Module Name and Code : Power Electronics and Industrial Drives EEE 60704

Semester and Year : September 2024

Lecture Number/ Week : Lecture 6
Lecture Title : Rectifier–controlled DC Drives
LO2: Evaluate the converter performance and applications in
Learning Outcome (s) :
DC and AC drives system.
Module Coordinator : Dr. Gilbert Foo
Contact Email / Ext. : [Link]@[Link]

School of Computer Science and Engineering

Faculty of Innovation and Technology
 Topic 5: Rectifier–controlled DC Drives
Mapped to LO3: Design Converter and Inverter circuits.

Covered week per SoW: Week 11

WHY WHAT
Give knowledge on the control of DC motor Pass Final, Critical thinking, Problem
through power-electronic converters solving, Communication, LO3

HOW

Lecture, Tutorial, Consultation

 Today Outline

➢ Concept of Electric Drives

➢ Power Electronics Controlled DC Drives
➢ Rectifier-controlled DC Drives
➢ Single-phase half-wave converter drives
➢ Single-phase semi-converter drives (half-controlled bridge converter)
➢ Single-phase full-converter drives
➢ Single-phase dual-converter drives
 Concept of Electric Drives
In many industrial applications, an electric motor is the most important component. A complete
production unit consists primarily of three basic components; an electric motor, an energy
transmitting device and the working (driven) machine.
Energy transmitting device (shaft, belt,
chain, rope, etc.) – deliver power from
motor to the driven machine (load)

AC/DC
With power-
Electric Drives (control+motor+shaft) electronics feedback
– DC (motive power by DC motor ) loop control
– AC (motive power by AC motor)
Working machine: Lifts, pumps
drilling machine, etc.
 Power Electronics Controlled DC Drives
DC motors are used extensively in adjustable-speed drives and position control applications.
❖ Speed below base speed can be controlled by armature-voltage control.
❖ Speed above base speed are obtained by field-flux control.
Separately-excited DC motors
Series DC motors
Power-electronic converters used in DC motor control:
❖ Phase-controlled converters / rectifiers (1𝜙 / 3𝜙 drives)
❖ adjustable DC output voltage from a fixed AC input
voltage

❖ DC choppers (chopper drives)

❖ adjustable DC output voltage from a fixed DC input
voltage.
 Separately-excited DC Motor
Field Circuit → 𝑉𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓

Armature Circuit → 𝑉𝑡 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

𝑇𝑒 = electromagnetic torque (Nm)

𝑇𝐿 = load torque (Nm)
𝐼𝑎 = armature current (A) 𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 ∅𝜔𝑚
𝐸𝑎 = back emf / armature emf (V) = 𝐾𝑚 𝜔𝑚
𝑉𝑡 = motor terminal voltage (V) 𝑇𝑒 = 𝐾𝑎 ∅𝐼𝑎 = 𝐾𝑚 𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑓 = field voltage (V)
𝐾𝑚 = 𝐾𝑎 ∅ = torque constant (Nm/A) 𝑇𝑒 = 𝐷𝜔𝑚 + 𝑇𝐿
= emf constant (Vs/rad)
𝑅𝑎 = armature circuit resistance (Ω) 𝑃 = 𝑇𝑒 𝜔𝑚
𝑅𝑓 = field circuit resistance (Ω)
𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = angular speed (rad/s) 𝜔𝑚 =
𝐾𝑎 ∅
𝐷 = viscous friction constant (Nm-s/rad)
𝑃 = power (W)
 Separately-excited DC Motor
Speed below base speed can be controlled
by armature-voltage control.

During this control, armature current and

field flux are kept constant to meet the
torque demand.

Constant-torque drive method

(motor torque constant)

𝑇𝑒 = 𝐾𝑎 ∅𝐼𝑎 = 𝐾𝑚 𝐼𝑎
 Separately-excited DC Motor
Speed above base speed are obtained by
field-flux control (varying the field current /
flux), and by keeping 𝑉𝑡 and 𝐼𝑎 constant at
their rated value.

As flux decreases, speed increases so that

motor emf 𝐸𝑎 remain almost constant.

𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 =
𝐾𝑎 ∅

Field-flux control aka. Constant-power drive

method (power constant)

𝑃 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝑃 = 𝑇𝑒 𝜔𝑚
 Four Quadrant Operation of DC Motor
❖ A motor operates in two modes – Motoring and Braking.
❖ In motoring mode, the machine works as a motor and converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy,
supporting its motion.
❖ In braking mode, the machine works as a generator and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and
as a result, it opposes the motion.

Half-wave / Semi-converter Full-converter Dual-converter

 Separately-excited DC Motor
Example 1

A 200 V separately-excited DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.25 Ω and a field resistance of 100 Ω. The field
supply voltage is fixed at 200 V. At full-load, the motor takes an input current of 50 A and runs at 1000 rpm. Determine
the required armature voltage supply in order for the motor to run at 800 rpm while developing 70% of the rated
torque.
 Separately-excited DC Motor
Example 2

A separately-excited DC motor has the following ratings: 230 V, 460 rpm, 100 A

The armature resistance 𝑅𝑎 = 0.11 Ω. The motor is driven with armature voltage control at rated field flux.

a) Calculate the required armature voltage when the motor is running at 380 rpm while driving its rated load torque.
b) Determine the speed at which the motor will run while developing a regenerative torque of 700 Nm at rated
armature voltage
 Separately-excited DC Motor
Example 3

A 240 V, 5 kW, 25 A DC separately-excited motor is rated at 800 rpm. The motor has an armature resistance of 0.4 Ω and
a field resistance of 120 Ω. Determine the required field supply voltage so that the motor develops 75% of the rated
torque while running at 1200 rpm. Assume that the motor operates in the linear part of the magnetization curve.
 Single-phase DC drives
❖ Firing angle control of converter 1 regulates the General circuit
armature voltage applied to DC motor armature. arrangement for
speed control of a
separately-
❖ Delay angle α1 of converter 1 gives speed control
excited DC motor
below the base speed.
from a single-
phase source.
❖ Delay angle α2 of converter 2 gives speed control
above the base speed.

❖ At low angle α1 for converter 1, armature current

may become discontinuous (more losses).

❖ Hence inductor 𝐿 is added to reduce ripples and

make the armature current continuous for low
values of motor speeds.
 Single-phase half-wave converter drives

Half-wave Semi-converter
Average output voltage (single-phase half-wave).
Assume
ripple free

Average output voltage (single-phase semi-converter).

.
 Single-phase half-wave converter drives

Half-wave Semi-converter
Single-phase half-wave converter drives (example)
Single-phase semi-converter drives
Average output voltage (armature) Input power factor pf
.

Average output voltage (field).

.

Assume
ripple free
Single-phase semi-converter drives
rms value of source current

rms value of freewheeling-

diode current

Assume
rms value of thyristor current
ripple free
Single-phase semi-converter drives (example)
 Single-phase full-converter drives

Average output voltage (armature).

Average output voltage (field).

.
 Single-phase full-converter drives

rms value of source current input power factor

rms value of thyristor current

.
Single-phase full-converter drives (example)
Motoring
Example
Single-phase full-converter drives (example)
Regenerative
Example
Single-phase dual-converter drives
 Single-phase dual-converter drives

Key Points