INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH

SCIENCE
CLASS-8 L1-CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
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I. TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
1. Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks.
float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation
(a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called crop.
(b) The first step before growing crops is preparation of the soil.
(c) Damaged seeds would float on top of water.
(d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight, water and nutrients from the soil are essential.
2. Match items in column A with those in column B.
A B
(i) Kharif crops (a) Food for cattle
(ii) Rabi crops (b) Urea and superphosphate
(iii) Chemical fertilisers (c) Animal excreta, cow dung urine and plant wastes
(iv) Organic manure (d) Wheat, gram, pea
(e) Paddy and maize
sol:-
(i) Kharif crops.(rainy) (e) Paddy and maize.
(ii) Rabi crops.(winter) (d) Wheat, gram, pea.
(iii) Chemical fertilisers. (b) Urea and superphosphate.
(iv) Organic manure. (c) Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant wastes.
3. Give two examples of each.
(a) Kharif crop
(b) Rabi crop

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Soln:
Kharif crops- Paddy and maize
Rabi crops- Wheat and Pea
4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following.
(a) Preparation of soil
(b) Sowing
(c) Weeding
(d) Threshing
Soln:
a) Preparation of the soil is the first step in agriculture. Preparation of the soil is done to loosen
the soil, which helps the roots to easily penetrate into the soil. This allows the roots to breathe
easily. Loosening of the soil allows the growth of earthworms and microorganisms, which will
help to keep the soil fertile. Loosening of soil also brings nutrient-rich soil to the top layer,
which is essential for the growth of plants.

b) Sowing is the process of planting seeds in the soil. First, healthy seeds are selected for
sowing which results in good yield. After selecting healthy seeds sowing is done by either
traditional methods or by using a seed drill. While sowing the seeds ensure that seeds are placed
at appropriate distances and depth. After sowing seeds need to be covered with soil in order to
protect them from birds.

c) Removal of undesirable plants from the field is called weeding. Weeds compete with crop
plants for nutrients and water. This will reduce the yield of the desired crops. Weeds also
interfere while harvesting and gets mixed with crops. Some weeds are poisonous to animals and
humans. Tilling is a common method which helps removal of weeds before sowing crops.
Manual methods like physical removal of plants are used to remove weeds. Weedicides are
chemicals that are sprayed to get rid of weeds. Weeding is done before the weeds start to
produce flowers and seeds.

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d) Threshing is the process of separation of grain from the stalk on which it develops. It also
helps to take out the grain from its outer covering called chaff. Threshing is carried either by
manually or by a machine called ‘combine’ which is a harvester as well as a thresher.

5. Explain how fertilisers are different from manure.

Soln:
Fertilizers Manure
*Fertilizer is an inorganic substance. * Manure is an organic substance.
*Fertilizers are prepared artificially *Manure is obtained by decomposition of
by using chemical substances. animal, plant and human waste.
*Prepared in factories. *Prepared in fields.
*Does not provide Humus to the soil. * Provide humus to the soil.
*Rich in plant nutrients. * Relatively less plant nutrients.
*Long term usage has adverse effects on soil. *Long term usage improves soil fertility
6. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water.
Soln:
The supply of water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation. Methods of irrigation which
conserve water are
a) Drip Irrigation: In this system, water is delivered at or near the roots of plants, drop by drop.
This is the most efficient method of irrigation as there is no wastage of water at all. This method
is important in areas where water availability is poor.
b) Sprinkler system: This method is mainly used on uneven land where sufficient water is not
available. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main
pipeline at regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under
pressure with the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the
crop as if it is raining.
7. If wheat is sown in the Kharif season, what would happen? Discuss.
Soln:
Wheat is a rabi crop grown in winter season. If wheat is sown in kharif season, the crop may
wilt as it cannot tolerate excess water due to rain.

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8. Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field.
Soln:
Plants require nutrients for their growth. Without optimum nutrients plants will die. Continuous
plantation of crops results in depletion of certain nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
etc. This results in the decrease of yield due to loss of nutrients. Hence there should be a gap
between crops in order to get a good yield.
9. What are weeds? How can we control them?
Soln:
The undesirable plants that grow naturally along with the crops are called weeds. Weeds can be
controlled by the method of weeding. Weeding is done manually by uprooting them or by
cutting them close to the ground. Weeds can be controlled also by using certain chemicals
called weedicides. Tilling before sowing of crops also helps in uprooting and killing of weeds.
WORKSHEET ANSWERS
1. What is meant by Kharif crop? Give two examples of kharif crops.
Ans: The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. Eg: - Paddy, maize.
2. What is meant by rabi crop? Give two examples of rabi crops.
Ans: The crops grown in the winter season are called rabi crops. Eg: - Wheat, gram.
3. What is meant by sowing? What are the various methods of sowing the seeds?
Ans: Sowing is the process of planting seeds in the soil. Sowing is done either by traditional
methods or by using a seed drill.
4. What precautions should be taken in sowing the seeds?
Ans: (i) Before sowing, good quality healthy seeds are to be selected.
(ii)While sowing, the seeds should be placed at appropriate distances and depth.
(iii) After sowing the seeds ensure that they are covered with soil.
[Link] are good quality seeds? You are given a sample of wheat seeds, how will you select
good, healthy seeds for sowing?

Ans: Good quality seeds are clean and healthy seeds of a good variety. For separating healthier
seeds, the whole mass of seeds is placed in water. Healthy seeds sink and damaged or insect
eaten seeds float over water.

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6. What is irrigation? Why is irrigation necessary?
Ans: The supply of water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation.
Irrigation is necessary (i) to maintain the moisture of the soil (ii) for the healthy growth of the
crop (iii) to improve the yield of the crop.
7. Name the various sources of irrigation in our country.
Ans: Wells, tube wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and canals.
8. Name two traditional method of irrigation and two modern methods of irrigation.
Ans: Traditional method- moat (pulley system), chain pump
Modern methods- Drip Irrigation, Sprinkler system
9. Give any four differences between manures and fertilisers.
Ans: Fertilizers Manure
*Fertilizer is an inorganic substance. *Manure is an organic substance.
*Fertilizers are prepared artificially. *Manure is obtained by decomposition of
animal, plant and human waste.
*Prepared in factories by using chemicals. * Prepared in fields.
*Does not provide Humus to the soil. *Provide humus to the soil.
*Rich in plant nutrients. * Relatively less plant nutrients.
*Long term usage has adverse effects *Long term usage improves soil
on soil. fertility
.
[Link] are weedicides? Name one weedicide.
Ans: Weedicides are certain chemicals used for controlling weeds in the field. Weedicides do
not affect the crop plants. Eg; - 2,4-D
11. What precautions should be taken while spraying weedicides? Why?
Ans: Spraying of weedicides may affect the health of farmers. So they should use these
chemicals very carefully. They should cover their nose and mouth with a piece of cloth during
spraying of these chemicals.

12. Explain how, soil gets affected by the repeated growing of crops in the same fields. How
does use of fertilisers help the farmers?
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Ans: Repeated growing of crops decreases the fertility of the soil as the crops use up the
nutrients of the soil. The use of fertilisers replenishes the nutrients in the soil and helps farmers
to get better yield of crops.
13. What is ploughing or tilling? Name any two implements used for tilling the fields
Ans: The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. Two
implements- Plough, Hoe
14. Describe briefly, how soil is prepared for sowing the seeds.
Ans: Preparation of the soil is the first step in agriculture. Preparation of the soil is done to
loosen the soil, which is essential for the root penetration into the soil. This allows the roots to
breathe easily. Loosening of the soil allows the growth of earthworms and microorganisms,
which will help to keep the soil fertile by adding humus to the soil. Loosening of soil also
brings nutrient-rich soil to the top layer, which is essential for the growth of plants.
15. Which is the best time for the removal of weeds?
Ans: The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds.
16. Define the terms:
a. Harvesting- The cutting or collecting of crops after it is mature is called harvesting.
b. Threshing- The process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff is called threshing.
c. Winnowing-Winnowing is the process of separating heavier seeds of grain and lighter husk
particles by wind or by blowing air.
17. What are the advantages of sowing seeds with a seeds drill?
Ans: This tool sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds
get covered by the soil after sowing. This prevents damage caused by birds. Sowing by using a
seed drill saves time and labour.
III. EXTRA QUESTIONS
Question 1: What is a crop?
Answer: When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at a place on a large scale, it is
called a crop.
Question 2: What are the main types of crops in India?
Answer: There are two main types of crops in India, namely kharif and rabi.
Question 3: What is ploughing?
Answer: Loosening or turning the soil is called ploughing or tilling.

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Question 4: What is sowing?
Answer: Putting seeds in the soil is called sowing.
Question 5: What are fertilizers?
Answer: Fertilisers are chemicals which contain a particular plant nutrient.
Question 6: What is a fallow field?
Answer: A field which is left uncultivated for a couple of seasons is called a fallow field.
Question 7: What is irrigation?
Answer: The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.
Question 8: Name some common agricultural implements.
Answer: Plough, hoe, seed-drill etc.
Question 9: Explain the storage of grains.
The grains are properly dried in the sun to reduce the moisture in them before storing them. This
prevents the attack by insect pests, bacteria and fungi. Farmers store grains in jute bags or
metallic bins. However, large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to protect
them from pests like rats and insects. For storing large quantities of grains in big godowns,
specific chemical treatments are required to protect them from pests and microorganisms.

Question 10: How can we separate healthier seeds from a mixture of healthy and weak seeds?
Answer: For separating healthier seeds from a mixture of healthy and damaged seeds, the seeds
are placed in water. Healthy seeds sink and damaged or insect eaten seeds float on water.

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH
SCIENCE
CLASS-8 L2-MICROORGANISMS: FRIEND AND FOE
I. TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
Q.1. Fill in the blanks
(a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a ____________.
(b) Blue green algae fix __________ directly from air and enhance fertility of soil.
(c) Alcohol is produced with the help of __________.
(d) Cholera is caused by __________.
Answer:
(a) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a Microscope.
(b) Blue green algae fix Nitrogen directly from air and enhance fertility of soil.
(c) Alcohol is produced with the help of Yeast.
(d) Cholera is caused by Bacteria.
Q.2. Tick the correct answer.
Q.2. (a)Yeast is used in the production of
(i) sugar (ii) alcohol (iii) hydrochloric acid (iv) oxygen
Answer:
(a) Yeast is used in the production of (ii) Alcohol
Q.2(b). The following is an antibiotic
(i) Sodium bicarbonate (ii) Streptomycin (iii) Alcohol (iv) Yeast
Answer:
(b) The following is an antibiotic (ii) Streptomycin
Q.2(c). Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is
(i) female Anopheles mosquito (ii) cockroach (iii) housefly (iv) butterfly
Answer:
(c) Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is (i) female Anopheles mosquito
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Q.2(d). The most common carrier of communicable diseases is
(i) ant (ii) housefly (iii) dragonfly (iv) spider
Answer:
(d) The most common carrier of communicable diseases is (ii) housefly.
Q.2(e). The bread or idli dough rises because of
(i) heat (ii) grinding (iii) growth of yeast cells (iv) kneading
Answer:
(e) The bread or idli dough rises because of (iii) The growth of yeast cells.
Q.2(f). The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called
(i) nitrogen fixation (ii) moulding (iii) fermentation (iv) infection
Answer:
(f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called (iii) Fermentation
Q.3. Match the organisms in Column A with their action in Column B
A B
(i) Bacteria (a) Fixing nitrogen
(ii) Rhizobium (b) Setting of curd
(iii) Lactobacillus (c) Baking of bread
(iv) Yeast (d) Causing malaria
(v) A protozoan (e) Causing cholera
(vi) A virus (f) Causing AIDS
(g) Producing antibodies
Answer:
Column A Column B
Bacteria Causing Cholera
Rhizobium Fixing nitrogen
Lactobacillus Setting of curd
Yeast Baking of bread

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A protozoan Causing malaria
A virus Causing AIDS
Q.4. Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they be seen?
Answer:
No, the microorganisms cannot be seen with the human naked eye because they are too
small to be seen. Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a scientific instrument
called microscope.
Example- fungus on bread.
[Link] are the major groups of microorganisms?
Answer:
The major groups of microorganisms are as follows-
(i) Bacteria- unicellular organisms. most common examples of bacteria are Salmonella
typhi, Rhizobium, Mycobacterium etc. Typhoid and tuberculosis (TB) are bacterial
diseases.
(ii) Fungi- Multicellular organisms which feed on dead and decaying matter. Bread
mould is common examples.
(iii) Protozoa- Unicellular organisms which are mostly parasitic. Organisms like Amoeba,
Plasmodium etc. are under this category. Dysentery and malaria are caused by
protozoans.
(iv) Virus- Acellular organisms which reproduce only inside the cells of the host
organism. These cause diseases like chicken pox and polio.
(v) Algae- They are unicellular or multicellular organism. Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas,
Ulva are some of the examples of algae.
Q.6. Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
Answer:
The microorganism that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil are bacteria such as
Rhizobium, and blue-green algae. These converted nitrogenous compounds can be easily
used by plants for the plant protein synthesis and other purposes.
Q.7. Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.
Answer:

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Microorganisms are useful for us in following ways-
Microorganisms are used to increase the fertility of the soil by fixing the atmospheric
nitrogen with the help of blue-green algae and Rhizobium.
Antibiotics which are obtained from microorganisms are used to control the diseases.
There are some bacteria which can turn nitrogen compounds found in the soil into
nitrogen gas which is further released into the environment.
Bacterium Lactobacillus reproduces in milk and promotes the formation of curd.
Microorganisms especially yeast can be used for the industrial production of alcohol,
wine and acetic acid (vinegar).
Microbes are used to reduce pollution. example- bacteria and fungi break down the dead
bodies and excreta to form inorganic compounds which are absorbed by plants
Yeast reproduces rapidly and produces carbon dioxide during respiration. Bubbles of the
gas fill the dough and increase its volume. Thus they are used in making of bread.
[Link] a short paragraph on the harmful effects of microorganisms.
Answer:
The harmful effects of microorganisms are given below-
Microorganisms cause diseases in humans as well as animals. For example, cholera and
TB are caused by bacteria in humans.
In plants also diseases are caused by microorganisms. For example, citrus canker in
plants is caused by bacteria and rust of wheat is caused by fungi.
Food poisoning is also caused by the microorganisms that spoils our food by producing
some toxic substances. For example- when the bread is left in under moist condition gets
spoilt by fungus.
Q.9. What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?
Answer:
Antibiotics- These are medicines that kill or stop the growth of the disease-causing
microorganisms. There are a lot of antibiotics which are produced with the help of
bacteria and fungi. Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin are some of the
commonly known antibiotics which are made from fungi and bacteria.
Precautions that must be taken while using antibiotics-
Antibiotics must be taken only on the prescription of a doctor.

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We must finish the course prescribed by the doctor.
An antibiotic should be taken in the right amount only. Antibiotics taken unnecessarily
may kill beneficial bacteria in the body.
II. WORK SHEET ANSWERS
1. Name any two diseases caused by Protozoans.
Ans: Dysentery, malaria
2. Name any two diseases caused by Bacteria.
Ans: Typhoid, tuberculosis
3. What is the function of antibodies?
Ans: The function of antibodies is to fight against the microbe that enters our body.
4. Write the function of the microorganisms present in the roots of the leguminous plants.
Ans. Microorganisms are used to increase the fertility of the soil by fixing the
atmospheric nitrogen.
5. Name the plant disease caused by (i) Bacteria (ii) Virus (iii) fungi
(i) Bacteria- citrus canker
(ii) Virus- Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi
(iii) Fungi- Rust of wheat
6. Mention the preventive measures for the following diseases –
(a) Hepatitis A – Drink boiled drinking water. Vaccination
(b) Malaria – Use mosquito net and repellents. Spray insecticides and control breeding of
mosquitoes by not allowing water to collect in the surroundings.
(c) Typhoid- Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitary habits. Consume properly
cooked food and boiled drinking water. Vaccination.
(d) Cholera- Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitary habits. Consume properly
cooked food and boiled drinking water. Vaccination.
(e) Chicken Pox- Keep the patient in complete isolation, Keep the personal belongings of
the patient away from those of the others. Vaccination to be given at suitable age.
(f) Tuberculosis- Keep the patient in complete isolation, Keep the personal belongings
of the patient away from those of the others. Vaccination to be given at suitable age.

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7. Why salts and vegetable oils are called preservatives? List any two chemical
preservatives.
Ans: Salts and edible oils are the common chemicals generally used to check the growth
of microorganisms. Therefore, they are called preservatives.
Two chemical preservatives- Sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite
8. Who discovered Pasteurization? What is it?
Ans: The milk is heated to about 70℃ for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and
stored. By doing so, it prevents the growth of microbes. It is called pasteurization. This
process was discovered by Louis Pasteur.
9. What differentiates viruses from other microorganisms?
Ans: They reproduce only inside the cells of host organism, which may be a bacterium,
plant or animal.
10. How does sugar act as a preservative?
Ans: Sugar reduces the moisture content which inhibits the growth of bacteria which
spoil food.
11. What are ‘carriers’? Name any two carriers and the diseases spread by them.
Ans: Carriers are insects or animals which carries and transfer pathogen or disease
causing microbes. Eg: - Anopheles mosquito which carries the parasite of malaria, Aedes
mosquito acts as carrier of dengue virus.
12. What are pathogens?
Ans. Disease causing microorganisms are called pathogen.
13. How is the nitrogen (in the soil in the form of nitrogenous compounds) useful for the
plants after nitrogen fixation?
Ans. Nitrogen is then used for the synthesis of plant proteins and other compounds.
14. Name the dangerous human and cattle disease caused by a bacterium.
Ans: Anthrax
15. Name three antibiotics made from fungi and bacteria.
Ans. Streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin
16. How are vaccines different from antibiotics?

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Ans: Antibiotics- These are medicines that kill or stop the growth of the disease-causing
microorganisms. There are a lot of antibiotics which are produced with the help of
bacteria and fungi. Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin are some of the
commonly known antibiotics which are made from fungi and bacteria.
Vaccines: -Vaccines consist of dead and weakened microbes. When these are swallowed
or injected into the body of a patient, the body produces antibodies to fight them. The
antibodies remain in the body and protect it from any future attack of disease germs.
17. What is the reason for the characteristic pungent smell after adding yeast and keeping
it under airtight conditions?
Ans. This is the smell of alcohol as sugar has been converted into alcohol by yeast.
18. Why do breads fluff and rise?
Ans. Yeast reproduces rapidly and produces carbon dioxide during respiration. Bubbles
of the gas fill the dough and increase its volume.
19. Mention one important reason of why the percentage of atmospheric nitrogen remains
intact.
Ans: Our atmosphere has 78% nitrogen gas. The atmospheric nitrogen cannot be taken be
directly by plants and animals. Certain bacteria like Rhizobium and blue green algae fix
nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into compounds of nitrogen and it can be
utilized by plants for the synthesis of plant proteins and other nitrogen compounds.
Certain other bacteria convert compounds of nitrogen into gaseous again. As a result, the
percentage of nitrogen remains more or less constant.
20. Give two examples each of every four groups of microorganisms.
Ans: The major groups of microorganisms are as follows-
(i) Bacteria- unicellular organisms. Most common examples of bacteria are Salmonella
typhi, Rhizobium, Mycobacterium etc. Typhoid and tuberculosis (TB) are bacterial
diseases.
(ii) Fungi- Multicellular organisms which feed on dead and decaying matter. Penicillium,
Aspergillus, Bread mould are common examples.
(iii) Protozoa- Unicellular organisms which are mostly parasitic. Organisms like Amoeba,
Plasmodium etc. are under this category. Dysentery and malaria are caused by
protozoans.

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(iv) Virus- Acellular organisms which reproduce only inside the cells of the host
organism. These cause diseases like chicken pox and polio. Eg;- Influenza virus, corona
virus
(v) Algae- They are unicellular or multicellular organism. Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas,
Ulva are some of the examples of algae.
III. EXTRA QUESTIONS
Fill in the blanks:
1. ________ is a unicellular fungus.
2. ________ made the first vaccine.
3. ________ can kill disease causing microbes without causing injury to body.
4. _________ are on the borderline of living and non- living.
5. _______and ______ are two diseases caused by bacteria.
6. In legumes, the root nodules contain the bacterium_________.
7. Yeast is added to dough to produce _________which makes the dough rise.
Answers:
1) Yeast
2) Edward Jenner
3) antibiotics
4) viruses
5) cholera and Typhoid
6) Rhizobium
7) carbon di oxide
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Name two parasitic protozoa that cause diseases in human?
Plasmodium (Malaria), Amoeba (Amoebic dysentery)
2. What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics can kill disease causing microorganism without causing any injury to body
tissue or disturbance of the body functions. Examples: penicillin, ampicillin.

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3. What is fermentation?
The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called fermentation. Yeast is used to
ferments sugar in grapes to make wine.
4. What are vaccines? How does a vaccine work?
Vaccines consist of dead and weakened microbes. When these are swallowed or injected
into the body of a patient, the body produces antibodies to fight them. The antibodies
remain in the body and protect it from any future attack of disease germs.
5. Which microorganism acts as decomposers? How is this activity useful to us?
Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa help by decomposing the tissues of
dead organisms to get their food. The nutrient that were taken from the soil by plants and
animals and restored and are used again by living organisms.
6. Describe the role of Rhizobium in maintaining soil fertility?
Rhizobium bacteria are capable of converting the atmosphere nitrogen into nitrates and
nitrites thereby increasing soil fertility.
7. What is communicable disease?
Diseases that spread from an infected person to healthy individual through air, water or
direct contact is called communicable diseases.
8. Microbes will never grow on food kept inside refrigerator? Do you agree why?
Refrigeration only delays but do not completely eliminate the possibility of food
spoilage. If the food is taken out of the freezer, the microbes start growing again.
[Link]- Food preservation and Food poisoning
Food preservation: Processing of food to prevent their spoilage and retain their nutritive
value for long periods is called food preservation.
Food poisoning: Food has to be preserved for later use and should be kept fresh. If
microbes grow on it the food gets spoilt and many cause food poisoning.
Question 10: Which microbe is used for production of alcohol?
Answer: Yeast
Question 11: Who discovered Penicillin?
Answer: Alexander Fleming
Question 12: What is fermentation?

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Answer: The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast through anaerobic
respiration is called fermentation.
Question 13: What is communicable disease?
Answer: A disease which can spread from one person to another is called communicable
disease.
Question 14: What is food preservation?
Answer: Use of some techniques to prolong the shelf life of a food is called food
preservation.
Question 15: What is nitrogen fixation?
Answer: The process of changing atmospheric nitrogen into compounds of nitrogen so
that plants can take up nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation.
Question 16: What is nitrogen cycle?
Answer: The sequence of events by which nitrogen is channelized to the living world and
back to atmosphere is called nitrogen cycle.

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH

2020-2021

SCIENCE

CLASS – VIII CH – 3 SYNTHTIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Q1. Explain why some fibres are called synthetic.

Ans. Some fibres are called synthetic because they are made from chemicals by man.

Q2. Mark [ ] the correct answer.

Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because

(a) it has a silk- like appearance.

(b) it is obtained from wood pulp. [ ]

(c ) its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres.

Q3. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Synthetic fibres are also called man-made or artificial fibres.

(b) Synthetic fibres are synthesized from raw material called petrochemicals.

( c) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a polymer.

Q4. Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong.

Ans. Nylon fibres are very strong thus it is used for making parachutes and ropes for rock
climbing. Nylon thread have high tensile strength.

Q5. Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food.

Ans. They are light in weight, strong, durable and non-reactive.

Q6. Explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.

Ans.

THERMOPLASTICS THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

1. They can be soften easily on heating 1. They cannot be soften on heating and
and hence can be reshaped. hence cannot be reshaped once moulded.

2. They are flexible and can bent easily. 2. They are rigid and cannot bend easily.

3. eg:- PVC , polythene 3. eg:- Bakelite , melamine.

Q7. Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics.

(a) SAUCEPAN HANDLES :- The handles are made of thermosetting plastic because
it is poor conductor of heat and do not get soften on heating.

(b) ELECTRIC PLUGS/SWITCHES/PLUG BOARDS:- Thermosetting plastics are

used as they are poor conductor of heat and electricity.

Q8. Categorize the materials of the following products into ‘can be recycled’ and ‘cannot
be recycled’.

Telephone instruments, plastic toys, cooker handles, carry bags, ball point pens, plastic
bowls, plastic covering on electrical wires, plastic chairs, electrical switches.

Ans. CAN BE RECYCLED :- Toys, carry bags, plastic bowls, ball point pens, plastic
chairs, electric wire covering.

CANNOT BE RECYCLED :- cooker handles, electric switches, telephone

instruments.
Q9. Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made
from synthetic materials? Advise Rana, giving your reason.

Ans. He should buy cotton shirts for summer as cotton absorbs sweat and expose it to the
atmosphere thereby keeping the body cool.

Q10. Give examples to show that plastics are noncorrosive in nature.

Ans. Plastics are nonreactive in nature. They do not corrode even if they come in contact
with strong chemicals. Eg:- In labs they are used to store chemicals.

Q11. Should the handle and bristles of a tooth brush be made of the same material?
Explain your answer.

Ans. No, the handle and bristles of a tooth brush should be made of different materials.
The handle should be hard and strong for better grip and bristles should be made of soft
material so as not to harm the gums.

Q12. ‘Avoid plastics as far as possible’. Comment on this advice.

Ans. 1. Plastics are non biodegradable . They do not get decomposed and cause
environmental pollution.

2. If burned they release poisonous gases.

3. Plastic bags thrown in garbage dump are swallowed by stray animals which chokes
their respiratory system and even prove fatal.

13. Match the terms of column A with column B

(i) Polyester (a) prepared by using wood pulp. ( 3 )

(ii) Teflon (b) used for making parachutes and stockings. ( 4 )

(iii) Rayon (c) used to make non-stick cookwares. ( 2 )

(iv) Nylon (d) fabrics do not wrinkle easily. ( 1 )

Q14. ‘Manufacturing synthetic fibres is actually helping conservation of forests’.
Comment.

Ans. Raw materials for natural fibres are mainly derived from plants and this means
cutting a lot of trees. This leads to deforestation. Raw materials for synthetic fibres are
mainly made from petro chemicals. Hence, manufacturing synthetic fibres help in
conservation of forests.

Q15. Describe an activity to show that thermoplastic is a poor conductor of electricity.

Ans. We can design a circuit to show that thermoplastic is poor conductor of electricity.
We will need a bulb, battery, wires, a piece of metal, a plastic pipe. Set up the circuit first
with the metal piece and then with a plastic pipe. You will observe that the bulb glows in
the former case and in the latter case the bulb doesn’t glow. Hence, a plastic pipe
(thermoplastic) is shown to be a poor conductor of electricity.

EXTRA QUESTIONS

Q1. Why is it not advisable to wear polyester clothes in the kitchen?

Ans. Polyester is a synthetic fibre which easily catches fire and melts on heating and stick
to the body of a person wearing it.

Q2. Acids, pickles and many other chemicals are stored in plastic containers. Give
reason.

Ans. Plastic is non reactive and non corrosive. It does not react and spoil the food kept in
it.

Q3. What is a monomer?

Ans. The small repeating units which when combined forms a polymer.

Q4. Terrycot is made by mixing two types of fibres. Write the name.

Ans. Terrycot is made by mixing terylene and cotton.

Q5. Write a short note on ‘acrylic’.

Ans. Acrylic is also called artificial wool. It is relatively cheaper than wool. It is durable
and affordable which makes it popular than wool.

SOLVED WORKSHEET

1. What are Synthetic fibres?

Ans. Fibres that are made from petrochemicals are called synthetic fibres.

2. What are Polymers?

Ans. Many small units combine to form large single units called polymers.

3. Name the Polymer that occurs in nature. What is its name? What is it made up of?
Ans. Cotton. It is a polymer called cellulose. Cellulose is made up of a large
number of glucose units.

4. What is Rayon? How is it obtained?

Ans. Rayon is a synthetic fibre. It is also called artificial silk. It is obtained by the
chemical treatment of wood pulp.

5. Name the first fully Synthetic fibre made. How is it made?

Ans. Nylon. It is made from coal, water and air.

6. Name the characteristics of Nylon.

Ans. It is strong, elastic and light. It is lustrous and easy to wash. It is stronger
than a steel wire.

7. PET stands for?

Ans. Polyethylene terephthalate.

8. How is Polyester made? What are its characteristic features?

Ans. Polyester is made up of repeating chemical units called ester.
It is crisp, does not get wrinkled easily and easy to wash.

9. What are Petrochemicals?

Ans. Raw materials obtained from petroleum to make synthetic fibres are called
petrochemicals.

10. What are the characteristics of synthetic fibres?

 Ans. They are durable, less expensive, readily available, dry up quickly and easy
to maintain.

11. What is Plastic? How is it made?

Ans. Plastics are long chain of polymers containing repeating units arranged either
in linear or cross-linked manner.

12. Differentiate between Thermoplastic and Thermosetting plastics. Give examples.

Ans.[ In the textbook exercises notes]

13. Explain why we prefer Plastics as material of our choice?

Ans. Plastics are very light, strong, durable, easily moulded into desired shapes
and sizes. They are cheaper than metals. They are non- reactive. They do not
corrode. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

14. Write the uses of Plastics in healthcare industries, cookware and to stop fire.
Ans. In healthcare industries – packaging of tablets, threads for stitching
wounds, doctor’s gloves, syringes etc.
Cookware--- Teflon is a special plastic used for non- stick coating on
cookwares.
Fire proof plastics - Uniforms of firemen are coated with melamine plastic
which is flame resistant.

15. What do you mean by Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable materials?

Ans. Materials which get decomposed through natural processes are called
biodegradable materials. Eg ; food, cotton, wood etc.
Materials which do not get decomposed by natural processes are called non-
biodegradable materials. Eg: plastic, metals etc.

16. What is 4R principles?

Ans. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover
17. What are fibre-wise practices?
Ans. 1. Do not throw plastic bags in the water bodies or on the roads.
2. Use cotton bag or jute bag for shopping.
3. Minimize the use of plastic materials.

18. What are the harmful effects of throwing plastic bags carelessly?
Ans. [ in the textbook exercises notes]
 INTERNTIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH
VI-VIII, 2020-2021
SCIENCE

CLASS 8 CH.4: MATERIALS, METALS AND NON-METALS

Exercise Questions

1. Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets?

(a) Zinc

(b) Phosphorus

(c) Sulphur

(d) Oxygen Soln:

Answer is a) Zinc Explanation:

Here, Zinc is a metal with malleability and ductility whereas Phosphorus, Sulphur and Oxygen are
nonmetals which lack malleability and ductility.

2. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) All metals are ductile.

(b) All non-metals are ductile.

(c) Generally, metals are ductile.

(d) Some non-metals are ductile.

Soln:

Answer is (c) Generally, metals are ductile.

Explanation:

Ductility is a property where a substance can be drawn into thin wires. Generally, metals are ductile with
mercury as the exception.

3. Fill in the blanks.

Soln:

(a) Phosphorus is a very reactive non-metal.

(b) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

(c) Iron is more reactive than copper.

(d) Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.

4. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false.

(a) Generally, non-metals react with acids. ( )

(b) Sodium is a very reactive metal. ( )

(c) Copper displaces zinc from zinc sulphate solution. ( )

(d) Coal can be drawn into wires. ( )

Soln:

a) False b) True c) False d) False

5. Some properties are listed in the following table. Distinguish between metals and non-metals
on the basis of these properties.

Soln:

Properties Metals Non-metals

1. Appearance Lustrous Dull

2. Hardness Hard Soft

3. Malleability Can be beaten into thin sheets Cannot be beaten in to thin sheets

4. Ductility Can be drawn into wires Cannot be drawn into wires

5. Heat Conduction Good conductors of Heat Bad Conductors of Heat

6. Conduction of Electricity Good conductors of Electricity Bad conductors of Electricity

6. Give reasons for the following.

(a) Aluminium foils are used to wrap food items.

(b) Immersion rods for heating liquids are made up of metallic substances.

(c) Copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution.

(d) Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene Soln:

a) Aluminium is malleable and can be drawn into thin sheets. Hence Aluminium foils are used to wrap
food items.

b) Immersion rods for heating liquids are made up of metallic substances because metals are good
conductors of heat and electricity.

c) Copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution because Zinc is more reactive than copper.

d) Sodium and Potassium are highly reactive metals which readily reacts with Oxygen and water and can
catch fire. Hence Sodium and Potassium are stored in kerosene to avoid the contact with atmospheric
Oxygen and moisture.

7. Can you store the lemon pickle in an Aluminium utensil? Explain.

Soln:

Pickle consists of acids which react with Aluminium metal to produce salt and Hydrogen which might spoil
the pickle. Hence pickle is not stored in Aluminium utensil.

8. Match the substances given in Column A with their uses given in Column B.

Soln:

A B

(i) Gold (d) Jewellery

(ii) Iron (e) Machinery

(iii) Aluminium (c) Wrapping food

(iv) Carbon (f) Fuel

 (v) Copper (b) Electric wire

(vi) Mercury (a) Thermometers

9. What happens when

(a) Dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate?

(b) Iron nails are placed in a copper sulphate solution?

Write word equations of the reactions involved.

Soln:

(i) No reaction occurs when dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate. However, when
concentrated sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate, hydrogen gas evolves along with the formation
of blue coloured copper sulphate. The chemical reaction for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric
acid and copper is:
Cu + H2SO4 (conc.) ---> CuSO4 + H2
ii) Iron being more reactive displaces copper from copper sulphate. In this reaction, the blue colour of
copper sulphate fades and there is a deposition of copper on the iron nail.

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

10. Saloni took a piece of burning charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube.

(a) How will she find the nature of the gas?

(b) Write down word equations of all the reactions taking place in this process.

Soln:

a) In a test tube containing gas, add a few drops of water. Now cover the test tube and shake well. After
shaking, test the solution with blue litmus. It will change from blue to red. Thus, gas is acidic in nature. b)

(i) Charcoal reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas.

(ii) Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.

CO2 + H2O -----→ H2CO3

Carbon dioxide water Carbonic acid

11. One day Reeta went to a jeweller’s shop with her mother. Her mother gave old gold jewellery
to the goldsmith to polish. Next day when they brought the jewellery back, they found that there
was a slight loss in its weight. Can you suggest a reason for the loss in weight?

Soln:

In order to polish the gold ornament, it is to be dipped into a liquid called Aquaregia (a mixture of
hydrochloric acid and nitric acid). On getting dissolved in the environment of Aquaregia, the outer layer of
gold dissolves and an inner shiny layer appears. The dissolving of a layer causes a reduction in the
weight of the jewellery.

Ch4. WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS

[Link] the following :

(a) Malleability.
The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets.
(b)Ductility.
The property of metals by which they can be drawn into thin wires.

(c)Conductivity. -The ability of metals to allow heat or current to pass through them.

(d)Sonority. -The ability of metals to produce sound when they are hit

(e)Displacement reactions. -the chemical reactions in which a more reactive metal

displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

(f) Metalloids. -The elements that have the properties of both metals and non-meals

2. List any 4 physical properties of metals.

(i) Metals are generally hard
(ii) Metals are lustrous
(iii) They are sonorous
 (iv) They are malleable
(v)they are ductile

3. What will happen when metals react with acids and bases?
Metals react with acids and bases and produces hydrogen gas which burns with a ‘pop’
sound.

4. Give reason:

(a) Phosphorus is stored in water. – It is a very reactive non-metal; it catches fire if

exposed to air. Hence it is stored in water.

(b)Sodium metal is stored in kerosene. – It is a very reactive metal; it reacts very

vigorously with oxygen and water and catches fire. Hence it is stored in kerosene.

(c)Metals are used for making bells. - Metals are sonorous, which means they produce

sound when hit with an object. Hence, they are used for making bells.

(d)A greenish deposit forms on the surface of copper vessels. – When copper is exposed

to moist air, it reacts with atmospheric oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to form

copper hydroxide and copper carbonate. This mixture appears as a green coating over

the vessel.

(e)Copper wires are used for electrical wiring. - Copper is a good conductor of electricity

and also it is ductile. Hence it is used for electrical wiring.

5. Explain an activity to show that a

(a)Metal oxides are basic in nature. - REFER TO ACTIVITY 4.3 (PAGE NO-46)

(b)Nonmetal oxides are acidic in nature. - REFER TO ACTIVITY 4.4 (PAGE NO-47)

(c)A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous
Solution. REFER TO ACTIVITY 4.8 (PAGE NO-50)
[Link] the equations of the following reactions:

(i) Burning of Magnesium ribbon in air.

Magnesium + Oxygen--------→ Magnesium oxide

(ii) Dissolving the white colour ash of Magnesium in water. Magnesium oxide +

water ---------→ Magnesium hydroxide

(iii)Rusting of iron.

Iron + oxygen + water ---→ iron oxide

(iv)Rusting of copper vessel.

Copper + Oxygen + Carbon dioxide + water ---→ Copper hydroxide + copper carbonate

(v)Reaction of Sulphur with oxygen.

Sulphur + Oxygen --→ Sulphur dioxide

(vi)Reaction of Sulphur di oxide with water.

Sulphur dioxide + water ---------→ Sulphurous acid

(vii)Reaction of Copper sulphate with zinc.

Copper sulphate + Zinc----→ Zinc sulphate + Copper

(viii)Reaction of Zinc sulphate with copper.

Zinc Sulphate + Copper --→No reaction

(ix)Reaction of Copper sulphate with iron.

Copper sulphate + Iron -----→ Iron sulphate + Copper

(x)Reaction of Iron sulphate with copper.

 Iron sulhate + copper ----→ No reaction

7. Name the following:

(a) Any two metals which can be cut with the help of a knife. – Sodium, Potassium

(b) (b)A metal which is stored in kerosene. - Sodium

(c)The non- metal which is essential for breathing. - Oxygen

(d) A non- metal used in fertilisers. -Phosphorous

(e) A non- metal used as antiseptic solution. -Iodine

(f) A non- metal used in crackers. -Sulphur

(g) A non- metal used as a disinfectant and for water purification. -Chlorine

(h)The metal that exists in liquid form at room temperature. -Mercury

**********************************
 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH
CH: 5 COAL AND PETROLEUM

CLASS: VIII SCIENCE

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

1. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?

The advantages of using compressed natural gas (CNG) and
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuels are:
(i) They can be burnt directly.
(ii) They can be transported easily through pipe lines.
(iii) They are clean fuels and do not give smoke when burnt.
(iv) Calorific value is high.
(v) Available in comparable price.
2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.
Bitumen, a petroleum product, is used for surfacing roads.
3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process
called?
Millions of years ago, dense forests got buried under the soil due to
natural processes like storms, floods, and earthquakes. These got
compressed as more and more soil got deposited over them. When they
got buried deep in the soil, they were exposed to very high pressure and
temperature. Under these conditions, these slowly got converted into
coal. This process of formation of coal from dead vegetation is called
carbonization.
4. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas_.
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from
petroleum is called Refining.
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicles is CNG.
5. Mark True/False against the following statements.
(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (F)
(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (F)
(c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (T)
 (d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (T)
(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (F)
6. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.
Fossil fuels require millions of years to form from the dead vegetation
and animals that get buried deep inside the earth. They require high
temperature and pressure for their formation, which cannot be provided
in the laboratory. Thus, fossils are limited. Therefore, the use of fossil
fuels at this rate will lead to their exhaustion.
7. Describe characteristics and uses of coke.
Characteristics of coke are:
(i) Tough
(ii) Porous
(iii) Black colour
Uses of coke:
(iv) In manufacture of steel.
(v) In the extraction of metals (as a reducing agent).
8. Explain the process of formation of petroleum.
Petroleum was formed from dead organisms that got buried in the sea
millions of years ago. These dead bodies got covered with layers of sand
and clay. Lack of air, high temperature, and high pressure transformed
these dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.
9. The following Table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991 −
1997. Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for
the years on the Y-axis and the year on the X-axis.
 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH
WORKSHEET VI-VIII 2021-2022
CH: 5 COAL AND PETROLEUM

CLASS: VIII SCIENCE

SOLVED WORKSHEET

1. Differentiate between exhaustible and inexhaustible resources.

A:
Exhaustible In exhaustible
Limited quantity Un limited quantity
Can be completely exhausted by human Cannot be completely exhausted by
activities human activities
Eg: Fossil fuels, forest Eg: Sun light, air

2. Define fossil fuel.

A: Those fuels or resources which are obtained from dead plants and animals.

3. We should use the fossil fuels when they are absolutely necessary. Explain.
A: We should use fossil fuel when absolutely necessary because:
a. It will ensure the availability of fossil fuel for a longer period of time.
b. It will reduce air pollution and lead to a cleaner environment.
c. It will reduce the risk of global warming.

4. Name two fuels obtained from petroleum, which can be used as domestic fuels.
A: Diesel, kerosene

5. Mention the characteristics of petroleum.

A: Petroleum is a dark brown, viscous liquid. It has strong smell due to the presence of
sulphur containing compounds in it. It is commonly called as crude oil.

6. Write the advantages of using the energy resources judiciously.

A: a. Saves the resources for future generation.
b. The cost of energy utilization will decrease; this will keep in balance of the
economic status of the person.

c. The energy utilization in the form of electricity and burning of fossil fuel is likely to
pollute the environment due to emission of gases like carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide. Thus, judicious use of energy will conserve and protect the environment.
 7. How is CNG obtained? What are its main uses?
A: CNG stands for compressed natural gas. It is a brilliant replacement for non-
renewable sources of energy. It is obtained through compressing the natural gas up
to operational limit or by drilling the rocks and then obtaining the gas through huge
pipes.
Its uses-
• It is a clean fuel and can replace conventional fuels like petrol, diesel etc.
• It helps us to retain our fossil fuels
• Vehicles run through them.
• They gave higher fuel efficiency.

8. In petroleum wells, the crude oil is found above water. Which two properties of
petroleum make it possible to form a layer of it above water?
A: Oil being lighter than water floats on the surface of the water.
It is also insoluble in water, making it to stay above the surface of the water.

9. Write the uses of following substances.

a. LPG
b. Petrol
c. Kerosene
d. Diesel
e. Lubricating oil
f. Paraffin wax
g. Bitumen
h. Coke
f. Coal tar
g. Coal gas
Various constituents of petroleum and uses
Constituents of petroleum Uses
1 Petroleum Gas in Liquid form (LPG) - Fuel for home and industry
2 Petrol-- Motor fuel, aviation fuel, solvent for dry cleaning
3 Kerosene-- Fuel for stoves, lamps and for jet aircrafts
4 Diesel --- Fuel for heavy motor vehicles, electric generators
5 Lubricating oil-- Lubrication
6 Paraffin wax -- Ointments, candles, Vaseline etc.
7 Bitumen- Paints, road surfacing
8. Coke - Extraction of metals, manufacture of steel
9. Coal tar- Dyes, paints, explosives etc.
10. Coal gas- fuel, lighting

10. Name the three products obtained from the processing of

coal.
A: Coal tar, coal gas and coke
11. Can the fossil fuels be prepared in a laboratory from dead organisms? Justify your
answer.
A: No, they can't be prepared in the laboratory from dead organisms because they
are prepared in high temperature and pressure which might not be created at that
extent. Moreover, it’s a very slow process.

12. Expanded form of PCRA.

A: PCRA – petroleum conservation and research association

13. Mention a few tips advised by PCRA to save fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.
ANS:
● Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible.
● Switch off the engine at traffic signals or at places where you have to wait.
● Ensure correct tyre pressure.
● Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle

14. Define refining.

A: The process of separating the various constituents/ fractions of petroleum is
known as refining.

15. What are petrochemicals?

A: Those chemicals which are obtained from petroleum and natural gas are called
petrochemicals.

16. State some important uses of petrochemicals.

A: Petrochemicals are used to manufacture large number of useful materials such
as detergents, synthetic fibres, plastics, synthetic rubber, drugs, dyes, perfumes,
fertilisers, insecticides etc. Hydrogen gas is obtained as a petrochemical from
natural gas.

17. Why is petroleum known as ‘black gold’?

A: Because of less availability and high commercial importance, petroleum is referred
black gold.

18. Name the place where the first oil well was drilled in
world.
A: In Pennsylvania, USA

19. Name the place where the first oil well was drilled in
India.
A: The first oil well in India was struck at Makum in Assam.

20. State the conditions necessary for the formation of coal.

A: High temperature and high pressure are required for the formation of coal.
21. The formation of coal is known as carbonization. Give reason.
A: Carbonization is the conversion of organic matter to carbon containing product.
Coal mainly contains carbon. Therefore, the conversion of dead vegetation into coal
is called carbonization.

22. State the conditions necessary for the formation of

petroleum.
A: High temperature, high pressure and absence of air

23. Write the characteristics of coal tar.

A: Coal tar is a black liquid having offensive smell with very high viscosity.

24. What does the word ‘petroleum’ literally means?

A: The word comes from the Latin word 'Petra' (meaning 'rock') and the
‘oleum' (meaning 'oil'). [Rock oil]
25. Expanded form of CNG.
A: CNG – Compressed natural gas

26. Expanded form of LPG.

A: LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas

27. Which fossil fuel is known as cleaner fuel? Why?

A: CNG [compressed natural gas] cause less pollution as compared to other source
of fuels like coal, petrol etc.
Emission of air pollutants like CO2, SO2, NO2 etc. are less in CNG and hence
considered it as a clean fuel.

___________________________________________________________________________
 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL , JEDDAH

2021-2022
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT:SCIENCE
CHAPTER :6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME

EXERCISE QUESTIONS
1. List conditions under which combustion can take place.

The conditions under which combustion can take place are

• The presence of oxygen.

• The presence of combustible substance.
• Attainment of Ignition temperature .

2. Fill in the blanks.

II (a) Burning of wood and coal causes Pollution of air.

(b) A liquid fuel, used in homes is Kerosene.

(c) Fuel must be heated to its Ignition Temperature before it starts burning.

(d) The fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by Water.

3. Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.

The use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities as it is a quality fuel
and has some benefits:
(a) It gives out less carbon dioxide gas, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, which is
beneficial as they play crucial role in global warming and acid rain.
(b) It leaves behind no residue after its combustion.

c ) It is a comparatively cleaner fuel.

4. Compare LPG and wood as fuels

 LPG Wood

(i) It does not cause pollution on combustion. (i) It pollutes air on its combustion.

(ii) No smoke is produced. (ii) It produces smoke.

(iii) It is a liquid fuel. (iii) It is a solid fuel.

(iv) It has less calorific value (17000-22000

(iv) It has more calorific value (55000 kJ/kg).
kJ/kg).

(v) It can be easily transported, as it is stored in (v) It can’t be transported easily like LPG
cylinders. fuel.

Both are used for domestic purpose.

5. Give reasons.

(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.

Since water is a good conductor of electricity, it may result in electric shocks to the
person trying to extinguish fire.

(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.

• LPG being a cleaner fuel than wood doesn’t release smoke and other pollutants.
• Wood, on the other hand, releases a lot of smoke and fumes polluting the
atmosphere causing pollution and leading to respiratory diseases.
• Hence LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around
an aluminium pipe does not.

• The paper by itself catches fire easily because of its low ignition temperature.
• The piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe doesn’t catch fire because the
heat applied on the wrapped paper transferred to the aluminium pipe through the
process of conduction. Hence the paper cannot reach its ignition temperature.
6. Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.

7. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.

Calorific value is expressed in the form kJ/kg

kJ=kilo joules and kg=kilogram

8. Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.

CO2 is a non-combustible gas and extinguishes fire in two ways:

(i) It is heavier than oxygen and it covers the fire like a blanket and cuts off the contact
between oxygen and fuel.

(ii) In cylinders, CO2 is kept under very high pressure. When released, it expands
enormously in volume and brings down the temperature of the fuel below its ignition
temperature, which helps in controlling the fire.

9. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily.
Explain.
A heap of green leaves contains a lot of moisture in it, hence its ignition temperature is
high. Therefore it does not catch fire easily.

But dry leaves have no moisture content in it, hence its ignition temperature is low.
Therefore it catches fire easily.

10. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?

The goldsmith mainly uses non-luminous flame which is termed to be the outermost part
of the flame. This part of the flame is used because the outermost flame undergoes
complete combustion and is considered as the hottest part of the flame.

11. In an experiment, 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was
measured to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.

A. Amount of fuel used= 4.5 kg

Heat produced = 180000 kJ
calorific value= heat energy produced / amount of fuel used
=180000/4.5 =40000 kJ/kg
12. Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.

Yes , because rusting is a slow oxidation( slow combustion) process in which iron reacts
with oxygen and water vapour in the air and liberate heat .

13. Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in
a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle
flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will
get heated in a shorter time?

The water placed in the outermost part of the flame will be heated in a short time since it
is non-luminous flame and is regarded as the hottest part of the flame. So Ramesh’s
beaker will be heated first. However, Abida who placed the beaker in the luminous flame
(yellow flame)is comparatively less hot.
 WORKSHEET ANSWERS

1. a. What is rapid combustion?

b. Give any two examples of rapid combustion.
A. Rapid combustion is the combustion in which substances burn rapidly to produce heat
and light. The examples are combustion due to burning of petrol , [Link]
2. Define the following :
a. Combustion: is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give
off heat and light .
b. Ignition temperature: is the minimum temperature in which the substance catches
fire.
c. Spontaneous combustion:is the type of combustion that happen without any
apparent cause.
d. Calorific value: is the amount of heat energy produced for the complete
combustion of 1 kg of fuel.
e. Combustible substances : are substances that undergo combustion.

3. In an experiment 1.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was
measured to be 180000 KJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
A. Amount of fuel used= 1.5 kg
Heat produced = 180000 kJ
calorific value= heat energy produced / amount of fuel used
=180000/1.5 =120000 kJ/kg
4. Give reasons for the following:
a. The paper cup containing water does not catch fire on heating.
Paper cup containing water does not catch fire because the heat applied on the
paper cup transferred to the water present inside the cup through the process of
conduction. So the paper cup cannot reach its ignition temperature.
 b. Water is not used to control fire involving electrical equipment.
Since water is a good conductor of electricity, it may result in electric shocks to the
person trying to extinguish fire.

5. What conditions are necessary for combustion to take place?

The conditions under which combustion can take place are

• The presence of oxygen.

• The presence of combustible substance.
• Attainment of Ignition temperature .

6. In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt .The heat produced was
measured to be 120000 KJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
A. Amount of fuel used= 4.5 kg
Heat produced = 120000 kJ
calorific value= heat energy produced / amount of fuel used
=120000/4.5 =26666.66 kJ/kg
7. Why carbon dioxide is used to control fires?
(i) It is heavier than oxygen and it covers the fire like a blanket and cuts off the contact
between oxygen and fuel.

(ii) In cylinders, CO2 is kept under very high pressure. When released, it expands
enormously in volume and brings down the temperature of the fuel below its ignition
temperature, which helps in controlling the fire.

It does not cause damage to the electrical equipments and can be used in fire caused due
to oil .
8. CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities. Explain.
The use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities as it is a quality fuel
and has some benefits:
(a) It gives out less carbon dioxide gas, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, which is
beneficial as they play crucial role in global warming and acid rain.
(b) It leaves behind no residue after its combustion.

c ) It is a comparatively cleaner fuel.

9. Give examples of inflammable substances.

Kerosene, petrol, diesel
10. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.
Kilojoule per kilogram or kJ/kg
11. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver?
Non luminous zone or outermost zone
12. Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.
Yes , because rusting is a slow oxidation( slow combustion) process in which iron reacts
with oxygen and water vapour in the air and liberate heat .

13. Draw a neat labelled diagram of zones of a candle flame.

 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH
WORKSHEET VI-VIII 2021-2022
CH: 7 CONSERVATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

CLASS: VIII SCIENCE

SOLVED WORKSHEET

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER FROM THE GIVEN

OPTIONS.
The process of conversion of fertile lands into deserts is known as:
a) Famine b) Acid Rain
c) Desertification d) Drought
2) Which of the following is not a part of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve?
a) Bori Wild Life Sanctuary b) Satpura National Park
c) Bandipur National Park d) Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary

3) The National Park which is located in Rajasthan is

a) Corbett National Park b) Satpura National Park
c) Kanha National Park d) Sariska National Park

4) Which of the following is not a consequence of deforestation?

a) Increase in soil erosion b) Decrease in rainfall
c) Increase in Earth’s temperature d) Decrease in floods
5) Which of the following is an endangered species of animals?
a) Dinosaur b) Asiatic lion
c) Irish deer d) Hyena

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the main purposes of deforestation?
ANS: Clearing of forests on a large scale to fulfill ever increasing human
requirements is called deforestation.
Causes of deforestation are:
a. Increasing requirement of wood due to rising population.
 b. Felling of trees to create agricultural lands due to rapid urbanization.
c. Overgrazing of animals.
2. What is Red Data Book?
ANS: The source book that is used to keep a record of endangered species of
plants, animals and other species existing within the territory of the state or
country is called red data book.
● There are red data books for plants, animals and various other species.
● It is maintained by the International Union for the Conservation of
Natural Resources (IUCN).
● It contains the most updated information of the global conservation
status of species.
3. Define the terms: a) Flora b) Fauna
i. The term flora is used to denote the species of plants of a particular
region or period.
ii. The term fauna is used to denote the species of animals.
4. What do you mean by endangered species?
The species which are facing the risk of extinction are called endangered
species.
They are the animals and plants that exist in small number on the earth, and
if we do not take quick action to save them, they may be lost forever.
Examples of endangered species are Amur tiger, Red panda and Asiatic
elephant.
5. What do you mean by endemic species?
Those species of plants and animals which are found exclusively in a
particular area are called endemic species to a zone, a state or a country.
For example, Sal and wild mango are the endemic flora of the Pachmarhi
Biosphere Reserve.
6. What is the reason of launching “Project Tiger” by the Government?
Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme launched on 1 April, 1973 by
the Government of India.
 The objective of this project was to ensure the survival and maintenance of
the Tiger population in India.
7. What are Biosphere reserves?
Biosphere Reserve: A larger protected area meant for conservation of
biodiversity and culture of that area. A biosphere may consist of other
protected areas such as National Parks and Sanctuaries. National Parks
preserve flora, fauna, landscape and historic objects of an area.

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 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, JEDDAH
VI-VIII
Science
Class: VIII CH 8. CELL – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEXT BOOK EXERCISE SOLUTION:

1. Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
(a) Unicellular organisms have one-celled body. (T / F)
(b) Muscle cells are branched. (T / F)
(c) The basic living unit of an organism is an organ. (T / F)
(d) Amoeba has irregular shape. (T / F)
Answer:
(a) T (b) F (c) F (d) T
2. Make a sketch of the human nerve cell. What function do nerve cells perform?

The function of a nerve cell is to transmit messages to the brain and also to take away messages from the brain to
the receptor organs. Thus, it controls the working of different parts of the body.
3. Write short notes on the following.
(a) Cytoplasm: It is a fluid that fills the cell and occurs between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cell
organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, etc. are suspended in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm
helps in the exchange of materials between cell organelles.
(b) Nucleus of a cell: The nucleus is a spherical structure generally present at the centre of a cell. The nucleus is
composed of the following components:
(i) Nuclear membrane: It is a double-layered membrane which separates the contents of the nucleus from the
cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane has nuclear pores that allow the transfer of specific substances in and out of the
nucleus.
(ii) Nucleolus: It is a small spherical body in the nucleus.
(iii) Chromosomes: These are thread-like structures that carry genes. Genes are the units of inheritance which
control the transfer of hereditary characteristic from parents to offspring. Thus, chromosomes play an important
role in the inheritance of characteristics.
4. Which part of the cell contains organelles?
Cytoplasm is the part of the cell that contains various organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies,
etc. Cytoplasm is a fluid that fills the cell and occurs between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
5. Make sketches of animal and plant cells. State three differences between them.

Differences:
1. Plant cell is surrounded by rigid cell wall whereas animal cells do not have cell wall.
2. A plant cell has a large central vacuole. An animal cell has many small vacuoles.
3. In plant cell nucleus lies on one side in the cytoplasm due to central vacuole. But in animal cell, nucleus usually
lies at the centre.
4. Plastids are found in plant cells. Plastids are usually absent in animal cells.
6. State the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Most prokaryotes are unicellular. Most eukaryotes are multicellular.

The nucleus is poorly defined due to the The nucleus is well defined and is
absence of a nuclear membrane. surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Bacteria and blue-green algae are Fungi, plant, and animal cells are eukaryotic
prokaryotic cells. cells.

7. Where are chromosomes found in a cell? State their function.

The nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes play an important role in the
inheritance of characters. They carry genes that help in the transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.
8. ‘Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms.' Explain.
Cells constitute various components of plants and animals. A cell is the smallest unit of life and is capable of all
living functions. Cells are the building blocks of life. This is the reason why cells are referred to as ‘the basic
structural and functional units of life’. All cells vary in their shapes, sizes, and activities they perform. In fact, the
shape and size of the cell is related to the specific function it performs.
9. Explain why chloroplasts are found only in plant cells?
Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells. They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This green pigment is
important for photosynthesis in green plants. This chlorophyll pigment traps solar energy and utilizes it to
manufacture food for the plant.
10. Complete the crossword with the help of clues given below.
Across Down
1. This is necessary for photosynthesis. 1. Green plastids.
3. Term for component present in the cytoplasm. 2. Formed by collection of tissues.
6. The living substance in the cell. 4. It separates the contents of the cell from the
surrounding medium.
8. Units of inheritance present on the chromosomes. 5. Empty structure in the cytoplasm.
7. A group of cells.
 CH-8. WOKSHEET SOLUTION

1. Choose the correct answer:

1. The functional unit of life
A) Nucleus B) Cell C) cell wall D) Gene
Ans: Cell
2. The component which controls the functions of a cell
A) Plastid B) Nucleus C) Gene D) Cytoplasm
Ans: Nucleus
3. Wall of cell that surrounds cytoplasm is known as .
A) Chloroplast B) Endoplasmic reticulum C) cell membrane D) Protoplast
Ans: cell membrane
4. The largest cell in the human body is .
A) muscle cell B) red blood cell C) liver cell D) nerve cell
Ans: The human egg (ovum) [a nerve cell is the longest cell in the human body]
5. The various components of cells are called .
A) Cell organelles B) tissues C) ribosomes D) None of these
Ans: Cell organelles
6. Which of the following is the unit of inheritance?
A) Gene B) nucleus C) cell D) vacuole
Ans: Gene
7. Majority of cells cannot be seen with our naked eyes because:
(A) organisms are generally unicellular (B) cells are microscopic (C) cells are present only inside the body
(D) cells are grouped into tissues
Ans: cells are microscopic
8. The living part of a cell is called
(A) protoplasm (B) chloroplast (C) chromosome (D) cytoplasm
Ans: protoplasm
9. The unit of measurement used for expressing dimension (size) of cells is:
(A) centimeter (B) micrometer (C) millimeter (D) metre
Ans: micrometer
10. Paheli accidentally placed her hand over a flame and immediately pulled it back. She felt the sensation of
heat and reacted due to the action of
(A) blood cells (B) nerve cells (C) skin surface (D) nucleus of cells
Ans: nerve cells
11. Choose the correct statement:
(A) Genes are located in the chromosomes. (B) Cell is located in the nucleus. (C) Chromosomes are located
in the nucleolus. (D) Cell membrane surrounds the nucleus
Ans: Genes are located in the chromosomes.
12. Read the following pairs of examples of organisms:
The pair that belongs to the group prokaryotes is
(A) moss and sponge (B) bacteria and blue-green alga
(C) yeast and amoeba (D) penicillium and spirogyra
Ans: Bacteria and Blue-green algae
2. Differentiate between
1. Cells and tissues: Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a
specific function. Cells are the basic structural, functional, and biological units of all organisms.
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Most prokaryotes are unicellular. Most eukaryotes are multicellular.

The nucleus is poorly defined due to The nucleus is well defined and is surrounded by
the absence of a nuclear membrane. a nuclear membrane.

Bacteria and blue-green algae are Fungi, plant, and animal cells are eukaryotic
prokaryotic cells. cells.

3. Unicellular and multicellular organisms: Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries
out all of the functions needed by the organism. Whereas multicellular organisms are composed of more than
one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions.
3. Name the following.
1. Any two unicellular organisms.
Ans: Amoeba, Paramecium
2. Any two types of cells which are capable of changing their shape.
Ans: Amoeba and WBC
3. Any two organelles present in plant cell but not present in an animal cell?
Ans: plastids, cell wall
4. The part of cell which provides its shape.
Ans: Cell membrane.
5. The component that provides rigidity to plant cell.
Ans: Cell wall
6. Any two Prokaryotes.
Ans: Bacteria, Blue green algae.
7. Any two Eukaryotes.
Ans: Plants, Animals
 8. Any three cell organelles.
Ans: Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Ribosomes.
9. Who discovered the cell?
Ans: Robert Hooke
4. Compare an amoeba with WBC.
Ans: Amoeba and WBC, both are single cells and can change their shape. But amoeba is a fully fledged
organism with independent existence. WBC cannot exist independently and is part of an organism.
5. Explain why chloroplasts are found only in plant cells.
Ans: Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells. They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This green
pigment is important for photosynthesis in green plants. This chlorophyll pigment traps solar energy and
utilizes it to manufacture food for the plant.
6. What are the building blocks of life? Why are they so called?
Ans: Cells are called the building blocks of life because all the organisms are made up of
[Link] are called so because they are basic structural and functional units of our life.
7. Why is the cell wall present in plant cells and not in animal cells?
Ans: Plant cells need protection against variation in temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture etc.
8. What do you mean by protoplasm?
Ans: The entire content of a living cell is known as protoplasm. It includes cytoplasm, nucleus and all other
organelles suspended in the cytoplasm. It iscalled the living substance of the cell.
9. What are the differences between animal cell and plant cell?
Ans: 1. Plant cell is surrounded by rigid cell wall whereas animal cells do not have cell wall.
2. A plant cell has a large central vacuole. An animal cell has many small vacuoles.
3. In plant cell nucleus lies on one side of the cytoplasm due to the presence of a central vacuole. But in
animalcell, nucleus usually lies in the centre.
4. Plastids are found in plant cells. Plastids are usually absent in animal cells.
10. Why are cells of different shapes and sizes? Give suitable example.
Ans: The shape and size of cells differ according to their function. For example, Red blood cells are shaped
like a doughnut to carry more hemoglobin, and to fit through small spaces and nerve cells are long and
branched to send signals around the body.
11. What is Chloroplast?
Ans: Chloroplast is a green-coloured plastid which contain chlorophyll and helps to absorb energy from sunlight
during photosynthesis.
12. What are the functions of a Nerve Cell?
Ans: N e r v e c e l l s receive and transfer messages, thereby help to control and coordinate the working of
different partsof the body.
13. Draw a neat labeled diagram of animal cell and plant cell.
Ans:

14. Write a short note on the following.

1. Cell membrane: The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. It separates cells from one
another and also the cell from the surrounding medium. It allows inward and outward movement of materials.
It gives shape to the cell.
2. Cell wall: Cell wall is present only in plant cell. It is an additional layer surrounding the cell membrane
which provides protection against variation of temperature, high wind speed, moisture etc.
3. Nucleus: It is an important component of the living cell. It is generally spherical and located in the centre of
the cell. It is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear membrane. It contains the
spherical body nucleolus and chromosomes which carry unit of inheritance genes.
4. Genes: Genes are the units of inheritance in living organisms. It controls the transfer of hereditary
characteristics from parents to offspring.
5. Cytoplasm: It is the jelly like substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus. All other cell
organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
********************************************
 INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL,JEDDAH
Chapter 18 Pollution of Air And Water
CLASS-VIII(SCIENCE)
Exercise Questions
1. What are the different ways in which water gets contaminated ?
Soln:
The different ways in which the water gets contaminated are:
i)Industrial waste: The harmful chemical wastes gets released by the industries into water sources .
ii) Sewage waste: kitchen, laundry and toilets release the waste materials and this pollutes water.
iii) Agricultural chemicals: Excessive amount of pesticides and fertilizers are used by the farmers for
enhancing crop production. Rains and floods carry these harmful chemicals to water bodies which results in
pollute water pollution.
2. At an individual level, how can you help reduce air pollution?
Soln:
The following are the steps we can take for reduction of air pollution:
i) We should avoid the usage of personal cars and opt for public transport as much as possible.
ii) We should properly dispose of the garbage and not burn it.
iii) For shorter distances, avoid vehicles.
iv) We should control the number of emissions from household chimneys and vehicles.
v) We should replace our vehicle fuel, diesel and petrol by LPG and CNG.

vi)We will generate awareness among people to reduce air pollution.

vii) We will plant more and more trees because trees help to keep the environment clean and
reduce air pollution.

3. Clear, transparent water is always fit for drinking. Comment.

Soln:
No, we don’t agree to the statement that clean water is always fit for drinking because water might appear
clean but it may contain some disease-causing micro-organisms and several other dissolved impurities. Hence,
we advise purifying the water by boiling or by any purifying system before drinking it.
4. You are a member of the municipal body of your town. Make a list of measures that would help your
town to ensure the supply of clean water to all its residents.
Soln:
To ensure the supply of clean water to all residents the following steps must be taken:
(i) The main water source must be built in clean surroundings and should be maintained properly.
(ii) Chemical methods such as chlorination must be used for purifying water.
(iii) The area around water pipes must also be clean.

5. Explain the differences between pure air and polluted air.

Soln:

Pure air
Pure air contains around 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 0.03% carbon dioxide. Other gases such as argon,
methane, ozone, and water vapours are also present in small quantities.
Polluted air
When this composition of air is altered by the addition of harmful substances or gases such as nitrogen
dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter, then the air is said to be polluted.

6. Explain circumstances leading to acid rain. How does acid rain affect us?
Soln:
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are the type of pollutants, which are released into the atmosphere by the
burning of fossil fuels like diesel and coal. These pollutants react with the water vapours present in the
atmosphere to form nitric acid and sulphuric acid respectively. By precipitation, these acids come down and
form the acid rain.
Effects caused by the acid rain:
a) It destroys the crops.
b) Harmful for the building especially to those made of white marble like the Taj Mahal.

c) It causes skin eruptions in human being.

7. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Sulphur dioxide
(c) Methane
(d) Nitrogen
Soln:
Answer is (d) Nitrogen
8. Describe the ‘Green House Effect’ in your own words.
Soln:

Greenhouse effect may lead to global warming, i.e., an overall increase in the average temperature of the
Earth. Greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases. Examples of greenhouse gases include carbon
dioxide, methane, and water vapour. When solar radiations reach the Earth, some of these radiations are
absorbed by earth and then released back to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere trap
these radiations and do not allow heat to leave. This helps in keeping our planet warm and thus, helps in
human survival. However, an indiscriminate increase in the amount of greenhouse gases can lead to excessive
increase in the Earth's temperature leading to global warming.
9. Prepare a brief speech on global warming. You have to deliver the speech in your class.
Soln:
The increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface is known as Global warming. It occurs due to
the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases include methane,
CO2, and water vapour. These gases trap the solar radiations released back by the earth, which results in
keeping our planet warm and helps in human survival. However, an increase in these gases can lead to an
increase in the earth temperature resulting in global warming.
10. Describe the threat to the beauty of the Taj Mahal.
Soln:
The major threat to the Taj Mahal is the acid rain. When the acid rain falls on the Taj, which is completely
made of marble, they react with marble to form a powder like substance which is then washed away by the
rain. This phenomenon is known as marble cancer. In addition, the soot particles emitted from the Mathura oil
refinery located near Agra is leading to the yellowing of Taj Mahal marble.
11. Why does the increased level of nutrients in the water affect the survival of aquatic organisms?
Soln:
An increase in the level of nutrients in water body leads to an excessive increase in the population of algae in
the water body. When these algae die, they serve as food for decomposers. A lot of oxygen is utilized in this
process, consequently leading to a decrease in the level of oxygen dissolved in the water body. This in-turn
causes fishes and aquatic organisms to die.

************************************
Chapter 18 Pollution of Air And Water
SOLVED WORKSHEET

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

[Link] =
(a) Smoke in dog’s stomach
(b) Smoke + fog
(c) Smoke dog
(d) frog in fog

Ans: (b) Smoke + fog

[Link] gas used in refrigerating appliance causing serious damage to ozone is

(a) MFCs
(b) CFCs
(c) LPCs
(d) DPCs

Ans: (b) CFCs

[Link] cancer is caused by

(a) bacteria
(b) virus
(c) Acid rain
(d) Alkali rain

Ans: (c) Acid rain

[Link] effect is
(a) Painting house green in colour
(b) Wearing green colour dress
(c) Having green room in the house
(d) Sun’s heat is trapped and not allowed to escape

Ans: (d) Sun’s heat is trapped and not allowed to escape

5._____ is a commonly used chemical method for purifying water.

(a) Brominization
(b) Flourination
(c) Filtration
(d) Chlorination

Ans: (d) Chlorination

[Link] Action Plan is associated with

(a) Increase of fish culture in the Ganges
(b) Reduce Ganga water pollution
(c) Construct more bridges over the Ganges
(d) Increase water transport on the Ganges

Ans: (b) Reduce Ganga water pollution

[Link] Mahotsav is
(a) Planting trees in January
(b) Cutting trees in January
(c) Cutting trees in July
(d) Planting trees in July

Ans: (d) Planting trees in July

[Link] type of pollution which is likely to affect Taj Mahal in Agra to a greater extent is
(a) air pollution
(b) soil pollution
(c) water pollution
(d) noise pollution

Ans: (a) air pollution

[Link] which year Ganga Action Plan was launched?

(a) 1980
(b) 1984
(c) 1982
(d) 1985

Ans: (d) 1985

TRUE/FALSE

[Link] contains the highest percentage of Nitrogen-TRUE

[Link] monoxide is a poisonous gas.-TRUE

[Link] are not used in air conditioners.-FALSE

4.SO2, CO2and Nitrogen oxides are polluting gases.-TRUE

[Link] layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.-TRUE

QUESTION-ANSWER

[Link] is the full form of CFC ?

Answer:
CFC — Chloro fluoro carbons

[Link] is meant by air pollution ?

Answer:
The presence of unwanted substances in the air which have a harmful effect on living and non-living
components is known as air pollution.

[Link] the pollutants which are added from natural sources.

Answer:
Smoke and dust from forest fires or volcanic eruptions.

4. What are the harmful effects of smog ?

Answer:
Smog Causes breathing diseases such as asthma, cough and wheezing in children. ‘

5. Which gases are released from petroleum refineries ?

Answer:
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.

[Link] are CFCs added in the atmosphere ?

Answer:
CFCs are released from aersol sprays, refrigerators and air conditioners.

[Link] harm is caused by the presence of CFCs ?

Answer:
CFCs destroy the ozone layer which protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

8. What is meant by polluted water.

Answer:
Whenever substances such as sewage, toxic chemicals, silt, etc., which are harmful to life, get
mixed with water, the water is said to be polluted.

[Link] is potable water ?

Answer:
Water which is suitable for drinking is called potable water.
10. Name two smokeless fuels.
Answer:
LPG and CNG.

11. Why has the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas started melting ?
Answer:
The Gangotri glacier has started melting due to global warming.

12.“Say no to crackers” campaign was organised by school children. Why ?

Answer:
This campaign was started by school children to reduce air pollution levels during Diwali.

13. How does Ganga river get polluted ?

Answer:
Ganga river gets polluted by disposal of large quantities of garbage, untreated sewage, dead
bodies, etc., directly into the river.

[Link] do we say that Ganga is ‘dead’ at many places ?

Answer:
We say this because at certain places the pollution level is so high that aquatic life cannot
survive.

15. Name the protocol signed by countries to check global warming.

Answer:
The Kyoto protocol is an agreement under the United Nations Convention signed by many
countries to check global warming.

[Link] steps have been taken by Delhi Government to check pollution by vehicles ?
Answer:
Delhi government decided to convert the vehicles to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and
unleaded petrol.

[Link] steps have been taken by Supreme Court to save the Taj Mahal ?
Answer:
Supreme Court has ordered the industries to use cleaner fuels like CNG and LPG. Also the
automobiles are ordered to .use unleaded petrol in the Taj zone.

18. What is “Marble Cancer” ?

Answer:
Due to the acid rain the marble of Taj Mahal has become yellow and is degrading. This is known
as “Marble Cancer”.
[Link] is the Ganga Action Plan ?
Answer:
Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 to save the river Ganga. Its aim is to reduce pollution
levels by treating domestic sewage, building electric crematoria and reducing industrial wastage.

20. How is chemical contamination of water caused ?

Answer:
Many industries discharge harmful chemicals into rivers and streams causing pollution of water.
Oil refineries, paper factories, textiles and sugar mills release chemicals like arsenic, lead and
fluorides in the rivers.

21. “Fertilisers are good for crop but cause pollution of soil and water”. Comment.
Answer:
Fertilisers enhance crop yield but these chemicals dissolve in water and get washed into water
bodies from the fields. These seep into the ground to pollute ground water.

[Link] does ground water get polluted ? How is it harmful ?

Answer:
Untreated sewage seeps into the ground water. Since it contains bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites, it can cause diseases like cholera, typhoid and jaundice.

23. How are the suspended particles added in the air ?

Answer:
Suspended particles are added in the air by :

 Automobiles which bum petrol and diesel.

 Certain factories.
 Power plants.
 Mining of ores.

24. List some ways by which water can be made safe for drinking.
Answer:
Water can be made safe for drinking :

 By filtering it, e.g., a candle type filter is used at home.

 By boiling the water to kill the germs. ,
 By adding chlorine tablets or bleaching powder.

[Link] is Van Mahotsav ?When is it observed? What is the advantage of this project ?
Answer:
Van Mahotsav is a programme undertaken for planting of trees every year in the month of July.
By planting more trees

 greenhouse effect is reduced

  dust particles in the air are reduced.

26. As an individual, what methods can we use to save water ?

Answer:
As an individual

 We avoid wastage of water.

 Reuse the water
 Recycle the water.
 Close the taps when water is hot required.
 Repair the taps to prevent leakage.

*************************************