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Lecture 11 (Probability)

The document discusses the origins of probability theory, highlighting contributions from mathematicians like Blaise Pascal and Pierre-Simon Laplace. It provides examples of probability calculations using dice and an urn with colored balls, illustrating events and their outcomes. Key probabilities are calculated, such as the likelihood of rolling a number greater than 4 or achieving a specific sum with two dice.

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5 views20 pages

Lecture 11 (Probability)

The document discusses the origins of probability theory, highlighting contributions from mathematicians like Blaise Pascal and Pierre-Simon Laplace. It provides examples of probability calculations using dice and an urn with colored balls, illustrating events and their outcomes. Key probabilities are calculated, such as the likelihood of rolling a number greater than 4 or achieving a specific sum with two dice.

Uploaded by

hafiz.ahmed4553
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Probability

INTRODUCTION
• Combinatorics and probability theory share common origins. The
theory of probability was first developed in the seventeenth century
when certain gambling games were analyzed by the French
mathematician Blaise Pascal.
• It was in these studies that Pascal discovered various properties of
the binomial coefficients.
• In the eighteenth century, the French mathematician Laplace, who
also studied gambling, gave definition of the probability as the
number of successful outcomes divided by the number of total
outcomes.
EXAMPLE-1
When a die is tossed the sample space S of the experiment have the
following six outcomes. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
a) Let E1 be the event that a 6 occurs,
b) E2 be the event that an even number occurs,
c) E3 be the event that an odd number occurs,
d) E4 be the event that a prime number occurs,
e) E5 be the event that a number less than 5 occurs, and
f) E6 be the event that a number greater than 6 occurs.
EXAMPLE-1
When a die is tossed the sample space S of the experiment have the
following six outcomes. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
a) Let E1 be the event that a 6 occurs,
b) E2 be the event that an even number occurs,
c) E3 be the event that an odd number occurs,
d) E4 be the event that a prime number occurs,
e) E5 be the event that a number less than 5 occurs, and
f) E6 be the event that a number greater than 6 occurs.
• E1 = {6} E2 = {2, 4, 6}
• E3 = {1, 3, 5} E4 = {2, 3, 5}
• E5 = {1, 2, 3, 4} E6 = Ф
EXAMPLE-2
• When a pair of dice is tossed, the sample space S of the experiment
EXAMPLE-2
• When a pair of dice is tossed, the sample space S of the experiment
has the following thirty-six outcomes
EXAMPLE-2
• Let E be the event in which the sum of the numbers is ten.
EXAMPLE-2
• Let E be the event in which the sum of the numbers is ten.
• Then E = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
EXAMPLE
• What is the probability of getting a number greater than 4 when a
dice is tossed?
EXAMPLE
• What is the probability of getting a number greater than 4 when a
dice is tossed?
EXAMPLE
• What is the probability of getting a total of eight or nine when a pair
of dice is tossed?
EXAMPLE
• What is the probability of getting a total of eight or nine when a pair
of dice is tossed?
EXAMPLE
• What is the probability of getting a total of eight or nine when a pair
of dice is tossed?
• An urn contains four blue balls and five red balls. What is the
probability that a ball chosen at random from the urn is blue?
• An urn contains four blue balls and five red balls. What is the
probability that a ball chosen at random from the urn is blue?
• 4/9
• What is the probability that when two dice are rolled, the sum of the
numbers on the two dice is 7?
• What is the probability that when two dice are rolled, the sum of the
numbers on the two dice is 7?
• 1/6

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