread out the magnetic flux over the
armature periphery more uniformly.
• It increases the cross-sectional area of the
magnetic circuit, as a result, the reluctance of
the magnetic path is reduced.

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 Field or Exciting Coils

• When direct current passes through the field

winding, it magnetizes the poles, which in
turns produces the flux.
• The field coils of all the poles are connected
in series in such a way that when current flows
through them, the adjacent poles attain
opposite polarity.

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 Armature Core

• The armature core of DC Generator is

cylindrical in shape and keyed to the rotating
shaft.
• At the outer periphery of the armature has
grooves or slots which accommodate the
armature winding.

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• The armature core of a DC generator or
machine serves the following purposes.
• It houses the conductors in the slots.
• It provides an easy path for the magnetic flux.

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 Armature Winding

• The insulated conductors are placed in the

slots of the armature core. The conductors are
wedged, and bands of steel wire wound
around the core and are suitably connected.
This arrangement of conductors is called
Armature Winding. The armature winding is
the heart of the DC Machine.

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• On the basis of connections, the windings are
classified into two types
• Lap Winding
• Wave Winding.

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 Lap Winding

• In lap winding, the conductors are connected

in such a way that the number of parallel
paths are equal to the number of poles.

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 Wave Winding

• In wave winding, the conductors are so

connected that they are divided into two
parallel paths irrespective of the number of
poles of the machine

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 Commutator

• The commutator, which rotates with the

armature, is cylindrical in shape and is made
from a number of wedge-shaped hard drawn
copper bars or segments insulated from each
other and from the shaft. The segments form
a ring around the shaft of the armature. Each
commutator segment is connected to the
ends of the armature coils.

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• It connects the rotating armature conductors
to the stationary external circuit through
brushes.
• It converts the induced alternating current in
the armature conductor into unidirectional
current in the external load circuit in DC
Generator

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 Brushes
• Carbon brushes are placed or mounted on the
commutator and with the help of two or more
carbon brushes current is collected from the
armature winding
• They are usually made of high-grade carbon
because carbon is conducting material and at
the same time in powdered form provides a
lubricating effect on the commutator surface.

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 Bearings

• The ball or roller bearings are fitted in the end

housings. The function of the bearings is to
reduce friction between the rotating and
stationary parts of the machine. Mostly high
carbon steel is used for the construction of
bearings as it is very hard material.

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 Shaft

• The shaft is made of mild steel with a

maximum breaking strength. The shaft is used
to transfer mechanical power from the
machine.

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 DC Generator Working
• Here Conductor A is connected to outer slip ring and
“Conductor B” is connected to inner slip ring.
• Brushes are connected to respective slip rings to take
electrical energy from rotating slip rings.
• when we rotate the loop ,when “conductor A” is under south
pole it will produce a current in one direction and when in
north pole it will produce a current in another direction.
• So The polarity of the brush that connected to “Conductor A”
slip ring(outer Slip ring) is always [Link] brush that
connected to “Conductor B” slip ring(inner slip ring) is also
alternating but of opposite polarity.

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 Types of dc generators
• DC generators are classified based on their
method of excitation. So on this basis there
are two types of DC generators:-
[Link] excited DC generator
2. Self-excited DC generator

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 Separately excited DC generator

• As you can guess from the name itself , this dc

generator has a field magnet winding which is
excited using a separate voltage source (like
battery). The output voltage depends on the
speed of rotation of armature and field
current. The higher the speed of rotation and
current – the higher the output e.m.f

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 Self Excited DC Generator

• These are generators in which the field

winding is excited by the output of the
generator [Link] are three types of self-
excited dc generators
• 1) Series
2) Shunt and
3) Compound.

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Series generator

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• In which the armature winding is connected in
series with the field winding so that the field
current flows through the load as well as the
field winding.
• The field winding is a low resistance, thick
wire of few turns. Series generators are also
rarely used!

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 Shunt DC Generator

• In which the field winding is wired parallel to

armature winding so that the voltage across
both are same. The field winding has high
resistance and more number of turns so that
only a part of armature current passes
through field winding and the rest passes
through load.

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 Compound Generator

• It has two field findings namely Rsh and Rse.

They are basically shunt winding (Rsh) and
series winding (Rse). Compound generator is
of two types –
1) Short shunt
2) Long shunt

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 Short shunt
• Here the shunt field winding is wired parallel
to armature and series field winding is
connected in series to the load.

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 Long shunt
• Long shunt:- Here the shunt field winding is
parallel to both armature and series field
winding

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 EMF EQUATION
• Let
• Ф - flux/ pole in weber
• Z - Total number of armature conductors.
• P - Number of poles
• A - Number of parallel paths in armature
• N - Speed of armature in r.p.m
• Flux cut by one conductor = dФ = PФ
• Time taken to complete one revolution = dt = 60/N seconds
• Average induced E.M.F in one conductor = e = PФ/dt
• e = PФN/60 Volt

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• Number of conductors connected in series in each parallel
path = Z/A
• Average induced EMF across each parallel path that is across
armature terminals
• E = e *Z/A
• = (PФN/60) *Z/A
• E = (ФZN/60)* P/A
• For a wave wound machine A = 2
• E = ФZNP/120 Volt
• Lap wound machine A =P
• E = ФZN/60 Volt

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 Characteristics of DC Generators

• 1. Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.) (E0/If)

• Open circuit characteristic is also known
as magnetic characteristic or no-load
saturation characteristic. This characteristic
shows the relation between generated emf at
no load (E0) and the field current (If) at a given
fixed speed.

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• 2. Internal or Total Characteristic (E/Ia)
• An internal characteristic curve shows the
relation between the on-load generated emf
(Eg) and the armature current (Ia). The on-load
generated emf Eg is always less than E0 due to
the armature reaction.

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• [Link] Characteristic (V/IL)
• An external characteristic curve shows the
relation between terminal voltage (V) and the
load current (IL). Terminal voltage V is less
than the generated emf Eg due to voltage
drop in the armature circuit

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Characteristics of separately excited DC Generator

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Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

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Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

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Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

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Characteristics of DC Series Generator

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Characteristics of DC Compound Generator

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 Applications of DC Generators

• 1. DC shunt Generator
• For electro plating
• Battery charging
• For excitation of Alternators
• [Link] Generators:
• Used as Boosters
• Used for supply to arc lamps

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• 3. Compound Generator:
• Differential Compound generators are used to
supply dc welding machines.
• Level compound generators are used to supply
power for offices ,hostels.
• over compound generators are used to
compensate the voltage drop in Feeders.

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• 4. Separately Exited Generator:
• (a) They are used in Ward-Leonard system of
speed control to serve as a control generator.
• (b) Used in power-generating station to serve
as an excitation source for large alternators.
• (c) Used to serve as auxiliary and emergency
power supplies.
•
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• Critical speed:The critical speed of the DC
generator is the maximum speed above the
DC generator, where it cause damage or failing
of the [Link] critical speed is the
maximum resistance of the circuit in which
the shunt generator resistance become the
critical field and produce the voltage when the
critical filed of the resistance is high as
compared to the field circuit resistance.
•
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• Critical resistance: The critical resistance of
the Dc generator is associated with the shunt
DC generator. In which the shunt generator
get excited and produce the induced voltage
across the generator armature as the voltage
is directly proportional to the DC generator.

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