20/10/2026, 17:27 Environment 0 a, . \ “leith ™ i LE Wdort ley‘ > Mu of Sry Efe iiervie. niew 7 ONEf KK | 4d Pcexe —7 OW Feee 3 CLTEL —2CBD > TRAFELC Taee (sega —Tww fx F Lanier 4ihy taba Tiges Fomunn etna => Cee trick JWiwas orc pele cted wel Wh, (492 > Parise Wobrrad forks + Visit the above sites before every prelims + India has hosted all three COP of rio conventions ,ie UNFCCC,UNCCD,CBD_ 9118488 Acl-9882oyior2025, 1727 Evernote ‘The Global Environmental Summits » UNEP: « Founded after UN conference on Human Environment ( Stockholm summfit). HQ at Nairobi. + Rio conf also called UN conference on Environment and Development,1992 + Intemational org Brundtland commission: + Published a report in 1987 : our common future + Defined the term sustainable development for the first time. » IUCN: + world’s oldest global environmental organization + Has observer status at UN. » IPCC: -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O1382oyior2025, 1727 Evernote + An inter govtal body under the UN. «Created by UNEP+World Metrological Org in 1988 + Does not conduct own research but consolidates research from across the world nor does it moniter the climate change phenomena. Sirf reports banat hai, + Released reports: + Climate change and land + Sepecial report on ocean and cryoshphere in a changing clinate. > Climate action network « a worldwide network of over 1300 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in over 120 countries. REDD+ = Developed by parties to UNFCCC. + To harness potential of forests to manage climate change. + Developing countries would receive results based payments for results based actions. UNCCD: + sole legally binding treaty regarding land use + bottom up approach + Secretariat in Bonn,Germany + The Global Tiger Forum (GTF) + an inter-governmental and international body . + It was established in 1994 with its secretariat at New Delhi, + GTF is the only inter-governmental & international body campaigning to save the TIGER worldwide + Ongoing projects- + High altitude tiger (HAT) project + CATS »« TX2 + People for Tigers Earth Hour: = by WWF + to rasie awanreness about climate change and need to save the planet. -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 31462ovs02025, 17:27 Evernote Global coalition for biodiversity/United for biodiversity is an initiative of European commission. Rotterdam convention:( key word is hazardous chemicals and pesticides) = creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure. The Convention covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for inclusion in the PIC procedure. Basel convention( key word is hazardous waste) + Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). + Not legally binding. The GEF serves as "financial mechanism" to five conventions + it was established on eve of Rio earth summit 1992 - Kaleo is the GEF's 24/7 online search tool + UNCCD + CBD + UNFCCC + Stockholm convention ( formed under aeigis of UNEP) + minamata convention UN-CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora + An international agreement not an intergovtal agreement. + Also known as washington convention. + Legally binding. But does not take place of the national laws. « Administered thorugh UNEP « 3 appendices + Initiatives- -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 41862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote we Be “Te ntraonsl Conscrtum on Monto he hga King ot Suppo sustains management ‘Combating Wife Crime ‘lepers ‘of endangered ae sec: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) + All states members of the United Nations are eligible for IPBES membership. + IPBES does for biodiversity what the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) does for climate change. + Nota UN body but secretariat provided by UNEP. + Released report on Global Assessment report on Biodiversity and ecosystem services. ° TRAFFIC: + NGO by WWFHIUCN + TRAFFIC is an NGO founded by two NGOs- WWF and IUCN. CITES is not an NGO. It is a legally binding convention + Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction, Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. + Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival + Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade. + Initiatives- + Elephant Trade Information System(ETIS) + Responsible Area Forestry and Trade (RAFT) The ‘Aichi Targets' were adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its Nagoya conference + India has submitted NR6 report that has progress on 12 targets corresponding to 20 goals under Aichi Targets, + India has overachieved 2 targets, -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 5146zor, 1727 verct + The deadline for achieving the targets is 2020. + Cartagena protocol is under CBD and is for LMO. Biosafety clearing houses to facilitate exchange of info on LMO + Nagoya protocol is for use of genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their utilisation ( Access and Benefit sharing is the technical term for this) + Secretariat at montreal,Canada » C40: + network of the world's megacities committed to addressing climate change. + Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Kolkata are part of the C40 initiative (Jaipur is also a part but is currently inactive). 5 cities from India part of it + Group of 94 cities around the world. + Commits cities to set ambitious pollution targets and implement substantive clean air policies by 2025. + Kyoto protocol: -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O1382oyior2025, 1727 Evernote P The Kyoto Protocol's flexible mechanisms = for fulfilling emission reductions commitments 2) Clean Development (Intemational Mechanism Emissions Tradin (Kyoto Protocol, Artie 12) | | (Kyoto Protocol, Article 17) ‘When: Industrialized countries emisahe cet Joint implementation ) (Kyoto Protocol, Article 6) an Industrialized Invests in an emission ERUs Issued starting 2008 * Kyoto Protocol cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely: - Carbon dioxide (C02); - Methane (CH4); + Nitrous oxide (N20); * Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); = Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and + Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) » Kigali amendment to montreal protocol: - Came into force 2019 + India ratified recently in august 2021 + Legally binding + India has to reduce its HFC use by 80% by the year 2047, « Countries divided into three groups -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D134 862ovs02025, 17:27 Evernote » Montreal protocol- only UN treaty to be ratified by all UN member states » UNFCCC is not legally binding. » Paris deal is legally binding * SAWEN: South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network Members are same as SAARC. But it is not a body of SAARC. To tackle trans boundary wildlife crime. Secretariat in kathmandu,nepal Legally binding- UNCCD Rotterdam convention CITES Paris accord Kigali amendment CBD Stockholm convention( for POP) UNESCO has included Panna in its biosphere reserves list. Panna is located in MP. Panna tiger reserve and Khajuraho temples fall within this area. Ken river passes Threat of submergence due to ken betwa link + Earth overshoot day calculated by Global Footprint network -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 81862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote 113. On the occasion of the World Environment Day, 2021, which one of the following was declared as a National Park in India? (a Réimona (b) Orang (c) Dibru-Saikhowa (d) Nameri + International solar alliance- * Guided by its "towards 1000 strategy” which aims to mobilize USD1000 billion of investments in solar energy. + Ease of doing solar report is a publication of ISA + Initiatives of UNEP- = Climate Action Note = Climate Technology Centre and Network + Climate and clean air coalition + UrbanShift programme - The Green Gigatone challenge by Emmergent and UN-REDD -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 9462oyior2025, 1727 = Stockholm+50- To celebrate 50 years of UN conf on human environment = #OnlyOneEarth initiative + Initiatives of UNFCCC- © Action for climate empowerment + Momentum for change ° Climate neutral now © Race to zero -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D1342oyi0r2026, 17:27 Evernote Bath ry Solar energy- India and the UK co-launched an initiative called Green Grids Initiative * OSOWOG initiative also launched by india and Uk itps:te,evernote-comnotelS9911841-a8e6.4ct1-986-f odeS 8134 1162oyior2025, 1727 Evernote India, along with Australia, the UK and small island developing states (SIDS) will be launching a new group- ing of Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) on the sidelines of the upcoming Conference of Parties (COP26). The platform is aimed at creating a coalition for putting in place infras- tructure that can withstand natural disasters and lessen economic losses in island nations. Australia, India and the UK have committed an initial funding of $10 million for IRIS. “More countries, including Japan, are expected to con- tribute to the initiative. IRIS is cur- + IRIS is an initiative of the CDRI -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O1382ovior2025, 1727 Evernote sion has been constituted for better co-ordination, research, d to air quality in the national capital region (NCR) and adj Commission: sion will be headed by a full-time chairperson who has been a nt of India, or a Chief Secretary to a State government. Hence st erson will hold the post for three years or until she attains the age 0 ers from several Ministries as well as representatives from 2 is not correct. from the CPCB, the Indian Space Research Organisation (IS + ISFR 2021- ° Biennial » By forest survey of india under MOEFCC © Total Forest and Tree cover is 24.62% + The top five states in terms of increase in forest cover: Andhra Pradesh>Telangana>Odisha>Karnataka>Jharkhand. + Total forest cover in the North-Eastern region is 64.66% of its geographical area. The current assessment shows a decrease of forest cover © Largest forest cover in India: Madhya Pradesh > Arunachal Pradesh > Chhattisgarh > Odisha > Maharashtra + Mizoram (84.53%) > Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%) > Meghalaya (76.00%) > Manipur (74.34%) > Nagaland (73.90%). + India's plastic pact- * By WWF-india and Cll + India first asian country to do so «Aim to achieve circular economy in plastic by 2030 -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D134 191862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote » Physical ecosystem engineers are organisms that create, modify or maintain habitats (or indirectly, modulate the availability of resources to other species. They are two types: = Allogenic engineers: They change the environment by transforming living or nonliving materials from one physical state to another, via mechanical or other means. + When woodpeckers and other birds excavate holes in which they nest, They modify the surrounding environment to bring changes in the environment without transforming themselves. So woodpeckers are considered as Allogenic ecosystem engineers. + Autogenic engineers: They change the environment via their own physical structures, i.e. their living and dead tissues. As they grow and become larger, their living and dead tissues create habitats for other organisms to live on or in. + The Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Bill, 2021 © was introduced in Lok Sabha on July 30, 2021. The Bill provides for the constitution of a Commission for better co-ordination, research, identification, and resolution of problems related to air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR) and adjoining areas. Adjoining areas have been defined as areas in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, adjoining the National Capital Territory of Delhi and NCR, where any source of pollution may cause adverse impact on air quality in the NCR. The Bill also dissolves the Environment Pollution Prevention and Control Authority established in the NCR in 1998. © Composition and functions are generic points + Powers of the Commission include: (i) restricting activities influencing air quality, (i) investigating and conducting research related to environmental pollution impacting air quality, (iii) preparing codes and guidelines to prevent and control air pollution, and (iv) issuing directions on matters including inspections, or regulation which will be binding on the concerned person or authority. + The Commission will be the sole authority with jurisdiction over matters defined in the Bill (such as air quality management). In case of conflicts, directions of the Commission will prevail over the orders of the respective state governments, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), state PCBs, and state-level statutory bodies. -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 141862onoi202s, 1727 Evernote Contravention of provisions of the Bill, or orders and directions of the Commission will be punishable with imprisonment of up to five years, or fine of up to one crore rupees, or both. The Bill excludes farmers from the scope of these penalties. However, the Commission may collect an environmental compensation from farmers causing pollution by stubble burning This compensation will be prescribed by the central government. Appeals against the Commission's orders will lie with the National Green Tribunal. Modi's Five-Point Agenda on Climate: 1. Non-fossil energy capacity to 5OOGW by 2030 2.50% renewable energy by 2030 3. One billion tonne reduction of emision by 2030 4. Reduce carbon intensity by 45 5. 'Net zero’ emission by 2070 . ‘+ Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA): It has been constituted under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate and control development and management of ground water resources in the country. © Central Water Commission (CWC); It is an attached office of the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The Commission is entrusted with the general responsibilities of initiating, coordinating and furthering schemes for control, conservation and utilization of water resources throughout the country (in consultation of the concerned State Governments). (© These schemes may be related to the purpose of Flood Control, Irigation, Navigation) Drinking Water Supply and Water Power Development, growing alternatives to paddy etc Related news India Water Resources Information System Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched a new version of India: WRIS. itps:te,evernote-comnotelS9911841-a8e6.4ct1-986-f odeS 8134 962oyior2025, 1727 Evernote © Eutrophic lake is a lake that has high primary productivity due to exces eS nutrients ind is subject to algal blooms resulting in poor water quality. The bottom waters of such bodies are commonly deficient in oxygen, ranging from hypoxic to anoxic. Knowledge Base: © Anestuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea Oligotrophie Lake is a lake with low primary productivity, the result of low nutrient content. These lakes have low algal production, and consequently, often have very clear waters, with high drinking-water quality. Winterkill is a condition when snow cover of ice on water body effectively cuts off the light. This stops photosynthesis however respiration continues. Thus, in shallow lakes, the oxygen gets depleted and eventually fish die. Statement 1 is incorrect. Bioaccumulation refers to how pollutants enter a food chain. In bioaccumulation there is an increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain. Statement 2 is correct. Biomagnification refers to the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next. Statement 3 is incorrect. Bioconcentration the process by which a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism exceeds that in water and subsequent physiological, reproductive and behavioral changes. + lrrawady dolphins: 1. max population in chilika lake(largest brackish water lagoon in india) 2. Vulnerable in India 3. Brackishwater dolphins 4. found in south and south east asia -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 16186zor, 17:27 Everio + NTCA isa statutory body headed by Minister of MOEFCC setup under WPA72 + NBWis a statutory body headed by PM set up under WPA72. Animal Welfare Board of India is a statutory advisory body under a senior official of MOEFCC, set up under Prevention of Cruelty to animals Act 1960 + Comprehensive environmental pollution index is prepared by CPCB + India only country in the world that has both tigers and Lions in natural habitat. +» Gir is the last remaining natural habitat of the asiatic lions. Option incorrect. CAMPA was established in 2004 to manage the Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF) and it acts as the custodian of the CAMPA fund. CAMPA act was created in 2016, Option b is incorrect. CAMPA funds are part of interest bearing non-lapsable Public Account. Option ¢ incorrect. In CAMPA money is paid by developers who have raised forest land for their construction projects. Money raised here would help in regenerating forest elsewhere on non-forest land. Coal cess is the important source of National clean energy fund and not of CAMPA Option d is correct. State Funds will receive the 90% of these funds and the National Fund will receive the remaining 10%. + River ganga: National ganga council: + Headed by PM and has CM as members from the states through which ganga passes : UP,UK,Bihar,Jharkhand,WB + Statutory body under EPA,1986 + NMCG is the implementation arm of NGC -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 11862oyi0r2026, 17:27 Evernote Namami gange is the umbrella programme to clean ganga and NMCG is also the implementing body of Namami gange. Gangetic dolphin: + It is among the four freshwater dolphins found in the world — the other three are- baiji found in the Yangtze River (China), the “bhulan’ of the Indus (Pakistan) and the ‘boto’ of, the Amazon River (Latin America) It may also be found in brackish water but never in sea. Indus dolphin is seen in Beas river Mentioned in schedule 1 of WPA,1972 and endangered as per IUCN. Indus dolphin is also endangered. © Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) in Bihar is India's only sanctuary for the Gangetic dolphin + Because of the sound it produces when breathing, the animal is popularly referred to as the ‘Susu’, » An observatory would soon be developed to allow visitors to see gangetic dolphins in vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary, Bhagalpur,Bihar. People would be able to watch acquatic activites of dolphins from an observatory tower. National dolphin research centre to be established in Patna. First turtle conservation centre and Garur Vulture rehab centre to be built in Bhagalpur. Also found in chambal river itps:te,evernote-comnotelS9911841-a8e6.4ct1-986-f odeS 8134 1818620/10/2026, 17:27 Evernote Some primary pollutants are: Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons Particulate matter A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. Some secondary pollutants are: Ground level Ozone PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) Photochemical smog Aerosols and mists (H2SO4) Acid rain (formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water) + Some facts on various wildlife species: » Hoolock gibbon is the ONLY ape found in [Link] in manas NP, intanki NP, Nagaland,etc > Only two types of turtles: Kemp and Olive ridley indulge in mass nesting practices called as Arribada. » sangai deer endemic to Manipur. Also called brow antelered deer or dancing deer * Barking deer found across the country - Swamp deer or Barasingha found naturally in Kanha NP > Lion tailed macaque is endemic to western ghats » indian wild ass: Rann of kutch °> Pygmy hogs are found only in manas wildlife sanctuary. Endemic to india. Critically endangered. World's smallest pigs » Himalayan Quail- Cri Uttarakhand ally endangered. Found only in mountains of itps:te,evernote-comnotelS9911841-a8e6.4ct1-986-f odeS 8134 19862ovs02025, 17:27 Evernote Jerdon’s courser- a nocturnal bird found in eastern ghats(AP and Telangana) and sri lankameswara WS. Critically endangered. KAZI-106F : india’s only golden tiger found in kaziranga NP Dugongs- + Herbivores mammal that's strictly marine + IUCN- vulnerable + In India, dugongs are seen in the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Palk Bay, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. = Government of Tamil Nadu will set up India's first Dugong Conservation Reserve in the Palk BayDugong or the sea cow is an endangered marine species & survives on seagrass that is found in the area. Some critically endangered species of india: + Gharial + Bengal florican + Great indian bustard + Jerdon’s cruser © Species extinct in India: + Cheetah + Sumatran rhino + Pink headed duck + Himalayan quail Option b is correct. In Siberian Tundra tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. It is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. The typical animals are reindeer, lemming and ptarmigan. Reptiles and amphibians are almost absent here. Option cis incorrect. Boreal forest is cold regions with high rainfall, strong seasonal climates with long winters and short summers. These are characterised by evergreen plant species such as Spruce, fir and pine trees, etc and by animals such as the lynx, wolf, bear, red fox, porcupine, squirrel, and amphibians like Hyla, Rana, -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 201862onoi202s, 1727 Evernote + There are two types of corals © Hard corals: only hard corals build reefs To build reefs carbonate ions are required but global warming has decreased the concentration of carbonate ions and hence not good for corals More diverse soft corals + At the bottom of sea in low temperatures Since they get their food from the surrounding water they do not need any reef to build for the zooxanthalae and make food for them . hence they don’t build reefs. Hence not colorful Less diverse . =———y- Steam eo sn domed na art vnc 0 acai 1A Adwrt aoe appedes Aldrin Boeobiuereily ¢ ran sail gral Comm ucrhy ise tee OMe, . Mence th Lathe no a] Ayelo wy National parks and WS are generally declared by the State govt by a notification. But the central govt also has powers to declare an area as NP/WS under section 35 of the act. ° Biodiversity Heritage sites declared under BDA,2002 are declared by state govt in consultation with the Local bodies. » To change the area of NP/WS, the state govt can do so by a resolution. No need to pass an act for this. But prior approval of National Board of Wildlife needed. -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 31862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote NBW headed by PM. But the standing committee that hears cases and gives approval to projects headed by Minister Of MOEFCC » TR are declared by NTCA. * To alter the boundary of TR, approval from NTCA and NBW needed, + The central govt can include/exclude any category of animals from the schedules of the WPA,1972. * Hetap res UMC R aN nye erssi) msi sm ean) -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D134 21862ovs02025, 17:27 Evernote + Red tide + Red tide is a phenomenon caused by algal blooms during which algae become so numerous that they discolor coastal waters. The algal bloom may also deplete oxygen in the waters and release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals. + To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, an area must meet two strict criteria: + Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as, "endemic" species). + Have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation or It must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation. In other words, it must be threatened. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA Himalaya: Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Myanmar) e Indo-Burma: Includes entire North-eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and southern China) e Sundalands: Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines) Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka) + GEAC: ° Under MOEFCC + Has powers to take punitive action under the EPA,1986 + Regulates import,export,approval,manufacturing of GM crops/organisms -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D134 31862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote Ecosystem functions through the input of energy mainly solar radiation. R.L. Lindeman has formulated principles about the relationship between trophic levels within a natural ecosystem. Principle 1: As the distance between the organisms of a given trophic level and the initial source of energy (trophic level one) increases, the probability of the organisms to depend exclusively on the preceding trophic level for energy decreases. Principle 2: The relative loss of energy due to respiration is progressively greater to higher trophic levels because the species at higher trophic levels are relatively larger in size and have to move and work for getting food and therefore more energy is lost due to respiration. Principle 3: Species at progressively higher trophic levels appear to be progressively more efficient in using their available food supply. Principle 4: Organisms at higher trophic levels are ‘generalists’ in their feeding habit and they are most efficient in using their available food supply. Principle 5: Food chains tend to be reasonably short. Because loss of energy is progressively higher for higher trophic levels and species at higher levels tends to be less discrete. + Hydrofluorocarbon(HFC) refrigerants are composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon atoms. They do not deplete the ozone layer because they do not contain chlorine or bromine. However, they do have a high GWP. + Hydro chloro fluoro carbons (HCEC's) contain chlorine and hence have ozone depletion potential. This is however low in comparison to CFCs. -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 341862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote + Gross primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis. A considerable amount of GPP is utilized by plants in respiration. Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses, is the net primary productivity (NPP). Net primary productivity is the available biomass for the consumption to heterotrophs (herbivores and decomposers). Secondary productivity is defined as the rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers. Swamp Marsh Trees and woody plants Grass and herbaceous plants + Warm and cold blooded creatures: + Warm-blooded creatures, like mammals and birds, try to keep the inside of their bodies at a constant temperature. They do this by generating their own heat when they are in a cooler environment, and by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment. To generate heat, warm-blooded animals convert the food that they eat into energy. They have to eat a lot of food, compared with cold-blooded animals, to maintain a constant body temperature. Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature of their surroundings. They are hot when their environment is hot and cold when their environment is cold. -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 351462oyi0r2026, 17:27 Evernote PROVISIONING SERVICES: [ord mec ct CULTURAL SERVICES: ATE Mae tee eee REGULATING SERVICES: CTE Me A ce aera clio Ree Maen Pelaetcul wood, fiber, rei ee cues erotic Eeeeeue ican lh Ceteeurieietal Pe eomet tic naeaicd + Temperate forests have more nutrient in soil than tropical forests as during winters the trees in temperate forests shed leaves and enrich nutrients in soil. In tropical, the trees grow round the year and hence exhuast the soil nutrients. + BOD oxidises organic biodegradable material + COD oxidises organic biodegradable and non degradable substances both © So COD>BOD always! + Zones of marine ecosystem: + Littoral : This is the seashore area extending between the highest high tide and lowest low tide levels. Waves and tides have maximum effect on the zone. This zone is sometimes exposed to air. Different types of species like algae, starfish, crustaceans, etc are found in this zone. + Neritic: This region is shallow enough to support plants rooted in the seafloor. This region constitutes the edge of the continental shelf. This area is rich in the density and diversity of organisms owing to the penetration of light to this depth of the sea and owing to the presence of nutrients washed down from the land. itps:te,evernote-comnotelS9911841-a8e6.4ct1-986-f odeS 8134 361862ovs02025, 17:27 » Pelagic: This is the open area below the neritic region. On the surface of this Evernote zone, various types of plankton are found. In addition, there is zooplankton along with shrimp and jellyfish, etc. » Benthic: This forms the floor of the ocean. Production, in this region, is limited by low nutrient supply. Most of the organisms found here are luminescent. Rooted organisms are sea lilies Are found. Decomposers are also called as SEETETSR sree herbivores called phagotrophs The pyramid of biomass in sea is generally inverted because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton. pyramid of biomass/numbers may be straight or inverted, but the pyramid of energy is always straight Sencmene 1 is incorrect Energy aays flows from lower to higher trophic levels in an ecosystem, Soin the detritus food chain as well energy flows from ‘saprotrophs/ detritivores (lower trophic levels) to birds/ rodents) snakes et (higher trophic levels). Jus the stating point is different - dead and decaying organic mater inthe detritus food chain (DF@) lid green plants in the grazing. food chain (GFC). Statement’2 is corréét: Barring a few exceptions, the majority share of energy in terrestrial ecosystems flows through detritus food chain, while in aquatic ecosystems the majority share of energy flows through grazing food chain. + Syngs + Produced by pyrolysis of municipal solid waste » CO +CO2 + Hydrogen + Has 50% of energy density of natural gas so not used as fuel for combustion Nitrogen particles make up the largest fraction of PM2.5 and agriculture is the highest contributor of nitrogen in India India is the biggest source of ammonia emission -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 7862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote + Biogeochemical cycles + Sedimentary cycles Imperfect cycle : Some nutrients are lost from the cycle and get locked into sediments and so become unavailable for immediate recycling * Phosphorus cycle * Sulphur cycle + Reservoir is earth's crust » Gaseous cycles Perfect cycles : nutrients are replaced as fast as they are utilised Carbon cycles Nutrient cycles Reservoir is atmosphere + Lentic : body of standing water + Lotic : body of moving water( lot raha hai) frolected fovente Sypereths atinsed utes | > febuilier one i bomued - banned unvley ges vererved des prokecled fpnent on rerved y > leled fro are yHow epeproded dfohe oldie Cb teak name fooler writ = a iM Goud 4usseling é pookeehion oi bad higher Atego + Animals constitute more than 2/3 species on earth ( fauna>flora) -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 381862oyior2025, 1727 Evernote For biomagnification to occur the toxic should be soluble in fats. Insoluble hoga to body se bahar nikal jayega moot k sath. Eurythermal animals are able to tolerate a of temperature levels. Stenothermal animals are those which can tolerate a of temperature levels. (N-N) Exp) Option a is incorrect. Primary succession begins in newly cooled lava, bare rock, newly created pond or reservoirs Secondary succession begins in areas where natural biotic communities have been destroyed such as in abandoned farm lands, burned or cut forests, lands that have been flooded, Option b is correct. The species that invade a bare area are called pioneer species. In primary succession on rocks these are usually lichens which are able to secrete acids to dissolve rock, helping in weathering and soil formation. Option ¢ is correct. Hydrarch succession takes place in wetter areas and the successional series progress from hydric to the mesic conditions (neither too wet (hydric) nor too dry (xeric) ), As against this, xerarch succession takes place in dry areas and the series progress from xeric to mesic conditions, Option d is correct. Primary succession is a very slow process which takes thousands of years to reach to a climax community. Since some soil or sediment is present in secondary succession, it is faster than primary Eco-sensitive zones: » These are buffer zones around protected areas like National parks, wildlife sanctuaries » Declared by MOEFCC -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 391862oyio2025, 1727 Evernote Statement 1 is correct. Eco-Sensitive Area (ESA) is ecologically important areas notified under the Environment Protection Act,1986, to be protected from industrial pollution and unregulated development. Though the act does not use the words eco-sensitive areas. These areas are around National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves etc. Statement 2 is not correct: Eco-Sensitive Area (ESA) is notified by the Central Government, not the state government. Statement 3 is not correct. Drastic change of agriculture system is restricted not prohibited in Eco-Sensitive Areas. Nature of Activities allowed in Eco-Sensitive Areas (ESA): There are 3 categories of activities © Prohibited- commercial mining, polluting industries, major hydroelectric projects etc. © Restricted with safeguards (Regulated) - Felling of trees, Establishment of hotels and resorts, drastic change of agriculture system, widening of roads, introduction of exotic species etc. © Permissible- Rain Water Harvesting, Organic farming, on-going Agricultural Practices etc. + what joins Western and eastern ghats Nilgiri hills Satyamangalam TR Mukurthi NP ‘Which of th followings fen recognize ste “genetic expres highway” linking he Eastern Chats nd te Wester Gat biversiy hotspot of Indi? eo Great Nicobar eo ‘Nolrek Biosphere Reserve e Pacha Bisphere reserve eo Gulf of mannar Biosphere reserve -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 40882oyior2025, 1727 Evernote « RBNBEIEEEEE oe 10 importareprocassos that reuse to decompoce materials. Both these processes are different from combustion because the combustion is carried out in the presence of an excessive amount of oxygen. + biosphere reserve is for the preservation of an ecosystem and not just few fauna and flora. + In sundarbans, mangrove forest are characterised by “Heritiera Fomes", a species valued for its timber + Smog: ° Classical smog occurs in cool humid climate. * Itis a mixture of smoke, fog and sulphur dioxide. * Chemically itis a and so itis also called as + Photochemical smog occurs in Walt dian SURAVIENRERE. + The main components of the photochemical smog result from the action of sunlight on unsaturated hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides produced by therefore, called as + A“trophic cascade” is an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative population of Predator and prey through a food chain which often results in drastic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling. + Namdapha National Park is famous for being the only park in India and the world to have four big cat species, like leopard, tiger, clouded leopard and snow leopard. -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D134 a82ovs02025, 17:27 Evernote The habitat changes with increasing altitude from Tropical moist forests to montane forests, temperate forests and at the higher elevations, to Alpine meadows and perennial snow. + An ecosystem can support a maximum of 5 trophic levels. ¢ Hibernation ‘+ is thetype of winter sleep, performed by the warm and cold-blooded animals. Is forthe whole winter. ‘The animals lookout forthe warmer place, their metabolic activities slow down, and itis the dormant stage ‘Hibernation helps in maintaining the body temperature and thus avoids fom any itera body damage du to low temperatures, ‘Examples - Bats, birds, mammals insects, ete Mence pa 1s eorretly matched, Acstvation ‘+ 1s the ype of summer slop, performed by cold-blooded animals ‘tis of shorter duration th hibernation, ‘Animals search for the moist, shady and cool place to sleep. ‘+ Aestivation helps in maintaining the body temperature by avoiding the excessive water loss and any internal body damaged due to high emperatues. ‘Examples - Boos snail, eanhworms stlamandes, rag, cathworms, crocodile, tortoise, ct. Hence par 2 is correctly matched, Diapause ‘+ Itrfersto the delay in development in response to regularly and recuting periods oF adverse environmental conditions. ‘= Diapause is most often observed inal tho life stages of arthropods, especialy isoes. Hence pale 3 i correctly matched. + Dark fermentation is a technology used to convert Ittakes place in the + tendency for increased biodiversity within the ecotone is referred to as the "edge effect." + Under FRA,2006 National Parks and Sanctuaries have been included along with Reserve Forest, Protected Forests for the recognition of Rights. + Bioremediation can be defined as the methodology to remove or neutralise waste and toxic substances in the environment with the help of microorganism and plants. © Insitu bioremediation: + Bioventing + Biosparging -ntps:[Link]/note/s99 1184. a8c8-41-886b.oftedeB8D134 26zor, 1727 verct Bioaugmentation + Exsitu bioremediation: + Landfarming Biopiles + Composting Bioreacters + Metals : diseases + Nitrate : blue baby syndrome > Arsenic : Black foot disease » Cadmium : Itai-Itai ° Mercury : Minamata + Sea ranching or ocean ranching is an internationally accepted concept, where fish that are commercially important and need replenishment are reared in a EERIEIESISESEETSIVENUIENIIENE orc it into the sea when they are of a certain size. + Satkosia TR is the meeting point of Deccan peninsula and Eastern Ghats + Heat loss or heat gain is a function of surface area, Since small animals have a larger surface area relative to their volume, they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside; then they have to expend much energy to generate body heat through metabolism. This is the main reason why very small animals are rarely found in polar regions. + Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimise heat loss. (This is called the Allen's Rule.) In the polar seas aquatic mammals like seals have a thick layer of fat (blubber) below their skin that acts as an insulator and reduces loss of body heat + Net primary productivity is more of land than oceans (i know it sounds absurd) + Acts outside NGT: ° WPA 1972 -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 43882ovn072025, 17.27 Evernote » Indian Forest Act 1927 » FRA 2006 . Se epeann (a ecslomica sucumins iucliviclal ste, seral _Compele chou ny » Sere) fit sped es, 9-6 Welrens Micnear species Lork 52de1 > Gon specter - at pecs eo . hibews produte aeid Mrst— dedolue scuioelanis il. GHG GWP for 100 years co, 1 CH, 23 N,O 296 HFC - 23 12 000 HFC - 134a 1300 SF, 22 200 Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001). + If in option CF4 given, it will be highest as it has lifetime of 50000 years. + WPA,1972: + Species listed in Schedule | and part Il of Schedule II get absolute protection — offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties » Species listed in Schedule Ill and Schedule IV are also protected, but the penalties are much lower + Schedule V includes the animals which may be hunted. These are called vermin. Only central govt can declare an animal as vermin itps:te,evernote-comnotelS9911841-a8e6.4ct1-986-f odeS 8134 aa2oyior2025, 1727 Evernote The plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting. Power to alter entries lies with Central govt and not National Board for wildlife. 1. Ruderal : plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural such as wildfires or avalanches or a consequence of human activity, such as construction (of roads, of buildings, mining, etc.) or agriculture (abandoned fields, irrigation, etc.). Ruderal species typically dominate the disturbed area for a few years, gradually losing the competition to other native species. . Invasive species:species that is not native to a specific location (an introduced species), and that has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health . Keystone species: species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance. Such species are described as playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. Some keystone species, such as the wolf, are also apex predators. . umbrella species: the conservation of which helps in conserving other species like Tiger. . Climax species: also called equilibrium species, are plant species that will remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as a site remains undisturbed. They are the most shade-tolerant species of tree to establish in the process of forest succession. A disturbance, such as fire, may kill the climax species, allowing pioneer or earlier successional species to re- establish for a time. They are the opposite of pioneer species, in the sense that climax species are good competitors but poor colonizers, whereas pioneer species are good colonizers but poor competitors . Poineer species: the species who are the first to arrive at any ecological site. . flagship species is a species selected to act as an ambassador, icon or symbol for a defined habitat, issue, campaign or environmental cause. By focusing on, and achieving -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 458zor, 1727 verct conservation of that species, the status of many other species which share its habitat — or are vulnerable to the same threats - may also be improved. 8. priority species” is reflective of a key threat across that ecoregion - such that conservation of the species will contribute significantly to a broader threat mitigation outcome 9. Sentinel/Indicator species: An indicator species is a species or group of species chosen as an indicator of, or proxy for, the state of an ecosystem or of a certain process within that ecosystem. + International funds: 1. Green climate fund: a. Est at Cancun summit cop 16 of unfecc b. Managed by board of GCF responsible to the COP 2. Adaptation fund: Est under Kyoto protocol of UNFCCC Est at Bali summit 2007 cop 13 helps developing countries to adapt ao o. Governed by adaptation fund board. World bank also servers as trustee of fund on interim basis. 3. BioCarbon fund: a. The BioCarbon Fund is a public-private sector initiative managed by the World Bank b. supports projects that generate financial returns from the sale of emission reduction -ntps:[Link]/599 184-096. Af1-986b-oftedcB8O138 468