Unit-1

1. Cloud Computing at a glance

In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the chief scientists of the original Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET), which seeded the Internet.
As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and become sophisticated,
we will probably see the spread of computer utilities which, like present electric and telephone utilities,
will service individual homes and offices across the country.
This vision of computing utilities based on a service-provisioning model anticipated the massive
transformation of the entire computing industry in the 21st century, whereby computing services will
be readily available on demand, just as other utility services such as water, electricity, telephone, and
gas are available in today’s society. Similarly, users (consumers) need to pay providers 3 only when
they access the computing services.
Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on a pay per-use
basis. This principle finds several practical applications and then gives different images of cloud
computing to different people.
| don’t care where my servers are, who manages them, where my documents are stored, or
where my applications are hosted. | just want them always available and access them from any
device connected through Internet. And | am willing to pay for this service for as a long as | need
it.
Service orientation allows cloud computing to deliver its capabilities with familiar abstractions, while
virtualization confers on cloud computing the necessary degree of customization, control, and flexibility
for building production and enterprise systems.

Cloud computing turns IT services into utilities.......

 The vision of cloud computing
Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime environment and services
to a person having money.
These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user.
The whole collection of computing system is transformed into collection of utilities, which can be
provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days, with no maintenance
cost.
The long-term vision of cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities in an open market,
without technological and legal barriers.
Many of the technological elements contributing to this vision already exist. Different stakeholders
leverage louds for a variety of services.
The need for global storage and compute power on demand is the most common reason to consider
cloud computing.
The discovery of services is mostly done by human intervention: a person (or a team of people) looks
over the Internet to identify offerings that meet his or her needs.
In future it will be possible to find the solution that matches our needs by simply entering our request
in a global digital market that trades cloud computing services.
The existence of such a market will enable the automation of the discovery process and its integration
into existing software systems, thus allowing users to transparently leverage cloud resources in their
applications and systems.
Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help service providers to
potentially increase their revenue.
A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competition service in order to fulfill its promises to
customers.
In the near future we can imagine a solution that suits our needs by simply applying our application to
the global digital market for cloud computing services.
 Cloud Computing at a glance

I have infrastructure.
and middleware and |

1 want to focuson
application logic and
not maintenance and
scalability issues
 Defination
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous (Global), convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management
effort or service provider interaction.”

“Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet for storing and managing data on remote
servers and then access data via the internet."” One such example is Google cloud — It is a suite of
public cloud services offered by Google. All the application development run on Google hardware.

The cloud is a network of servers that are connected to the internet and are used to store, process,
and manage data. Instead of storing data on your personal computer or phone, you can access the
cloud over the internet and use it to store and access your data from any device.

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on the
internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be anything
such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.
. There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:
o Developing new applications and services
o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios
 A closer look
Cloud computing is useful in governments, enterprises, public and private institutions and research
organizations which make more effective and demand-driven computing services systems.
Large enterprises can offload some of their activities to cloud-based systems Small enterprises and
start-ups can afford to translate their ideas into business results more quickly, without excessive up-
front costs.
System developers can concentrate on the business logic rather than dealing with the complexity of
infrastructure management and scalability. End users can have their documents accessible from
everywhere and any device.
There seem to be a number of specific examples demonstrating emerging applications of cloud
computing in both established companies and startups.
Such cases are intended to illustrate the value proposition of feasible cloud computing solutions and
the benefits businesses have gained from these services.
Examples of CC
 Examples of CC
1. Dropbox , Facebook, Gmail:
Cloud can be used for storage of files. The advantage is an easy backup. They automatically
synchronize the files from the desktop. Dropbox allowing users to access files and storage up to 1
terabyte of free storage. Social Networking platform requires a Cloud can be used for storage of
files. The advantage is an easy backup. They automatically synchronize the files from the desktop.
Dropbox allowing users to access files and storage up to 1 terabyte of free storage. Social
Networking platform requires a powerful hosting to manage and store data in real-time. Cloud-
based communication provides click-to- call capabilities from social networking sites, access to the
Instant messaging system.
[Link], Financial Services
Consumers store financial information to cloud computing serviced providers. They
store tax records as online backup services.
[Link] Care
Using cloud computing, Medical professionals host information, analytics and do diagnostics
remotely. As healthcare also comes in the list of examples of cloud computing it allows other
doctors around the world to immediately access this medical information for faster prescriptions
and updates. Application of cloud computing in health care includes telemedicine, public and
personal health care, E-health services and bioinformatics.
[Link]
This is useful in institutions of higher learning provide benefits to universities and colleges so
henceforth Education comes in the examples of cloud computing. Google and Microsoft provide
various services free of charge to staff and students in different learning institutions. Several
Educational institutions in united states use them to improve efficiency, cut on costs.
Example- Google App Education (GAE). They allow the user to use their personal workspace,
teaching becomes more interactive. Cloud-based communication provides click-to-call capabilities
from social networking sites, access to the Instant messaging system.
5. Government
They deliver e-Governance services to citizens using cloud-based IT services. They have the
technology to handle large transactions, citizens can see fewer congestion bottlenecks.
6. Big data Analytics
Big data analytics is another example of Cloud computing, As cloud computing enables data
scientist in analyzing their data patterns, insights, correlations, predictions and help in good
decision making. There are many open sources of big tools like Hadoop, Cassandra.
7. Communication
Cloud allows network-based access to communication tools like emails and calendars. Wats app is
also a cloud-based infrastructure as it comes in communication it is also one of the examples of cloud
computing. All the messages and information are stored in service providers hardware.
8. Business Process
Business email is cloud-based. ERP, document management and CRM are based on a cloud service
provider. SAAS has become an important method for the enterprise. Examples include Salesforce,
HubSpot. They make many business processes more reliable because data can be copied at multiple
redundant sites on the cloud providers
 The Cloud Deployment Models

Cloud Deployment Models

Public/internet Hybrid/Inter
Clouds Clouds

*Third-party
* Mixed use of
multitenant cloud private and public
infrastructure
clouds; leasing public
and services
cloud services

*Available on a
when private cloud
capacity is insufficient
subscription basis to all
 Other Govt.
Cloud Services) Cloud Services
 Cloud computing Reference model
* There are the following types of service models:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (laaS)

2. Platform as a Service (Paas)
3. Software as a Service (Saa$S)

Web 2.0 Software as a Service | =

Intertaces End-user applications
@ Scientific applications
Office automation, photo editing,
gle CRM. and social networking
1 xamples | Google Documents. Facebook. Flickr, Salesforce

Runtime environment for applications

Development and data processing platforms
Examples : Windows Azure, Hadoop. Google AppEngine. Aneka

Infrastructure
as a Service
Virtualized servers
Storage and networking
-
‘E) : Examples : Amazon EC2, S3, Rightscale, vCloud
 1. Infrastructure as a Service (laas) :
laaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the
internet. The main advantage of using laaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of
purchasing and managing the physical servers.
Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) offers storage and computer resources that developers and IT
organizations use to deliver custom/business solutions.
laaS delivers computer hardware (servers, networking technology, storage, and data center space) as a
service.
It may also include the delivery of OS and virtualization technology to manage the resources. The more
important point is that laaS customers rent computing resources instead of buying and installing them
in their data centers.
The service is typically paid for on a usage basis. The service may include dynamic scaling so that if the
customers need more resources than expected, they can get them immediately.
Using laaS, we get maximum flexibility, but still, we need to put more effort into maintenance.
Characteristics of 1aaS :
Resources are available as a service
newN e

Services are highly scalable

Dynamic and flexible
GUI and API-based access
Automated administrative tasks

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) :
* PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the
applications.
* Platform as a Service is a strategy that offers a high level of abstraction to make a cloud readily
programmable in addition to infrastructure-oriented clouds that offer basic compute and storage
capabilities (PaaS).
* Developers can construct and deploy apps on a cloud platform without necessarily needing to know
how many processors or how much memory their applications would use.
* A PaaS offering that provides a scalable environment for creating and hosting web applications is
Google App Engine, for instance.

Characteristics of PaaS
1. Accessible to various users via the same development application.
2. Integrates with web services and databases.
3. Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the
organization's need.
4. Support multiple languages and frameworks.
5. Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, [Link], Google App Engine, Apache Stratos,
Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.
 3. Software as a Service (SaaS) :
¢ SaaSis also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by
a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and
web browser.
* Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) offers storage and computer resources that developers and IT
organizations use to deliver custom/business solutions. laa$ delivers computer hardware (servers,
networking technology, storage, and data center space) as a service.
* It may also include the delivery of OS and virtualization technology to manage the resources. Here,
the more important point is that laaS customers rent computing resources instead of buying and
installing them in their data centers.
* The service is typically paid for on a usage basis. The service may include dynamic scaling so that if
the customers need more resources than expected, they can get them immediately.

Characteristics of SaaS
Managed from a central location
Hosted on a remote server
hwNE

Accessible over the internet

Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied automatically.
The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.
 Difference between Model

IaasS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data It provides virtual platforms It provides web software and
center to store information and tools to create, test, and apps to complete business
and create platforms for app deploy apps. tasks.
development, testing, and
deployment.

It provides access to resources It provides runtime It provides software as a

such as virtual machines, environments and deployment service to the end-users.
virtual storage, etc. tools for applications.

It is used by network Itis used by developers. Itis used by end users.

architects.

laas provides only Paas provides Saas provides

Infrastructure. Infrastructure+Platform. Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing
1) Agility :
The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users and
works very fast.
2) High availability and reliability :
The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure failure are
minimum.
3) High Scalability :
Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having engineers for
peak loads.
4) Multi-Sharing :
With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with
cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.
5) Device and Location Independence :
Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location
or what device they use e.g., PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by
a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
6) Maintenance :
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be installed on
each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.
7) Low Cost :
By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud computing, IT
company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.
8) Services in the pay-per-use mode :
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can access
services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing
1) Back-up and restore data :
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.
2) Improved collaboration :
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily share
information in the cloud via shared storage.
3) Excellent accessibility :
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole world,
using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases organization productivity
and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.
4) Low maintenance cost :
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.
5) Mobility :
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.
6) IServices in the pay-per-use model :
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services on
the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.
7) Unlimited storage capacity :
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as documents,
images, audio, video, etc. in one place.
8) Data security :
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many advanced
features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
1) Internet Connectivity :
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud,
and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not
have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any
other way to access data from the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in :
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors
provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
3) Limited Control :
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the
service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of
services within a cloud infrastructure.
4) Security :
Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important
information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be
sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing
service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your
organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
 Challenges of cloud computing
¢ Cloud computing, an emergent technology, has placed many challenges in different aspects of data and
information handling. Some of these are:
1. Security and Privacy : Security and Privacy of information is the biggest challenge to cloud computing.
Security and privacy issues can be overcome by employing encryption, security hardware and security
applications.
2. Portability : This is another challenge to cloud computing that applications should easily be migrated from
one cloud provider to another. There must not be vendor lock-in. However, it is not yet made possible
because each of the cloud provider uses different standard languages for their platforms.
3. Interoperability : It means the application on one platform should be able to incorporate services from the
other platforms. It is made possible via web services, but developing such web services is very complex.
4. Computing Performance : Data intensive applications on cloud requires high network bandwidth, which
results in high cost. Low bandwidth does not meet the desired computing performance of cloud application.
5. Reliability and Availability : It is necessary for cloud systems to be reliable and robust because most of the
businesses are now becoming dependent on services provided by third-party.

/ Security &
privacy
X
Reliability &
Availability

Challenges

Computing
Performanace
Service Quality
John McCarthy
introduces
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timesharing 7 £103.8bn
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Cloud
Computing

Utility 2007
Computing

Service
Orientation

Web 2.0

Virtualization

Grid
Computing
Cluster
C omputing

2'::::;: Evolution of Cloud Computing

Distributed
Computing 19505
 2. Historical Developments
.In 1950 the main frame and time sharing are born, introducing the concept of shared computer resources.
. During this time word cloud was not in use.
. Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his work on
ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at any time.
. In 1969 the first working prototype of ARPANET is launched.
.In 1970 the word “Client-Server” come in to use.
. Client server defines the computing model where client access the data and applications from a central server.
.In 1995, pictures of cloud are started showing in diagrams, for not technical people to understand.
. At that time AT & T had already begun to develop an architecture and system where data would be located centrally.
In 1999 the [Link] was launched, the first company to make enterprise applications available from a website.
. In 1999, the search engine Google launches.
. In 1999, Netflix was launched, introducing the new revenue way.
.In 2003, web2.0 is born, which is characterized by rich multimedia. Now user can generate content.
. In 2004 Facebook launches giving users facility to share themselves.
14. In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), giving users a new way.
. In2006, Google CEO Eric Schmidt uses the word “cloud” as an industry event.
. In 2007, Apple launches iPhone, which could be used on any wireless network.
. In 2007, Netflix launches streaming services, and live video watching is born.
. In 2008, private cloud come in to existence.
. In 2009, browser-based application like Google apps are introduced.
. In 2010, hybrid cloud (private + public cloud) comes in to existence.
.In 2012, Google launches Google drive with free cloud storage.
. Now cloud adoption is present, which makes Cloud computing stronger.
. The IT services progressed over the decades with the adoption of technologies such as Internet Service Providers
(ISP) Application Service Providers.
 Distributed systems
Clouds are essentially large distributed computing facilities that make available their services to third parties on
demand.
The primary purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and utilize them better. This is true in the case of
cloud computing, where this concept is taken to the extreme and resources (infrastructure, runtime environments,
and services) are rented to users.
In fact, one of the driving factors of cloud computing has been the availability of the large computing facilities of IT
giants (Amazon, Google) that found that offering their computing capabilities as a service provided opportunities to
better utilize their infrastructure.
Distributed systems often exhibit other properties such as heterogeneity, openness, scalability, transparency,
concurrency, continuous availability, and independent failures.
Three major milestones have led to cloud computing
[Link] frame
These were the first examples of large computational facilities leveraging multiple processing units. Mainframes were
powerful, highly reliable computers specialized for large data movement and massive input/output (/0) operations.
They were mostly used by large organizations for bulk data processing tasks such as online transactions, enterprise
resource planning, and other operations involving the processing of significant amounts of data.
[Link]
Cluster computing started as a low-cost alternative to the use of mainframes and super computers. The technology
advancement that created faster and more powerful mainframes and super computers eventually generated an
increased availability of cheap commodity machines as a side effect.
[Link].
Grid computing appeared in the early 1990s as an evolution of cluster computing. In an analogy to the power grid,
grid computing proposed a new approach to access large computational power, huge storage facilities, and a
variety of services. Users can “consume” resources in the same way as they use other utilities such as power, gas,
and water.
 Distributed Systems

Virtualization in Cloud Computing

 Virtualization
Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a server, a
desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".
In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single physical instance of a
resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations. It does by assigning a logical
name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded.

What is the concept behind the Virtualization?

Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known as Hardware
Virtualization.
A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically separated from the underlying
hardware.
The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host Machine and that
virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine.
It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud etc.

A heterogeneous cloud combines public and private cloud components from multiple vendors at
different levels.
The heterogeneous cloud model necessitates businesses partnering with multiple vendors for their
public and private clouds, then integrating the various solutions to create a multi-cloud environment.
A homogeneous cloud is one in which the same vendor provides all services. In addition, that single
vendor provides your public cloud access and any private cloud you may have, whether on-premises
or off-premises.
Types of Virtualization:
1)Hardware Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly installed on the
hardware system is known as hardware virtualization. The main job of supervisor is to control and
monitoring the processor, memory and other hardware resources. After virtualization of hardware
system we can install different operating system on it and run different applications on those OS.
Usage: Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms, because controlling virtual
machines is much easier than controlling a physical server.

2) Operating System Virtualization:

When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is installed on the Host
operating system instead of directly on the hardware system is known as operating system
virtualization.
Usage: Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for testing the applications on different
platforms of OS.

3)Server Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly installed on the
Server system is known as server virtualization.
Usage: Server virtualization is done because a single physical server can be divided into multiple
servers on the demand basis and for balancing the load.

4) Storage Virtualization:
Storage virtualization is the process of grouping the physical storage from multiple network storage
devices so that it looks like a single storage device. Storage virtualization is also implemented by using
software applications.
Usage: Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and recovery purposes.
 Web 2.0
The web is the primary interface (medium) through which cloud computing delivers or provides its services to
everyone.
Web 2.0 is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients.
At present the Web encloses a group of technologies and services that facilitate interactive sharing, collaboration,
user-centered design, and application composition.
So basically Web 2.0 is the current state of online technology as it compares to early days of theWeb, it comprises
by greater user interactivity and collaboration and enhanced communication channels.
The name Web 2.0 used to elaborate the second generation of www i.e. World Wide Web, where Web moved
towards static HTML pages for more responsive and interactive as well as dynamic web experience.
Web 2.0 is focused on the ability for user or people to collaborate and share information online via social media,
web based communities, blogging and internet of course. But now for Web social media is a major component, new
web applications such as AZAX and more modern browser providing opportunities for people to express their views.
Social media is possible because of this technology only. Example: Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc.

Benefits of Web 2.0

We can access all the services available at internet anytime or from anywhere.
Today's web services are user friendly or has better user interface.
Multiple kind or different type of media is available on web.
It can build a dynamic learning communities.
Anyone can have real time discussion now.
Everybody is an author and an editor now, every thing or every changes are traceable now.
Learners can actively be involved in knowledge building.
Success for search results are efficient.
Updates of any information is easy.
Web 2.0 is speedy, collaborative, trustworthy etc.
 Service running on web 2.0 are
100,000 websites 100,000,000 websites 1,000,000,000 websites
(read-only Web) (read-write Web) (read-write Web)
Facebook
Flicker
Linked in
YouTube
Wikipedia
* BlogSpot
‘ 1"::,1::;‘ * Word press
* Twitter
L U UMLK © Pinterest
e LU UMMM © Google Docs
N L o -
L1,000,000,000 users
]~ 2,500,000,000 users
o
R .
e e on
internet is under Web 2.0.
 3. Building cloud computing environments
Steps for Building a Cloud Computing Infrastructure —

1: First you should decide which technology will be the basis for your on-demand application
infrastructure
The decision related to which virtualization technolog¥ will be the organizational standard is already
made. But decide before you start if it has not made. There are cons and pros to both a homogeneous
and heterogeneous virtualization infrastructure and the decision will impact the ability to monitor
and manage infrastructure later. So make this decision first.
2: Determine what delivery infrastructure you will be used to abstract the application infrastructure
* Cloud infrastructure’s the on-demand capabilities are first designed to do two things: make efficient
use of resources and ensure scalability.
* Some method of load balancing/application delivery will be necessary to accomplish the former. To
abstract the applications, this layer of the architecture will helpful and will provide a consistent means
of access to users, shielding them from the high rate of change which occurs in the infrastructure.
* The delivery infrastructure or load balancer will need to be included in the provisioning process and to
provide visibility into application capacity, performance as well as resource management.
* Many solutions are there to match your choice but select one solution in which you will integrate the
system into the architecture.
* Also, you need to verify the solution that whether it is capable of providing the visibility you will need
into performance metrics or not. So, decide what metrics and thresholds you will use to trigger
provisioning processes and ensure that the infrastructure can support it.
3: Prepare the network infrastructure
Prepare the network to deal with an on-demand application infrastructure. Application delivery: must
be configured correctly for the application being deployed, Hardware: network, storage. The network
must be configured to deal with such change without requiring human intervention and must be able
to handle applications which migrate from hardware to hardware. For this, the network will require
constant optimization to adapt to changing traffic patterns.

4: Provide visibility and automation of management tasks

Remember, visibility is a key to an on-demand infrastructure. An associated management systems
and the infrastructure must know what is running, when and where to evaluate available resources.
Find how you will collect the data and from where. Decide which system is authoritative for each
metric and verify to feed that information in real-time to the automation system.

5: Integrate all the moving parts, such that the infrastructure and realizes the benefits of automation,
abstraction and resource sharing
The last one is the most difficult part and requires the previous steps be completed. The integration,
automation of all the pieces of the infrastructure like storage, network, and application enable the
infrastructure to act on-demand. The realization of cost-reduction benefits will be marginalized
without automation. The integration step automates workflow. Automation requires constant
monitoring across the application infrastructure from the network layer to the applications
executing in the environment.
 Computing platforms and technologies
Development of a cloud computing application happens by leveraging platforms and frameworks that
provide different types of services, from the bare-metal infrastructure to customizable applications
serving specific purposes.
Cloud Computing Top Platforms

aws > o
g\(OF) AppEngine
Google
£ Microsoft Azure :
salesforce

Some of the platforms are described below

1. Amazon web services (AWS):
AWS offers comprehensive cloud laaS services ranging from virtual compute, storage, and networking
to complete computing stacks. AWS offers computing power, storage, and networking resources on a
pay-as-you-go basis, making it scalable and cost-effective.
AWS is mostly known for its compute and storage-on-demand services, namely Elastic Compute Cloud
(EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3).
EC2 provides users with customizable virtual hardware that can be used as the base infrastructure for
deploying computing systems on the cloud.
It is possible to choose from a large variety of virtual hardware configurations, including GPU and
cluster instances. EC2 also provides the capability to save a specific running instance as an image, thus
allowing users to create their own templates for deploying systems. These templates are stored into S3
that delivers persistent storage on demand.
S3 is organized into buckets; these are containers of objects that are stored in binary form and can be
enriched with attributes. Users can store objects of any size, from simple files to entire disk images, and
have them accessible from everywhere.
2. Google AppEngine :
Google AppEngine is a scalable runtime environment mostly devoted to executing Web applications.
These take advantage of the large computing infrastructure of Google to dynamically scale as the
demand varies over time.
Itis a cloud computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) which provides Web app developers and
businesses with access to Google’s scalable hosting in Google managed data center.s
AppEngine provides both a secure execution environment and a collection of services that simplify
the development of scalable and high-performance Web applications. These services include in-
memory caching, scalable data store, job queues, messaging, and perform tasks.
Developers can build and test applications on their own machines using the AppEngine software
development kit (SDK).
Once development is complete, developers can easily migrate their application to AppEngine, set
guotas to contain the costs generated, and make the application available to the world. The
languages currently supported are Java, Python, PHP, Go, [Link], . NET, and Ruby etc

. Microsoft Azure :
w

Microsoft Azure, launched in 2010, is a cloud platform that helps businesses run and manage their
services over the internet. It offers tools for storing data, running virtual computers, building apps,
and using advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (Al) and machine learning (ML). Azure
provides three main types of services: laaS, PaaS, SaaS
Microsoft Azure is a cloud operating system and a platform for developing applications in the cloud.
Applications in Azure are organized around the concept of roles, which identify a distribution unit for
applications and embody the application’s logic.
Currently, there are three types of role: Web role, worker role, and virtual machine role. The Web
role is designed to host a Web application, the worker role is a more generic container of applications
and can be used to perform workload processing, and the virtual machine role provides a virtual
environment in which the computing stack can be fully customized, including the operating systems.
4. Hadoop :
Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework that is suited for processing large data sets
on commodity hardware.
Hadoop is a framework that uses distributed storage and parallel processing to store and
manage big data.
Hadoop is an implementation of Map Reduce, an application programming model
developed by Google, which provides two fundamental operations for data processing:
map and reduce.
The former transforms and synthesizes the input data provided by the user; the latter
aggregates the output obtained by the map operations.
Hadoop provides the runtime environment, and developers need only provide the input
data and specify the map and reduce functions that need to be executed.

Edge
Computing

Hadoop In laas Hadoop In PaaS Blg Data as a Service

o Cnmple(e Control o Fully managed - SLA bound £Absuxud from clusters

% On-Demand Cluster Sizing @ Flexible resizing @ Automated resource alignment
4 Storage - Local or Cloud @ Pay-on-use © Easy to use interface and APls
% Customization Options « Familiar languages
Cons @ Deployed in minutes N Artificial
4 Only VMs managed for HA Cons 2 s | Intelligence
< Administration required Cons < Forgo complete control
% Clusters need to stay active @ Forgo some control @ Priced extravagantly

Hadoop In Clou