TUTORIAL-2
1. Write down general rules of measurements.
The units of measurements for civil engineering works are mainly
categorised for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the
contractor. The principle of units of measurements normally consists the
following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in
numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice,
fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running
metres (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering,
white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and are expressed in
square meters (m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work,
cement concrete, Masonry etc. are expressed in Cubic metres.
The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS –
1200. However some of the general rules are listed below:
1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of
each item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools and
plant and all types of overheads for finished the work in required shape,
size and specification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or
thickness.
3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 SQM
Cubic contents shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01 cum.
4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured
separately under separate items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,
workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed.
6. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories
shall be measured separately and the heights shall be described as:
From foundation to plinth level
From plinth to first floor level
From first floor to second floor level and so on.
2. Explain Lead and Lift.
Lead: During the earthwork, the average horizontal distance between
centers of excavation to the center of deposition is known as Lead.
Lead is normally calculated in multiple of 50m.
Lift: Similarly during the earthwork, the average height through which soil
has to be lifted from source to the place of spreading (also known as
heaping) is known as Lift.
The first Lift is taken up to 2m.
The extra lift is counted for up to 1m after the first lift and so on.
3. Explain deduction rules for brick masonry
It is computed in cum. (Length x Breadth x Height).
Foundation and plinth masonry is taken under one item, and masonry in
superstructure is taken under separate item.
in storeyed building the masonry in each storey as ground floor above
plinth level, first floor, second floor etc. is computed separately.
for calculating quantities the walls are measured as solid and then
deduction are made for openings as doors, windows etc.
Masonry of different types or classes, masonry with different mortar etc.
are taken out under separate items.
Arch masonry work is taken out separately.
Splayed or rounded sides of wall are considered as rectangular and
extreme dimensions are taken to find out the quantities.
Thin partition wall is measured in sq.m.
Honey comb brick wall is taken under separate item in sq.m. No deduction
is made for holes.
Stone masonry is calculated in the same manner as for brick masonry.
No deduction is made for the following:
i. Opening each up to 1000 [Link] or 0.1 sq.m (1 sq ft.).
ii. Ends of beams, posts, rafters, purlins, etc. up to 500sq cm in section.
iii. Bed plate, wall plate, bearings of chajjas and the like up to 10cm depth.
iv. Bearings of floor and roof slabs are not deducted from wall masonry.
Deduction for rectangular openings
B
Full deduction is made.
Quantity to be deducted: l x h x thickness of wall.
Lintels over opening
Lintels are either of RCC or RB.
Quantity is calculated in cum
Thus the length of lintel l=s + 2t
Quantity and deduction- = l x t x thickness of wall
L
t
S
Length of the lintel is equal to clear span plus two bearings.
If dimension of bearing is not given the bearing may be taken as same as
thickness of lintels with minimum 12cm.
4. Explain deduction rules of plastering work.
Plastering and pointing
Plastering usually 12mm thick is calculated in sq.m.
For walls the measurement are taken for the whole face of the wall for
both sides as solid, and deductions for openings are made in following
manners.
No deduction is made for ends of beams, posts, rafters etc.
for small opening up to 0.5 sq. m no deduction is made.
For openings exceeding 0.5 sq.m but not exceeding 3 sq m deduction is
made for one face only.
for opening more than 3 sq.m deduction is made for both faces of the
openings.
plastering for ceiling usually 12mm thick is computed in sq m under a
separate head as this work is done with richer mortar.
pointing in walls is calculated in sq m for whole surface and deduction
similar to plastering are made.
5. Write down multiplying factor of various building elements.
Multiplying Factor Of Various Building Elements
6. List measurement units (at least 30).
Sl. Particulars of item Units of Units of
No. measurement payment
1 Earthwork
1 Earthwork in excavation CUM Per CUM
2 Earthwork in filling in foundation trenches CUM Per CUM
3 Earth work in filling in plinth CUM Per CUM
2 Concrete
1. Cement concrete or RCC in chujja, sunshade
2. Lean concrete in roof terracing (thickness SQM Per SQM
specified)
3. Cement concrete bed CUM Per CUM
4. Reinforced concrete sunshade (specified width CUM Per CUM
and height)
3 Damp proof course (DPC) – thickness SQM Per SQM
mentioned
4 Brick work
1. Brickwork in foundation CUM Per CUM
2. Thin partition walls SQM Per SQM
3. Brickwork in arches CUM Per SQM
4. Reinforced brickwork CUM Per CUM
5 Stone work
1. Stone masonry CUM Per CUM
6 Wood work
1. Doors and windows frames or chaukhats, rafters, CUM Per CUM
beams
2. Shutters of doors and windows (thickness SQM Per SQM
specified)
3. Doors and windows fittings (like hinges, tower Each Per Each
bolts, sliding bolts, handles)
7 Steel work
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc in RCC and Quintal Per
reinforced brick work Quintal
2. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement Quintal Per quintal
3. Rivets, bolts and nuts, anchor bolts, lewis bolts, Quintal Per quintal
holding down bolts
6. Iron grills SQM Per SQM
8 Roofing
1. RCC and RB slab roof (excluding steel) CUM Per CUM
2. Lean concrete roof over and inclusive of tiles or SQM Per SQM
brick or stone slab etc (thickness specified)
3. Centering and shuttering formwork SQM Per SQM
4. AC sheet roofing SQM Per SQM
9 Plastering, points and finishing
1. Plastering – cement or lime mortar (thickness SQM Per SQM
and proportion specified)
2. Pointing SQM Per SQM
3. White washing, colour washing, cement washing, SQM Per SQM
(number of coats specified)
4. Distempering (number of coats specified) SQM Per SQM
5. Painting, varnishing (number of coats specified) SQM Per SQM
10 Flooring
1. 25mm cement concrete over 75mm lime SQM Per SQM
concrete floor (including lean concrete)
2. 25mm or 40mm cement concrete floor SQM Per SQM
3. Doors and window sills (CC or cement mortar SQM Per SQM
plain)
11 Rain water pipe / plain pipe RM Per RM
12 Steel wooden truss Each Per each
13 Glass panels (supply) SQM Per SQM
14 Fixing of glass panels or cleaning Each Per Each