Mathematic
s Project – Solids
Subject: Mathematics
Group Members:
Natalia Neil
Anniesha Gordon
Kayin James
Nathania Smith
Gabriella Thompson
Class: Fourth Form Pool One
Teacher: Mrs. S. Wright-Malcom
School: Manchester High
Date: April 2026
Introduction
Mathematics helps us understand shapes and objects
that we see in everyday life. Three-dimensional (3D)
shapes, also called solids, are objects that have
length, width, and height. This project explains
different types of solids, their properties, formulas,
and real-life applications.
What are Solids?
A solid in math, or a solid figure, is a three-
dimensional (3D) geometric object that occupies
space and has length, width, and height. Unlike two-
dimensional shapes (flat, 2D), solids are bounded by
surfaces, have a measurable volume, and often
possess vertices (corners) and edges. Common
examples include cubes, spheres, cones, cylinders,
and pyramids.
Types of Solids
1. Cube
A cube is a 3D shape with six equal square faces. All
edges are the same length. It is a special type of
cuboid.
2. Cuboid (Rectangular Prism)
A cuboid is a 3D shape with six rectangular faces.
Opposite faces are equal, but not all edges have to
be the same length.
3. Cone
A cone is a solid with a circular base and a single
curved surface that tapers to a point called the
vertex.
4. Prism
A prism is a solid with two identical, parallel bases
and flat rectangular or parallelogram sides. It is
named after the shape of its base (e.g., triangular
prism).
5. Sphere
A sphere is a perfectly round 3D shape with no edges
or vertices. Every point on its surface is the same
distance from the center.
6. Cylinder
A cylinder has two circular bases connected by a
curved surface. The bases are parallel and equal in
size.
7. Pyramid
A pyramid has a polygon-shaped base and triangular
faces that meet at a point called the apex.
Formulas
1. Cube
Volume = a³
Surface Area = 6a²
2. Cuboid (Rectangular Prism)
Volume = l × w × h
Surface Area = 2(lw + lh + wh)
3. Cone
Volume = (1/3)πr²h
Surface Area = πr² + πrl
4. Prism (General)
Volume = Bh
Surface Area = 2B + Ph
5. Sphere
Volume = (4/3)πr³
Surface Area = 4πr²
6. Cylinder
Volume = πr²h
Surface Area = 2πr² + 2πrh
7. Pyramid (General)
Volume = (1/3)Bh
Surface Area = B + (1/2)Pl
Real-Life Examples
Conclusion
In conclusion, three-dimensional solids such as the
cube, cuboid, cone, prism, sphere, cylinder, and
pyramid have different properties and formulas for
volume and surface area. These shapes are also
found in everyday life, making them important to
understand. This project has helped me to better
understand 3D shapes and their real-world uses.
Faces, Edges, and
Vertices of 3D Solids
Solid Faces Edges Vertices
Cube 6 12 8
Cuboid 6 12 8
Cone 2 1 1
Prism 5 9 6
Sphere 1 0 0
Cylinder 3 2 0
Pyramid 5 8 5
Vertex – A vertex is a corner where two or more
edges meet. For example, a cube has 8 vertices.
Edge – An edge is a straight line where two faces
meet. A cube has 12 edges.
Face – A face is a flat surface that makes up the
outside of a 3D shape. A cube has 6 faces.