Set : {....

,–3, –2, –1}

• Non-Negative Integers (Z 0 + or I 0 +) : This set
Understanding Number Sets includes all negative integers plus zero.
Mathematics categorizes numbers into specific sets Set : {....,–3, –2, –1, 0}
based on their properties. Here are the three most
fundamental types : (3) Zero is neither positive nor negative but 0 is a
member of the set of non-negative integers as well
(i) Natural Numbers (N) as of the set of non-positive integers.
These are the basic counting numbers we use in (iv) Even Integers : Integers which are divisible by 2 are
everyday life. They begin at 1 and increase infinitely called even integers. e.g. 0, 2, 4,....
by increments of 1.
(v) Odd Integers : Integers which are not divisible by
• Notation : N = {1, 2, 3, 4,.......}
2 are called as odd integers. e.g. 1,  3,  5,  7,...
(ii) Whole Numbers (W)
(vi) Prime Number : Natural number having exactly
Whole numbers are simply the set of natural numbers
two positive divisors i.e. 1 and itself are called prime
with the addition of zero. Think of them as “Natural
numbers.
Numbers + 0.”
e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,...
• Notation : N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,....}
(vii) Composite Number : Let ‘a’ be a natural number,
• Note : This set is sometimes denoted as N0.
‘a’ is said to be composite if it has atleast three
(iii) Integers (Z or I) distinct positive divisors.
Integers encompass the entire range of whole numbers
along with their negative counterparts. They do not
include fractions or decimals.
• 1 is the only natural number that is neither a prime
• Notation : Z = {...,–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3,.....} number nor a composite number.
• 2 is the only prime number which is even.
Important Notes on Integer Subsets • Numbers which are not prime are composite
Understanding how we label groups of integers is numbers (except 1).
crucial for solving inequalities and advanced algebra
problems. • ‘4’ is the smallest composite number.

(1) Positive vs Non-Negative (viii) Co-prime number : Two natural numbers (not
• Positive Integers (Z+ or I+) : These are the standard necessarily prime) are co-prime, if their HCF (Highest
Natural Numbers. They start from 1 and go up. common factor) is 1.

Set : {1, 2, 3,......} e.g. (1,2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (5, 6), (7, 8),
(15, 16) etc.
• Non-Negative Integers (W or Z0+) : These are the
Whole Numbers. This set includes all positive These numbers are also called relatively prime
integers plus zero. numbers.

Set : {0, 1, 2, 3,......}

(2) Negative vs Non-Positive
• Negative Integers (Z– or I–) : These are all integers
strictly less than zero.
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics For Editable soft copy or with branding Materials call 7905239992 1
 • Two prime numbers are always co-prime but • Don’t learn the Formula, just memorize the process
converse need not be true.
• Two consecutive natural numbers are always
co-prime numbers.
• Two consecutive odd natural numbers are always  Illustration 1 : Express the rational number as ratio
co-prime numbers. of two integers whose decimal expansion is
0.12345454545......
(ix) Rational number : The numbers which can be Solution : Let x = 0.12345454545......
reduced in the form p/q where p, q, Z and q  0 and Then 103x = 123.454545...
HCF (p, q) = 1, are called rational numbers. ‘Q’ 105x = 12345.4545....
represents their set. 12222
Subtracting we get 10  10  x  12222  x 
5 3

99000
 Illustration 2 : Express 23.6245 as the ratio of two
• All integers are rational numbers with q = 1 integers.
Solution : Let R  23.6245
• When numbers are expressed in reduced form of
p 100R  2362.45
, q  1 , the rational numbers are called fractions.
q 10000R  236245.45
• Rational numbers when represented in decimal 9900R  236245  2362
form are either ‘terminating’ or ‘non-terminating 233883
R 
but repeating’. 9900
e.g. 5/4 = 1.25 (terminating)
•
Numbers to Remember
5/3 = 1.6666 .... or 1.6 or 1.6 (non-terminating but
Number Square Cube Sq. Root
repeating)
2 4 8 1.41
• 0.9  0.9999.... 3 9 27 1.73
4 16 64 2
Expressing a Non-terminating but 5 25 125 2.24
Recurring Decimal to Rational Form 6 36 216 2.45
Let a non-terminating and recurring decimal can be 7 49 343 2.65
expressed as 0  X
  such that X is the non-recurring
Y 8 64 512 2.83
m digits n digits
9 81 729 3
part having m digits and Y is the recurring part having n 10 100 1000 3.16
digits.
11 121 1331 3.16
Now, R  0.X.....XY 12 144 1728

 10m R  X.Y ....(i) 13 169 2197 

14 196 2744 Rounded
10m  n R  XY.Y ....(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we have
15 225 3375 upto two
16 256 4096
places
10 mn
 10m  R  XY  X 17 289 4913
of
18 324 5832
XY  X
R 19 361 6859 decimal
10m  n  10m
20 400 8000

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 2

  P  Q  3 ......(i) or P  Q  12 ......(ii)
From equation (i)
• Square of a real number is always non-negative
P  0, Q  3 
(i.e. x 2  0 )
P  1, Q  2 
• Square root of a positive number is always positive  
P  2, Q  1 
e.g. 4  2 P  3, Q  0 

Number of ordered pairs is 4

Divisibility Test From equation (ii)
Divisibility
of Test P  3, Q  9 
2 The digit at the unit’s place of the P  4, Q  8
number is divisible by 2 
 ......... ......... 
3 The sum of digits of the number P  8, Q  4 

is divisible by 3 P  9, Q  3 
4 The last two digits of the number
together are divisible by 4 Number of ordered pairs is 7
5 The digit at the unit’s place is So, Total number of ordered pairs is 11
either 0 or 5
(ii) Determine how many distinct values the digit Q
6 The digit at the unit’s place of the can take so that the seven-digit number N is
number is divisible by 2 & the divisible by 8
sum of all digits of the number is (a) 4 (b) 3
divisible by 3. (c) 2 (d) 6
8 The last 3 digits of the number Correct Answer : (B)
all together are divisible by 8 Solution : N is divisible by 8 if
 Q  0, 4,8
9 The sum of all digits is divisible
Number of values of Q is 3
by 9
11 The difference between the sum Ratio and Proportion
of the digits at even places and The properties of ratios and proportions are essential tools
the sum of digits at odd places is for simplifying complex algebraic fractions and solving for
0 or multiple of 11 eg. 1298, 1221, variables.
123321, 12344321, 1234554321, (a) Properties of Proportion
123456654321 If four quantities a, b, c, d are in proportion, such that
a c
 then the following properties hold :
b d
Property Name Formula
a b cd
 Illustration 3 : Imagine a seven - digit security code • Componendo 
represented by the number N = 21P53Q4, where b d
P and Q are missing digits. Solve the following a b cd
puzzles based on the properties of this number : • Dividendo 
b d
(i) Find the total number of possible ordered pairs a b cd
(P, Q) such that the entire number N is exactly • Componendo and 
a b cd
divisible by 9.
Dividendo
(a) 11 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) 8 a b
• Alternendo 
Correct Answer : (A) c d
Solution : Sum of digits = P + Q + 15
b d
‘N’ is divisible by 9 if • Invertendo 
a c
 P  Q  15  18, 27

3
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics
Continued Proportion and Power Means Number Line Representations
a c e Suppose we have to represent x   2,3 or 2  x  3
If a series of ratios are equal, such as    ...., then
b d f 2 = Solid Dot 3 = Open Dot
each individual ratio is also equal to :
1
 a n  c n  e n  .....  n
 n 
 b  d  f  ..... 
n n

a c
 Example : Given the proportion  , we can
b d
derive several equivalent forms by applying the  Illustration 4 : Write Correct number line
rules above :
representation for : (x < 8) or x(–, 8) or
a c a c a c a c
2 2
    –  x < 8
b d b d
2 2 b d bd
Solution :

Understanding Intervals – 8 
Intervals are subsets of the set of real numbers (R). If we
have two real numbers a and b where a < b, we can define  Illustration 5 : Write correct number line
the four primary types based on whether the end points (a
representation for : x   1,9   10,11
and b) are included.
Solution :
• The Four types of Intervals
Type Notation Set-Builder Description
Notation
Shaded portion is the required interval.
Open (a,b) {x  R | Neither a nor
a < x < b} b are included
 Illustration 6 : Correct option representing
Closed [a,b] {x  R | Both a and b
a  x  b} are included
3 4 5 9 11
Half- (a,b] {x  R | a is excluded; (a) x   3,5  9,11
Open a  x  b} b is included (b) x   3,5  9,11 – {4}
(Left)
(c) x   3, 4    4,5 – 3,11
Half- [a,b) {x  R | a is included;
Open a  x  b} b is excluded (d) x   3, 4    4,5 –  9,11
(Right)
Solution : x   3, 4    4,5 – 9,11
The infinite intervals are defined as follows or

•  a,    x : x  a x   3,5  {4} – 9,11

Hence (B), is the correct option.
• a,    x : x  a
•  , b   x : x  b Key Properties of Inequalities
Let a, b, c, d and m be real numbers.
•  , b  x : x  b
Intervals are particularly important in solving (1) Basic Definitions and Transitivity
inequalities or in finding domains etc.
• Definition : a  b means that either a < b or
a = b.
• Transitivity : If a < b and b < c, then it follows
that a < c.

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 4

(2) Addition and Subtraction
• Discontinuities : Values of x that make the
• Constant Addition : If a < b, then a + c < b
denominator zero (always marked as open
+ c for any real number c.
circles o because you can’t divide by zero).
• Adding Inequalities : If a < b and c < d, then (2) Plot on Number Line : Place all critical points on
a + c < b + d. a number line in increasing order. This divides the
line into several intervals.
• Subtracting Inequalities : If a < b and c < d,
then a – d < b – c
(3) Determine the Staring Sign : Look at the right -
most interval (greater than the largest critical point).
• If all x terms in your factors are positive
• Be careful here! You subtract the larger value of the (e.g. (x–2)), the curve starts above the number line
second inequality from the smaller value of the first. (positive) from the far right.

(3) Multiplication and Division (4) Draw the Wavy Curve (The “Bounce or Cross”
Multiplication is where things get interesting. The Rule) : Move from right to left through each critical
direction of the inequality depends entirely on the point. Look at the exponent (power) of the factor
sign of the multiplier. associated with that point.
• Odd Power (Simple Point) : The curve crosses
• Positive Multiplier ( m > 0) : If a < b, then ma < the number line (sign changes).
mb. The sign stays the same. • Even Power (Double Point) : The curve bounces
• Negative Multiplier (m < 0) : If a < b, then ma > off the number line (sign stays the same).
mb. The inequality sign reverses,
(5) Select the Solutions :
• Example : Since 3 < 5, multiplying by –1 gives
• If the inequality is > 0 or  0, pick the intervals
–3 > –5.
where the curve is above the line.
(4) Powers and Exponents • If the inequality is < 0 or  0, pick the intervals
For positive numbers 0 < a < b : where the curve is below the line.

• If the exponent r > 0, then ar < br.  REMARKS :

• If the exponent r < 0, then a > b .
r r • The point where denominator is zero or function
approaches infinity will never be included in the
(5) Reciprocal Sums (Special Cases) answer.
These are very common in optimization problems • Points of discontinuity will never be included in
and calculus : the answer.
• If you are asked to find the intervals where f(x) is
 1 non-negative or non-positive then mark the intervals
• Positive Case : For a > 0, then  a    2 .
 a closed corresponding to the roots of the numerator
The equality holds only when a = 1. and let it remain open corresponding to the roots
of denominator.
 1
• Negative Case : For a < 0, then  a    2 .
 a Polynomial Inequalities
The equality holds only when a = –1

Wavy Curve Method  Illustration 7 : Solve for x : (x – 1) (x – 2) > 0

The Wavy Curve Method (or Method of Intervals) is a Solution :
shortcut for solving inequalities involving polynomials or (1) Find the Critical Points :
rational functions. Here is the refined, simplified breakdown Set each factor to zero to find the points where the
to help you master it quickly. expression changes sign :
(1) Factor & Find Critical Points : Ensure your inequality • x 1  0  x  1 • x20 x 2
is compared to zero (e.g., f(x) > 0). Factor everything
completely. (2) Test the Intervals : The critical points 1 and 2 divide
the number line into three regions. We check the sign
• Zeros : Values of x that make the numerator zero of (x – 1) (x – 2) in each :
(marked as solid dots • if the inequality is  or  )
5
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics
 • Interval  ,1 : Pick x = 0, (0 – 1) (0 – 2) = So, Final Answer : x   2, 1
(–1) (–2) = 2, which is positive (+).  Illustration 10 :  x  2  x  3  x  4   0 . Solve for x
• Interval (1, 2) : Pick x = 1.5, (1.5 – 1) (1.5 – 2) =
(0.5) (–0.5) = –0.25, which is negative (–). Solution :

• Interval  2,  : Pick x = 3, (3 – 1) (3 – 2) = – + – +

(2) (1) = 2, which is positive (+).
   
(3) Identify the Solution : Since the inequality asks
for values greater than zero (> 0), we select the So, Final Answer : x   2,3   4,  
positive intervals. Because it is a “strict” inequality
 Illustration 11 : x 3  3x 2  x + 3  0 . Solve for x
(not  ), we use open parentheses to exclude the
end points. Solution : x 2  x  3  1 x  3  0

+ + x 2
 1  x  3  0

 
 x  1 x  1 x  3  0
1 2

So, Final Answer : x   ,1   2,  

– + – +

    
 Illustration 8 : Solve the following polynomial
inequality for x :  x  1 x  3   0 So, Final Answer : x   1,1  3,  
Solution :
(1) Identify the Roots : Set each factor to zero to find  Illustration 12 : Solve the linear inequality
your critical points : 5x – 7 > 3x + 16
Solution : 5x – 7 – 3x – 16 > 0
• x 1  0  x  1 • x 30 x 3
(2x – 23) > 0
(2) Draw the Wavy Curve : Plot the points on a
number line. Start your curve from the top-right
(above the line) because the leading coefficient is – +
positive.
• Above the line = Positive (+)   
• Below the line = Negative (–)
 23 
So, Final Answer : x   ,  
 2 
+ +

 1  Solving System of Inequalities

3
(Intersection)
(3) Pick the Region : Look at the inequality symbol : Two or more inequations will be given and we have to
 0 means we want the Negative region (below find that interval of ‘x’ satisfying all the inequations.
the line)
The “equal to” part means we use closed brackets
[ ] to include the numbers 1 and 3.
So, Final Answer : x  1,3
 Illustration 13 : Solve for ‘x’ in the following system
inequations :
x2 + x  6 < 0
 Illustration 9 : Solve for x : x  3x  2  0
2
x+20
Solution :  x  1 x  2   0
x2  x  2 > 0
Solution : •  x 2  x  6   0
+ – +
 x  3 x  2  0
    x   3, 2 
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 6
 •  x  2  0 2x
Solution : • 1 
x 1
x   , 2
2x
• x2  x  2  0 1  0
x 1
 x  2  x  1  0 3x  1
x   , 1   2,    x  1 x 1
0

+ – +

         
Correct Answer : x   3, 2  1
x   ,   1,   ....(i)
 3
Rational Inequalities 2x
• 4
x 1
2x
40
2x  7 x 1
 Illustration 14 :  3 , Solve for x
x5
2x  4x  4
0
x 1
2x  7
Solution :
x 5
30  2x  4   0
 x  1
2x  7  3x  15
0
x 5   2x  4 
0
  x  8  0 x 1
x 5 2x  4
x 1
0  x  1, x  2 
x 8
0
x 5
+ – +
+ – +
   
   
x   ,1   2,   ....(ii)
Correct Answer : x   ,5   8,  
Finally taking intersection (i) and (ii)
2x
 Illustration 15 : Values of ‘x’ satisfying 1 < 4
x 1
 1
(a) x   ,   1,  
 3
    
 1
(b) x   ,    2,    1
 3 Correct Answer : x   ,    2,  
 3
 1
(c) x   ,    2,   Option (C)
 3

 1
(d) x   ,    2,    {1}
 3

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 7

Modulus & its Graph So, x   is our answer
For any real numbers x, modulus or absolute value of x is
denoted by |x| and is defined as  Illustration 17 : Solve for x; 2x  3 = 3x + 5
Solution :
 x if x  0 5
x  Case I : x
 x if x  0 3
• Graph of y = | x |    2x  3    3x  5
 2x  3  3x  5
5
 x  8 (Accepted as x   )
3
5 3
x Case II :  x
y= 3 2
y
=

   2x  3   3x  5 
–x

 5x  2
–6–5–4–3–2–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 5 3
 x    Accepted as   x  
5 3 2

3
Case III : x 
2
• x  x  0  2x  3  3x  5
• Geometrically |x| is distance of real number x from  3
zero along the real number line x = –8  Rejected as x  
 2
x – a
 2
Correct Answer : x   8,  
 5
a 0 x
 Illustration 18 : Solve for x; x2 + 3 | x | + 2 = 0
• More generally |x – a| is distance between ‘x’ and
‘a’ on the number line Solution : x 2  3 | x | 2  0
2
• x  x2  x 3 x 20
2
 x  2 x  | x | 2  0
• xy  x y
 x | x | 2   1| x | 2   0
 | x | 2 | x | 1  0
Modulus Equations
Either | x | 2  0 or | x | 1
| x | 2 | x | 1
 Illustration 16 : Solve for x : Modulus cannot be negative
(a) | 2x + 5| = 2 (b) | x – 3| = –1 So, x  
Solution : (a) 2x  5  2  Illustration 19 : Solve for |x| – 2 |x + 1| + 3 |x + 2| = 0
Solution :
 2x  5  2 or 2x  5  2 Case I : When x < – 2
3
 x   or x  
7  x  2  x  1  3  x  2   0
2 2
 2x  4  0
 3 7 x= – 2(Rejected as x < – 2)
Correct Answer : x    ,  
 2 2 Case II : When 2  x  1
(b) | x – 3| = – 1
  x  2  x  1  3  x  2   0
A modulus quantity cannot be negative
 4x  8  0  x  2
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 8
 (Accepted as 2  x  1 ) 2
 1
Case III : When 1  x  0 x4
 x  2  x  1  3  x  2   0 2
1 0
  x  2x  2  3x  6  0 x4
40 x2
Not possible 0
x4
So, no solution in this interval
Case IV : x  0 x   2, 4 
 x  2x  2  3x  6  0 E>1
 2x  4  0 2
1
 x  2 (Rejected as x  0 ) x4
Correct Answer : x = –2 2
1  0
x4
Inequalities Involving Modulus Function
2x 4
Properties of Modulus Function 0
x4
(i) x  a  x  a or x  a , where a is non-negative
x  6
0
(ii) x  a  x   a,a  , where a is non-negative x4
(iii) | x || y | x 2  y 2 x6
0
(iv) | x  y || x |  | y | xy  0 x4

(v) | x  y || x |  | y | xy  0  x   4,6 

Correct Answer : x   2, 4    4,6 
 Illustration 22 : Determine the interval of x that
satisfies the nested absolute value inequality :
3x + 3 x 1 + 2  4
 Illustration 20 : Solve for x : <3
5
(a) x   1,3 (b) x   5,1
Solution :
3x  3 (c) x   3,5 (d) x  1,5
E
5 Correct Answer : (a)
| E | 3 Solution : x  1  2  4  4  x  1  2  4
3  E  3  6  x  1  2
3x  3
3  3  x  1  2  2  x  1  2
5
15  3x  3  15  1  x  3  x   1,3
18  3x  12  Illustration 23 : Find the solution set for the
6  x  4 inequality involving a rational expression and an
or absolute value :

Correct Answer : x   6, 4  x4 x2


x + 2 x 1
2
 Illustration 21 : Solve for x : >1 Solution :
x4
Solution : Case I : Given inequation will be satisfied for all x
2
such that
E
x4 x4
 0  x   2, 4  {1} ...(i)
|E|>1 x2
E < – 1 or E > 1 Note : {1} is not in domain of RHS

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 9

 x4 at exponents. Every positive real number N can be
Case II :  0  x   , 2    4,   ...(ii) written in exponential form :
x2
ax = N
Given inequation becomes In this setup, a is the base and x is the exponent
x2 x4 We can translate this exact same relationship into

x 1 x  2 logarithmic form :
on solving we get loga N = x
The Simple Rule : The logarithm of a number is the
x   2, 4 / 5  1,   power to which you must raise the base to get that
taking intersection with (ii) specific number.
x   4,   ....(iii) Relationship : a x  N  log a N  x
or Essential Ground Rules (Limitations)
x2 x4 For a logarithm loga N to exist in the real number system,
 we have to follow three strict rules :
x 1 x2
on solving we get • The Number Rule : N must be greater than zero
(N > 0)
x   2, 0  1,5 / 2 • The Base Rule : The base a must be positive
we get taking intersection with (ii) we get (a > 0)
x  • The Unity Rule : The base a cannot be equal to 1  a  1
Hence, solution of the original inequation :
x   2,    {1} (taking union of (i) & (iii) Important Things to Note
 Illustration 24 : Find the set of all real values for x • Uniqueness : For any specific value of N, its logarithm
that satisfy the following inequality : loga N will always yield a single, unique result
• The Zero Barrier : You cannot take the logarithm of
x 1 + x  2 + x  3  6
zero; it is undefined.
(a) x  2or x  4 (b) x  0or x  4 • The Negative Barrier : In the system of real numbers,
logarithms of negative numbers are not defined.
(c) 0  x  4 (d) x  0or x  6
Correct Answer : (b)
Solution :
Case I : x  1 , then 1  x  2  x  3  x  6  1 
 Illustration 25 : log 3  log 9 x + + 9x  = 2x , Solve for x
x0 ....(i)  2 
Hence x  0 Solution : a = 3
N = aL
Case II : 1  x  2 , then 1 x
 9  32x   32   9x
x
log9 x 
x 1 2  x  3  x  6 2
 x  2
1
But 1  x  2  No solution ....(ii) log 9 x   9x  9x
2

Case III : 2  x  3 , then 1

log 9 x  
x 1 x  2  3  x  6 2
x6 1 1
 x  9

2 
But 2 < x < 3  No solution .....(iii) 3
 Illustration 26 : The value of N, satisfying
Case IV : x > 3, then
x 1 x  2  x  3  6  x  4  
loga 1 + log b 1 + logc 1 + logp N   = 0
 
Hence x  4 (a) 4 (b) 3
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) the given inequality holds (c) 2 (d) 1
for x  0 or x  4 Solution :
 
1  log b 1  log c 1  log p N   a 0  1
Logarithm
(1) What is a Logarithm?
At its heart, a logarithm is just a different way of looking
10
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics
 
 log b 1  log c 1  log p N   0 When a base is raised to a logarithm with that same base,
they essentially “undo” each other, leaving you with just
the number N.
 1  log c 1  log p N   1
• Example : 2log 2 7  7
 log c 1  log p N   0
(3) The Principal Properties of Logarithms
 1  log p N  1 For these rules to apply, ensure that m and n are positive
numbers, the base a is positive and not equal to
 log p N  0
1 a  0,a  1 , and x is any real number..
 N 1
Correct Answer : (d)
(a) The product Rule : The logarithm of a product is equal
 Illustration 27 : If log 5 p = a and log 2 q = a , then to the sum of the logarithms of the individual factors.
p 4q 4 log a  mn   log a m  log a n
prove that = 1002a-1
100
(b) The Quotient Rule : The logarithm of a fraction is
Solution : log5 p  a  p  5a
equal to the logarithm of the numerator minus the
log 2 q  a  q  2a logarithm of the denominator.
m
p 4 q 4 54a.24a 10 
4a
log a    log a m  log a n
   n
100 100 100

100  (c) The Power Rule : The logarithm of number raised

2a

  1002a 1 to an exponent is equal to the exponent multiplied by

100
the logarithm of that number.
loga(mx) = x logam
(2) Fundamental Logarithmic Identities
By applying the basic definition of a logarithm (4) The Base Power Property
a x  N  log a N  x , we can derive three essential If the base of a logarithm is itself raised to an exponent,
properties that simplify complex equations : that exponent comes out as a reciprocal (it goes into the
denominator) when moved in front of the log.
(a) The Identity of Unity : The logarithm of 1 to any valid The Identity
base is always 0. 1
log a k m  log a m
log a 1  0 k
Reasoning : Because any non-zero base raised to the Combining with the Number Power Rule
power of 0 equals 1 (a0 = 1) If both the base and the argument have exponents, you
can move them both to the front as a single fraction :
(b) The Base Match Identity : The logarithm of a number x
where the base is identical to the number itself is always 1 log a k  m x  
log a m
k
logN N = 1
• Example : Suppose you need to solve log8 2.
Reasoning : Because any number raised to the power
(1) Recognize that the base 8 can be written as 23
of 1 is itself (N1 = N).
1
(2) Apply the rule : log 23 2  log 2 2
(c) The Reciprocal Identity : The logarithm of a number 3
where the base is the reciprocal of that number is (3) Since log2 2 = 1, the answer is simply 1/3.
always –1.

log 1 N  1 or log N    1
N N
Reasoning : Because raising a number to the power  Illustration 28 : If x = log34 and y = log53, then find
of –1 flips it into its reciprocal (N–1 = 1/N) log310 in terms of x and y.
Solution : x  log 3  2 
2

Pro-Tip : The power Cancellation Rule

There is a powerful “self-cancelling” property to keep in x  2  log3 | 2 |
mind : N  a loga N x  2  log 3 2 

11
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics
 x  Illustration 31 : If log a x = p and log b x 2 = q , then
log 3 2 
2
log x ab is equal to (where a,b, x  R +  {1} )
1
y 1 1 1 1
log 3 5 (a) p  q (b) 2p  q
1
log3 5  1 1 1 1
y (c) p  2q (d) 2p  2q
log3  2  5
Solution : loga x  p  a p  x  a  x1/ p
  log3 2  log3 5
Similarly bq  x 2  b  x 2/ q
x 1 Now,
  
 2 y log x ab  log x x1/ p x 2/q

 xy  2   1 2 1
   1 1
Correct Answer :     log x x  p q 2
 
 2y  2p q
 Illustration 29 : Prove that
16 25 81 (5) Base Changing Theorem :
7log + 5log + 3log = log2 Can be stated as “quotient of the logarithm of two
15 24 80
numbers is independent of their common base.”
16 25 81
Solution : 7 log  5log  3log log a m
15 24 80 Symbolically, log b m  where a > 0, a  1
log a b
7 5 3
 16   25   81 
 log    log    log   b  0,a  1
 15   24   80  The Fundamental Formula
Mathematically, this allows you to change the base of a
  16 7  25 5  81 3 
 log           logarithm from b to a new base a using the following
  15   24   80  
  log a m
quotient : log b m 
 24   52   34 
7 5 3
 log a b
 log    3   4   This identity is valid provided a > 0, a  1, b > 0
 3  5   2  3   2  5  
and b  1
 228 510 312 
 log  7 7  15 5  12 3 
3  5 2  3 2  5  Key Deductions from the Theorem
• Reciprocal Property : The logarithm of a with base b
 log  2281512  510  7  3  312  7 5 
is the reciprocal of the logarithm of b with base a.
 log  21  50  30   log 2 (Hence Proved) 1
log b a 
 Illustration 30 : If a + b = 23ab, then prove that
2 2 log a b

a + b = 1 • Base Power Formula : If the base itself is raised to a

log  log a + log b  power k, that power is moved to the front as a reciprocal
5 2
1
Solution : a  b 2   a  b   2ab  23ab
2 2 log a k m  log a m
k
  a  b   25ab  a  b  5 ab
2
..(i) • Interchange Property : You can swap the base of the
entire expression with the argument of its exponent’s
Using (i) logarithm :
a  b 5 ab a logb c  clogb a
LHS  log  log
5 5
1 1 Popular Logarithmic Bases
 log ab   log a  log b   RHS In practical mathematics, two bases are most frequently
2 2
utilized :
• Common Logarithm : Uses base 10 and it typically

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 12

 written as log x or log10 x.
y
• Natural (Napierian) Logarithm : Uses base e
(where e  2.718) and is denoted as ln x or loge x.

Converting Between Bases

(1,0)
• log e a  2.303  log10 a
O x
• log10 a  0.434  log e a

When 0 < a < 1

 Points to remember :
 Illustration 32 : If a, b, c, are distinct positive real  x  y if a 1 
log a x  log a y  
0  a  1
numbers different from 1 such that
 x  y if
 logb a .logc a  loga a  +  [Link] b  logb b  +
 loga [Link] c - logc c  = 0 , then abc is equal to (6) Characteristic and Mantissa
For any given number N, a logarithm can be expressed
(a) 0 (b) e
as :
(c) 1 (d) None of these
log a N  Integer  Fraction
Solution :  log b a log c a  1 
The integer part is called the Characteristic and the
 loga [Link] b  1   loga clog b c  1  0 fractional part is called the mantissa.
log a log a log b log b
 .  .
log b log c log a log c
log c log c • The mantissa part of the logarithm of a number is
 . 3
log a log b always positive  0  m  1
  log a    log b    log c 
3 3 3

• If the characteristic of log10 N is n, then the

 3log a log b log c number of digits in N is (n + 1)
  log a  log b  log c   0 • If the characteristic of log10N is (–n), then there
[If a 3  b3  c3  abc  0, then a  b  c  exist (n – 1) zeros after the decimal in N.
0if a  b  c ]
 log abc  log1  abc  1
 Illustration 33 : Evaluate : 811/ log5 3 + 27log8 36 + 34/ log7 9
Solution : 81log3 5  33log9 36  34log9 7  Illustration 34 : Let x = (0.15) 20 . Find the
 34log3 5  3 3    3log3 7
3/2 2
log 36
characteristic and mantissa in the logarithm of x, to
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890 the base 10. Assume log102 = 0.301 and log103 = 0.477.
 15 
Solution : log x  log  0.15   20 log 
20
Graph of Logarithmic Functions : 
 100 
Graph of y = loga x :
y  20  log15  2  20  log 3  log 5  2
 20  log 3  1  log 2  2

 10 
 log 5  log 
 2
O (1,0) x
 20  1  log 3  log 2
 20  1  0.477  0.301
 20  0.824

When a > 1 13
JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics
  16.48  17  0.52 (b) log a x  p  0  x  a p
Hence characteristic = – 17
Mantissa = 0.52
 Illustration 35 : Determine the total number of digits
in the integer expansion of 275.
Solution : Computing log 275, we have log 275 =  Illustration 37 : Solve for x :
75. log 2  75 . (0.3010) = 22.5750. (a) log 0.5  x 2  5x  6   1
Consequently, the characteristic of this
common logarithm is equal to 22. 
Solution : log0.5 x 2  5x  6  1 
Therefore, 275 = a. 1022, where 1  a  10 , a
 0  x 2  5x  6   0.5 
1
is an integer, and hence the number 275 has
23 digits.
 0  x 2  5x  6  2
 Illustration 36 : Number of cyphers after decimal
 x 2  5x  6  0
-100
 2  x  1, 2    3, 4
before a significant figure starts in  5  is equal to  x  5x  6  2
 
4
[Use : log102 = 0.3010] Hence, solution set of original inequation :
100 x  1, 2    3,4
5
Solution : Let N   
4 
(b) log1/3 log 4  x  5   0
2

5
 log10 N  100 log10  
4

Solution : log1/3 log 4  x 2  5   0 
 0  log 4  x 2  5  1
  10  
 100  log10    log10 4 
  2   0  log 4  x 2  5  x 2  5  1

 100 1  3log10 2  
log 4  x  5   1  0  x  5  4
2 2

 100 1  3  0.3010 
 1   x 2  5  4
 100 1  0.9030   100  0.0970
 9.7  6  x 2  9  x  3,  6     6,3 
 10  0.3  10.03 Hence, solution set of original inequation :
 Number of zeroes = 9 
x  3,  6    6,3 
Logarithmic Inequalities  Illustration 38 : Determine the set of all real values
Understanding logarithmic inequalities requires paying close for x that satisfy the following logarithmic inequality
attention to the base (a). The direction of the inequality
depends entirely on whether the base in greater than 1 or : loge  x 2  2x  2   0
between 0 and 1. Solution : The values of x satisfying the inequality
Points to Remember log e  x 2  2x  2   0 must be such that
(1) Comparison of Logs :
0  x 2  2x  2  1
0  x  y if a  1
log a x  log a y   we have, x 2  2x  2  0   x  1  3
2

 x  y  0 if 0  a  1
2
(2) When Base a > 1 (Inequality sign remains the  x 1  3  x 1  3
same) :
 x  1  3 or x  1   3
(a) log a x  p  0  x  a p
 x  1  3 or x  1  3 ....(i)
(b) log a x  p  x  a p
Again x 2  2x  2  1  x 2  2x  3
  x  1  4  | x  1|2  4
2
(3) When Base 0 < a < 1 (Inequality sign flips) :
(a) log a x  p  x  a p | x  1| 2  2  x  1  2

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 14

  1  x  3 ....(ii) 9

The value of x satisfying both the  10 2  x  10
inequalities equation (i) and (ii) are given  Illustration 42 : Solve for x :
by :
1
log 3   x + 2  x + 4   + log1/ 3  x + 2  < log 3 7
Hence, x   1,1  3  1  3,3   2
 Illustration 39 : Identify the range of all possible Solution :
value for x that satisfy the following logarithmic Checking existence,
inequality : log1/ 2 x > log1/ 3 x  x  2 x  4  0 and  x  2   0

Solution : We have log1/ 2 x  log1/3 x x  4 or x  2 and x  2

Now solving inequality
  log 2 x   log3 x  log 2 x  log 3 x
1
log 2 x log 3   x  2  x  4    log1/3  x  2   log 3 7
 log 2 x  2
log 2 3
 log3  x  2  x  4   log 3  x  2   log3 7
 log 2 3log 2 x  log 2 x (as log23 > 0)
 log3  x  4   log 3 7
 log 2 x  log 2 3  1  0
x47 x3
Since log2 3 – 1 > 0, from the latter inequality we obtain
 2  x  3  x   2,3
log2 x < 0, hence x < 1. But the original inequality is
meaningful only when x > 0. Therefore all x that satisfy
the original inequality lie in the interval 0 < x < 1. Greatest Integer Funtion
2 (Step-Up-Function)
 Illustration 40 : Solve for x : log 2 x  The function f(x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function
log 2 x  1
and is defined as follows : [x] is the greatest integer less
Solution : Let log2 x = t
than or equal to x.
2 2 Example : [3] = 3, [2.7] = 2, [–7.8] = – 8, [0.8] = 0
t t 0
t 1 t 1 In other words if we list all the integers less then or equal to
x, then the integer greatest among them is called greatest

t2  t  2
0
 t  2  t  1  0 integer of x. Greater integer of x is also y = f(x) = [x]
t 1  t  1
Domain : R; Range : I ;
 t   , 1  1, 2
y
or log 2 x   , 1  1, 2 

 1 1
or x   0,    2, 4
 2 –2 –1 x
 Illustration 41 : Solve for x : 1 2 3
–1
 log10 100 x  +  log10 10 x  + log10 x  14
2 2

Solution : Checking existence x > 0 –2

Now solving inequality, Remarks
Let u = log10x
(i)  x  x   x  1
2  u  1  u   u  14
2 2

(ii)  x  m   x   m; m  I
 u 2  4u  4  u 2  2u  1  u  14
 0 ; xI
 2u 2  7u  9  0 (iii)  x     x   1 ; x  I

 2u 2  9u  2u  9  0
 u  2u  9   1 2u  9   0

 2u  9  u  1  0
9 9
  u 1  log10 x  1
2 2

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 15

Fractional Part Function Remarks
y; = f(x) = {x} = x – [x] (i) Fractional part of any integer is zero

Domain : x  R ; Range :  0,1 (ii) x  n  {x}, n  I

Eg. 2.3 = 2 + 0.3 fractional part 0 ; xI
(iii) {x}  (–x}  1 ; otherwise

Integer part
y
1

–1 –2 0 1 2 3 x

For Editable soft copy or with branding Materials call 7905239992

(1) The Golden Rule : Don't Cross-Multiply Variables

 In a normal equation like 1/x = 1, you can move x to the other side to get 1 = x, but in an inequality
(like,  or  or < or >), you cannot do this.

(2) Mis-applying the Power Rule : The power rule states that logb (mn) = n. logb (m). A common mistake is
moving the exponent when it applies to the entire log function rather than just the argument.
 The Wrong : (logx 2)3 = 3 logx 2
 Correct : Only logx(23) = 3 logx 2.
 Note : (logx 2)3 is simply the value of the log cubed; it cannot be simplified using the power rule.
(3) Inventing "Distributive" Laws : Students often try to distribute the log across addition or subtraction
within the argument. This is perhaps the most frequent error.
 Wrong : log(x + y) = log x + log y
 Wrong : log(x – y) = log x – log y
 Correct : There is no simplified identity for log (m  n). The product and quotient rules only work
in reverse : • log x + log y = log(xy) • log x – log y = log(x/y)
(4) Confusing the Quotient Rule with Division : Students often confuse the log of a fraction with the
fraction of two logs.
log x x
 Wrong :  log  x  y  Correct : log    log x  log y
log y y
log x
 Correction : is actually the Change of Base formula, which equals logy x.
log y

(5) Including Roots of the Denominator : This is a classic ''domain'' trap in rational inequalities
Px
like 0
Qx
 The Mistake : Using a closed circle (bracket) for a value that makes the denominator zero just
because the inequality is  or 
 The Fix : Even if the inequality is inclusive    , the roots of the denominator must always be
excluded (open circle/parentheses) because division by zero is undefined.

"1729 is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible

as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.".......[Link]

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 16

 Part - 1 (Objective Type Questions)
Only One Option Correct Type

x  2x  3
A1. Complete solution set of inequality x  2 x  3  1 is
  
(a) ,0 (b) ,0  2,3 (c) 2,3 (d) , 2  3, 

x  7 3x  1
A2. The solution of the inequality   0 is
x5 2

(a) 1,3  5, (b) 1,3  5, (c) ,1  5,  (d) none of these

A3. Sum of solutions of the equation is x |3 4 x |2 3 x  0

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1

x2  x
A4. The solution set of the inequality  2 is
x

(a) (0, 1) (b) [0, 2 ] (c) ,0  1,  (d) none of these

x2  6 x  7
A5. Number of integral values of x satisfying the inequality x  2 x  3  0 is

(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8

A6. Which of the following equations has maximum number of real roots?

(a) x 2  x  2  0 (b) x 2  2 x  3  0 (c) x 2  3 x  2  0 (d) x 2  3 x  2  0

A7. The complete solution set of the equation x 2  5 x  6  x 2  12 x  27  17 x  21 is

(a) x  9,3 (b) x  3, 2  2,3 (c) x  9, 3 2,3 (d) x  2,3

A8. Solutions of 4 x  3  3x  4  12 are

7 3 5 2 11 13 3 7
(a) x   , (b) x   , (c) x   , (d) x   ,
3 7 2 5 7 7 7 5

A9. If 4  x  2 , then x  2  3 lies in the interval

(a) (1, 3] (b) [1, 3] (c) [0, 3] (d) 0,

1 1
A10. The number of real solutions of x  2
 2 2 is
x 4 x 4
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics For Editable soft copy or with branding Materials call 7905239992 17
A11. The solution set of x for which the expression
 
x 3x  1 ( x  1) 2
4 is positive, is given by
x  3 ( x  2)
(a) , 1  3,  (b) 1, 2  3, (c) 3, (d) none of these

x 2  x  12
A12. If  0 , then x 
x3

(a) 4,3  4, (b) 0,5  3 (c) 1,5  3 (d) none of these

x2  2 x  3
A13. The interval in which is negative,
x2  2 x

(a) 1,0  2,3 (b) 1, 0  2,3 (c) 1, 0  2,3 (d) none of these

A14. 9log3 2 x  36 , then x is equal to

(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 2 (d) –2


A15. The value of b for which the equation 2log1/ 25 bx  28  log5 12  4 x  x 2 has equal roots is 
(a) {4, 0} (b) {4, – 12} (c) {4, 8} (d) none of these

      
A16. If log 2 x 2  1  log13 x 2  1  log 2 x 2  1 log13 x 2  1 , x  0 , then log 7 x 2  24 is equal to
  
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

A17. If a 4  b5  1 then the value of log a a5b4   equals

(a) 9/ 5 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 8/5

A18. Sum of the roots of the equation 9log3 log 2 x  log 2 x  log 2 x2  1 is equal to

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

A19. If log 0.3  x  1  log 0.09 x  1 , then x lies in the interval

(a) 2, (b) (1, 2) (c) 1, (d) none of these

 7
2 2
A20. If x1 & x2 are the two values of x satisfying the equation 72 x  2 7 x  x 12 2 x  24
 0 , then x1  x2  equals -

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 7

Part - 2 (Subjective Type Questions)

Section - A (Topic Name: Basic Inequality solving)
A1. Determine the solution set for each of the following inequalities and express your final answer in interval notation:

x
(a) 3 x  18 (b) 2 x  17  3 (c) 7  4 x  17 (d)  3  2
4
A2. Siddhartha obtained 65 and 80 marks in his first two-unit tests. Find the minimum marks he should get in the
third test to have an average of at least 70 marks.
A3. Find the range of values for 1 / x given the following conditions for x :

(a) x > 3 (b) x < –2 (c) x  1,3  0

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 18

A4. Find all possible values of the following expressions :

1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2
x 2 x  2x  3 x  x 1

A5. Determine the resulting interval for x 2 given the following intervals for x .
(a) If x is in the range [–5, –1] (b) If x is in the range (3, 6)
(c) If x is in the range (–2, 3] (d) If x is in the range (–3, )

(e) If x is in the range (– , 4)

Section - B (Topic Name : Based on Wavy Curve Method )

B1. Determine the set of all real numbers x that satisfy the following quadratic inequality. Provide your final answer in
interval notation x 2  x – 2  0

B2. Solve:  x  1x  21  2 x  0

x  2 2x  3
B3. Solve : 
x  2 4x  1
B4. Find the solution set for the following rational expression. State your final answer in interval notation.
2 1 2x  1
2
  3 0
x  x 1 x 1 x 1

x(3  4 x)( x  1)
B5. Solve: 0
(2 x  5)

B6. Solve:
x  3x  5x  7  0
x  4  x  6

x4
B7. Solve: 0
( x  2) 2

6x2  5x  3
B8. Solve: 4
x2  2 x  6

B9.   
Solve : x 2 x  1 3x  9  x  3  0

B10. Number of integers satisfying the inequality, x 4  29 x 2  100  0 is

Section - C (Topic Name : Based on Absolute Value Function)

C1. Find all real values of x that satisfy the following equations:
(i) Find x such that the absolute value of x equals 5.

(ii) Solve the quadratic equation involving the absolute value of x: x 2  x  2  0

C2. Identify which of the following statements is guaranteed to be true for all real numbers a and b where a  b :

(a) If a  b , it follows that a 2  b 2

1 1
(b) If a  b , it follows that 
a b

(c) If a  b , it follows that a  b

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 19

C3. Find all values of f  x for which f  x  x  x 2

C4. Find the set of all real values of x for which the following equations hold true.

(Hint: Consider the definition a  a if a  0 and a   a if a  0 ).

(a) x2  x2 (b) x  3    x  3

(c) x2  x  x2  x 
(d) x 2  x  2   x2  x  2 
x2
C5. Solve: 2
x 1

C6. Find all real values of x that satisfy the following absolute value equation.

x  3  x  2 1

Section - D (Topic Name : Based on Modulus Inequalities)

D1. Solve the x and state the solution set in interval notation.

x2  4 x  3  0

D2. Solve: 3x  2  4

D3. Find all numbers x whose distance from 3 is at least 2 units.

D4. Solve for x: 1  x  2  3

3
D5. Find the interval of x satisfying the following inequality: 1  2
x

D6. Solve for x : x  3  2

D7. Find the interval of x satisfying the following inequality: x  x  2  2.

D8. Solve for x: x 2  x  4  x 2  4  x .

Section - E (Topic Name : Logarithms)

E1. Find the value of each of the following:

(a) log9 81 (b) log 2 4 (c) log 2 3 1728



(d) logtan 40  cot50  (e) log 2.25 0.4 (f) log 2 3  5  2 6
E2. Find the value of 32log9 3
E3. Find the value of x in each of the following cases:

3
(a) log81 x  (b) log x4 (c) log 2 4 x  5
2 2

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 20

E4. Find the value of following.

9  35  15  16 25  81 
(a) log    log    log   (b) 7 log  5log  3log  
14   24  16  15 24  80 

(c) log10 5.log10 20  (log10 2)2

E5. Find the value of log tan1 log tan2 log tan89

1
E6. If log10 b  3 , then find the value of b.
3

E7. Prove that log 7 log 7 7 7 7   1  3log 2

7

a  b  1
E8. If a 2  b 2  7ab , prove that log    loga  logb .
 3  2

1 1 1 1
E9. If n > 1, then prove that log n  log n    log n  log n .
2 3 53 53!

log a n
E10. Prove that  1  log a b .
log ab n

7 2
E11. Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such that log 27 a  log9 b  and log 27 b  log 9 a  .
2 3

Then find the value of ab .

1  x  x x 
E12. If f  x  log   , then prove that f x1   f  x2   f  1 2  .
1  x  1  x1 x2 

log a N  log b N  log c N

E13. Prove that log a N .logb N  log b N .log c N  log c N .log a N 
log abc N

E14. Find the value of log 3 4log 4 5log 5 6log 6 7log 7 8log 8 9

E15. Solve : log 4 8  log 4  x  3  log 4  x  1  2

E16. Solve : 4log9 x  6  x log9 2  2log3 27  0 .

E17. Solve : log 2 x  1  1

x 1
E18. If log 2  0 , Find interval of x .
x2

x2
E19. Solve : log 0.2 1
2

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 21

 Part - 1 (Single Choice Correct)

 2
 x 5  x1  2 x 
If set A   x | 
 3x  1 
1.  0 and set B   x | 3 2
 0  , then A  B does not contain

 5x  1x  2   6 x  x  x 
 3 1 
(a) (1, 4) (b) (5, 11) (c)  ,  (d) none of these
 2 2
2. If n > 0 and exactly 15 integers satisfy x  6x  4x  52 x  n  0 , then sum of digits of the least
possible value of n is
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16

( x  5)1005 ( x  8)1008  x  1
3. The complete solution set of inequality  0 is
x1006 ( x  2)3 ( x  3)5  x  6 ( x  9)1010

(a) , 9  8, 0  0,1  2,3  5,6 (b) , 9  9,0  0,1  2,3  5,6
(c) , 9  9, 0  0,1  2,3  5,6 (d) ,0  0,1  2,3  5,6]
4. The value of x satisfying 184 x 3  (54 2)3 x  4 is

(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4

5. If n  N such that characteristic of n 2 to the base 8 is 2 , then number of possible values of n is

(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 448 (d) infinite
2
6. If x satisfies the inequality log 25 x 2  log5 x  2 , then x 

1 
(a)  ,5  (b) (1, 2) (c) (4, 5) (d) (0, 1)
 25 

7.    
If 1,log 9 31 x  2 and log 3 4.3x  1 are in A.P. then x can be

(a) log 4 3 (b) log 3 4 (c) 1  log 3 4 (d) log 3 0.25

8. The number of integral solutions of log 5 x 2  4  2  log 5 x  3 is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

Solve the following inequality for x   : x    x    0

2 2
9.

(a) x   (b) x   (c) x   (d) No real solution

10. 
Solve the inequality for x : logx 3 x 2  x  1

(a) x  1,3 (b) x  3, 2

(c) x  , 3  3,  (d) x  3,0  1,3

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 22

 2

11. Solve the following inequality for x: x 2


x
0
( x  2) 4 ( x  1)5

(a) x  1,  (b) x  1, 2  2, 

(c) x  1, 2  2,   0, 1 (d) x   , 10,1

 
lnx lny lnz
12. For   , xyz is equal to
bc ca ab
(a) 1 (b) abc (c) 0 (d) none of these

13. If the equation 2 x  4 y  2 y  4 x is solved for y in terms of x (where x < 0), then the sum of all real solutions for
y is :

(a) 
x  log 2 1  2 x  (b) 2x 
(c) log 2 1  2 x  (d) 0

log e x  1
14. Solve the inequality for x: 0
  1x  3
x

(a) x  1,3 (b) x  1, e  3,  (c) x  0,1  e,3 (d) x  e, 
15. Find the set of all real values of x that satisfy the equation:
2
log10 x  log10 x 2 3
x  1  x 1

(a) {1000, 0.1} (b) {2,1000,0.1} (c) {1,2,1000} (d) {2,100,0.1}

Part - 2 (One or More may be correct)

1. Which of the following statements are true

(a) log 2 3  log12 10 (b) log 6 5  log 7 8

(c) log 3 26  log 2 9 (d) log16 15  log1011  log 7 6

2
2. The solution set of the system of equations log 3 x  log 3 y  2  log 3 2 and log 27 x  y  is:
3
(a) {6, 3} (b) {3, 6} (c) {6, 12} (d) {12, 6}

3  3
3. If x1 , x2 are the value(s) of x satisfying the equation log 22 x  2  log 2  x  2 log 2    2log 22    0 ,
x x
then x1  x 2 is equal to

(a) x1  x 2  9 (b) x1 x 2  18 (c) x1  x2  3 (d) x1 2 x 2 2  45

 2 9 
log3 x  log3 x 5
2
4. The equation x  
 3 3 has
(a) exactly three real solution (b) at least one real solution
(c) exactly one irrational solution (d) complex roots

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 23

5. For a  0,1 the roots of the equation log ax a  log x a 2  log a 2 x a 3  0 can be

(a) a 3/ 4 (b) a 4/3 (c) a 1/ 2 (d) none of these

6. The equation log x2 16  log 2 x 64  3 has :

(a) one irrational solution (b) no prime solution

(c) two real solutions (d) one integral solution

log 2 24 log 2 192

7. Let N   . Then N is :
log 96 2 log12 2

(a) a natural number (b) a prime number (c) a rational number (d) an integer
2 2
8. If log 
   log 
  79, (  0,   0,  1,   1) then value of log    log   can be
 
(a) 7 (b) –9 (c) 9 (d) –7
9. Which of the following statements is(are) correct?

(a) 71/7  (42)1/14  1 (b) log3 5 log 7 9 log11 13  2

1 1
(c) 99  70 2  99  70 2 is rational (d) log 3  log 3  3
4 7

2
4  x 3   32  2
10. Solution set of the inequality log 2 x    2   4 log1/ 2 x is a, b  c, d then the correct
 1/ 2 8   9log 2 
log
  x
 
statement is
(a) a = 2b and d = 2c (b) b = 2a and d = 2c

(c) log c d  log b a (d) there are 4 integers in (c,d)

11. If x  5  x  5  10 , then

(a) the number of integral solutions is 10

(b) the number of integral solutions is 11
(c) the sum of all the integral solutions is 0
(d) all the solutions of the equation are rational numbers

12. If log a x  b for permissible values of a and x then identify the statement(s) which can be correct?
(a) If a and b are two irrational numbers then x can be rational.
(b) If a is rational and b is irrational then x can be rational.
(c) If a is irrational and b is rational then x can be rational.
(d) If a is rational and b is rational then x can be rational.

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 24

 Part – 3 (Comprehension)

Paragraph for Question 1 and 2 :

Let log 2 5  a; log 5 3  b

1. The value of log 50 30 is equal to

b  ab  1 a  ab  1 a  ab  1 a  ab  b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b2 2a  1 a2 2a  1

2. Roots of the equation log10 2  log10 5x 2  log10 5  log10 15  log10 2 x  log10 15  0 are

(a) a, b (b) 1 + a, 1 + b (c) a –1, 1 – b (d) a + 2; b + 2

Paragraph for Question 3 to 5 :

If f x  x  1  x  2  2  3 .

3. Number of solutions of f (x) = 1

(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 0

5
4. Number of solutions of f  x 
2
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 0

5. Area bounded by the curve y  f  x and x -axis is

(a) 5 sq. units (b) 7 sq. units (c) 9 sq. units (d) 11 sq. units
Paragraph for Question 6 and 7

If x1 , y1  and x2 , y2  are the solutions of the system of equations log 225 x  log 64  y  4 : log x 225  log y 64  1

6. The value of log30  x1 y1 x2 y2  is

(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 20

7. Number of digits in  x1 y1 x2 y2  is (Given log10 2  0.3010 and log10 3  0.4771 )

(a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 25 (d) 18
Paragraph for Question 8 and 9
Let N be a positive real number. The logarithms of N to the bases 5 and 3 are represented by their characteristic and
mantissa as follows: log 5 N  I1  f1 , log 3 N  I 2  f 2
In these expressions, I1 and I2 are integers (the characteristics), while f1 and f2 represent the fractional parts
(the mantissas) such that 0  f1 , f 2  1 .

8. Suppose that the characteristic for the base-5 logarithm is 2 I1  2 and the characteristic for the base-3 logarithm
is 3I 2  3 . Based on these constraints, the maximum possible integral value of N is greater than or equal to :

(a) 79 (b) 80 (c) 81 (d) 82

9. Suppose that the characteristic for the base-5 logarithm is 3 (I1 = 3) and the characteristic for the base-3 logarithm
is 4 (I2 = 4)
Based on these constraints, the total number of possible integral values for N is less than or equal to :
(a) 119 (b) 116 (c) 117 (d) 118

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 25

 Part - 4 (Match the Column)
1. Match the items of Column-I with the items of Column-II and choose the correct answer.
Column-I Column-II
(a)  
Anti logarithm of 0.6 to the base (I) 5
27 has the value equal to
(b) Characteristic of the logarithm of (II) 7
2008 to the base 2 is
(c) The value of b satisfying the equation, (III) 9
log e 2  log b 625  log1016  log e 10 is
(d) Number of naughts after decimal (IV) 10
before a significant figure comes in
 5 100
the number   , is
6 
(Given log10 2  0.3010 and log10 3  0.4771 )

2. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the list.
Column-I Column-II
(a) The value of x for which (I) 2
 7
 
2ln 2 x  5  ln2  ln 2 x   is
 2
(b) The sum of the real roots of the (II) 4
 5x 
log10 
 
equation x 2 
 10log10 x is
log3 log3 5
If   2
log 3 2
(c) and   9 , (III) 3
1 2
then value
5   is equal to


 
(d) log 3  6  6  6     is equal to (IV) 5
 
1
(V)
2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) I II II V
(b) III II I IV
(c) I II IV I
(d) III IV IV I

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 26

3. Directions : Answer 1, 2 and 3 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table.
Column-I Column-II Column-III
Inequalities Inequalities Number of integers in solution set

(I) 12 x  30 (i) 3 x  7  5 x  1 (P) 12

(II) 4 x  3  5x  7 (ii) 3(2  x)  2(1  x) (Q) 4
x x
(III) 2( x  1)  3( x  3) (iii)  1 (R) 11
3 2
x x
(IV)   x  11 (iv) 5 x  3  7 (S) 0
3 2

(1) Which of the following is correct combination

(A) (II) (ii) (Q) (B) (III) (i) (P) (C) (II) (i) (S) (D) (II) (i) (S)
(2) Which of the following is not correct combination
(A) (IV) (iv) (R) (B) (II) (i) (R) (C) (III) (i) (Q) (D) (I) (iv) (Q)
(3) Which of the following is correct combination
(A) (IV) (iii) (R) (B) (III) (i) (R) (C) (III) (i) (P) (D) (I) (iv) (Q)

4. Match the Column :

Column-I Column-II

(a) The value(s) of x , which does not (I) 2

satisfy the equation

 
log 2 2 x 2  x  4log 2 x  1 log 2 x  1 , is (are)
(b) The value of x satisfying the equation (II) 3
log 8 x 3
log 7 10 10 
ln 5log5 7
2log 2 e = 13; is

 1 1 
(c) The number N     is less than (III) 4
 log 2  log 6  
2 2
(d) Let l  log 3 4  log 2 9  log 3 4  log 2 9 (IV) 5
log 65 5
and m  0.8 1  9log3 8  then l  m
is divisible by
(V) 6

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 27

5. Following expressions simplifies to
Column-I Column-II
log 2 32
(a) (I) positive integer
log 3 243

2 log 6
(b) log12  log 3 (II) negative integer

 1  2
(c) log1/ 4 
  (III) rational but not integer
16 
log5 16  log5 4
(d) log 5 128 (IV) Prime

6. Match the items of Column-I with the items of Column-II and choose the correct answer.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Let p = log5, (log5 3). If 3C+5 = 45, then (I) 1
the value of C is
(b) If x and y satisfy simultaneously the equation, (II) 2
log 2 log3
(2x)  (3y) and 3  2 log x log y

then the value of (x–1 + y–1 ), is

(c) The value of x satisfying the equation, (III) 3
x2
 3 is coprime with
log x log
3 3
 9log3 x  27 32

(IV) 5
7. If graph of Answer (1), (2) and (3) by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table.
Column-I Column-II Column-III
Inequalities Inequalities number of integers in solution set

(I) log 5 5 5 5  (i) 4 (P) log a a  1

1 1 1 1
(II) 6  log 3/ 2 4 4 4  
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

(ii) 3 (Q) a logb  bloga

(III) ( 2)log2 9 (iii) 2 (R) logb a m  mlog b a

loga
(IV) log 2 9  log 5 2  log 3 5 (iv) 1 (S) log b a  logb

(1) Which of the following is correct combination

(A) (II) (ii) (Q) (B) (III) (i) (Q) (C) (IV) (iii) (S) (D) (I) (iii) (P)
(2) Which of the following is correct combination
(A) (III) (ii) (R) (B) (III) (i) (S) (C) (IV) (ii) (S) (D) (IV) (i) (P)

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 28

 (3) Which of the following is correct combination
(A) (I) (i) (Q) (B) (I) (iv) (P) (C) (II) (ii) (P) (D) (II) (iii) (S)

8. In the following matrix match Column-I has some quantities and Column-II has some comments or other quantities
Match the each element in Column-I with corresponding element(s) in Column-II
Column-I Column-II
(a) log sin /6 e (I) x logx 2 ; x  0; x  1
(b) 2 (II) 2log5 7
(c) log tan /3  (III) negative
(d) 7 log5 2 (IV) positive

Part - 5 (Numerical Based Questions)

yx
1. If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are real numbers such that 2log 2 y  3x  logx  logy , find .
yx

2. If a  log1218 & b  log 24 54 then find the value of ab  5 a  b.

3. Let y  log 2 3  log 2 12  log 2 48  log 2 192  16  log 2 12  log 2 48  10 . Find y  N .

logx logy logz

4. Based on the given ratios   : Find the value of x y  z  y z  x  z x  y .
yz zx x y

5. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a log3 7  27; b log7 11  49 and clog11 25  11 . The value of

a  equals
2 2 2
log3 7  blog 7 11  clog11 25

6. Find the number of integral solutions of log 5 x 2  4  2  log 5 x  3

 1 
7. If log10  x   x log10 5  1 , then find x
 2  x  1

8. Find the range of x and the number of integer solutions for x  2  x  1  5

x2  5x  4
9. Find the number of integer solutions for x that satisfy: 1
x2

10. Find the sum of all integer solutions for x that satisfy the inequality:

 
log x log 2 4 x  12   1

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 29

 Part - 1 (JEE Main Previous Year Questions)

1. The number of real roots of the equation x x  2  3 x  3  1  0 is : [JEE Main 2025 April[
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3

2. The sum of the squares of the roots of | x  2 |2  x  2  2  0 and the squares of the roots of x 2  2 x  3  5  0 , is
[JEE Main 2025 April]
(a) 26 (b) 36 (c) 30 (d) 24
2
3. The product of all solutions of the equation e5loge x 3
 x 8 , x  0 , is : [JEE Main 2025 January]

(a) e8/5 (b) e6/5 (c) e2 (d) e

4. The sum of the squares of all the roots of the equation x 2  2 x  3  4  0 , is [JEE Main 2025 January]


(a) 3 3  2  
(b) 6 3  2  
(c) 6 2  2  
(d) 3 2  2 
9 9 2 7 
5. The number of solutions of the equation 
x   2  
x   3  0 is : [JEE Main 2025 January]
 x  x 
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4

6. The number of the real solutions of the equation: x x  3  x  1  2  0 is

[JEE Main 2026 (24 January Shift 1)]

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5

7.
2
  2

The sum of all the real solutions of the equation logx 3 6 x  28 x  30  5  2log6 x 10 x  6 x  9 is equal to 
[JEE Main 2026 (23 January Shift 2)]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4

8. The sum of all the roots of the equation ( x  1) 2  5 x  1  6  0 , is:

[JEE Main 2026 (21 January Shift 1)]

(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 4

9. The number of distinct real roots of the equation x  1 x  3  4 x  2  5  0 , is

[JEE Main 2024 (08 Apr Shift 2)]

10. The number of real solutions of the equation x x 2  3 x  5 x  1  6 x  2  0 is ____ .

 
[JEE Main 2024 (30 Jan Shift 2)]

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 30

 Part - 2 (JEE Advanced Previous Year Questions)

1. Number of solutions of log 4  x  1  log 2  x  3 is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0

2. Let x 0 , y0  be the solution of the following equations.

(2 x) ln 2  (3 y )ln3
3lnx  2lny

Then x 0 is [JEE 2011, 3 (-1)]

1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 6
6 3 2

 
 1 1 1 1 
3. The value of 6  log 3  4 4 4   is [JEE 2012, 4M]
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 

4. If 3x  4 x1 , then x = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (-1)]

2log3 2 2 1 2log 2 3
(a) 2log 3 2  1 (b) 2  log 3 (c) 1  log 3 (d) 2log 3  1
2 4 2

1 1

  ( 7) log4 7 is ____
2
5. The value of log2 9  log 2 log 2 9
[JEE (Advanced)- 2018]

The product of all positive real values of x satisfying the equation x16log5 x  68log5 x  516 is ____ .
3
6.

[JEE(Advanced)-2022]
5
1
7. Let a  3 2 and b  . If x, y   are such that 3x  2 y  log a (18) 4 & 2 x  y  logb  1080 and then
51/ 6 6
4x + 5y is equal to _________. [JEE Advanced 2024]

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 31

 Part - 1 (Objective Type Questions)

A1. (b) A2. (a) A3. (c)

A4. (c) A5. (a) A6. (c)

A7. (c) A8. (c) A9. (c)

A10. (a) A11. (c) A12. (a)

A13. (a) A14. (a) A15. (b)

A16. (b) A17. (a) A18. (a)

A19. (a) A20. (b)

Part - 2 (Subjective Type Questions)

Section A: (Basic Inequality Solving)

A1 (a) 6,  (b) , 7 (c) (  , 6) (d) , 20

A2. Minimum of 65 marks

A3. (a) (0, 1/3) (b) ( 1 / 2, 0 ) (c) , 1  1 / 3, 

A4 (a) 0,1 / 2 (b) 0,1 / 2 (c) , 4 / 5  0, 

A5. (a) 1, 25 (b) 9,36 (c) 0,9 (d) 0,  (e) 0, 
Section B : Based on Wavy Curve Method

1 
B1. x  , 1  2, . B2. ,1 / 2  1, 2. B3. x  , 2   4 ,1 1  4, 
 

B4. , 1  1, 2 B5. x  , 1  0,3 / 4  5 / 2, 

9
 
B6. x  6, 53, 4  4,7 B7. x  R  0, 2 B8.   x3
2

B9. x  2,3. B10. 8

Section C: Based on Absolute Value Function
C1. (i) x  5 (ii) x  2 C2. None C3. [0, )

C4. (i)  2,   (ii)  , 3 (iii)  , 0  1,   (iv)  1,2

C5. x  0, 4 C6. 2x3

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics For Editable soft copy or with branding Materials call 7905239992 32
Section D : Based on Modulus Inequalities

D1. x  3, 1  1,3 D2. 2 / 3, 2 D3. x  1 or x  5

D4. x  [1,1]  [3,5] D5. x  1, 0  0,3 D6. x  1 or x  5

D7. 0 x2 D8. x   2,0   2,  

Section E: Logarithms
E1. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6
(d) 1 (e) –1 (f) 2
E2. 3
E3. (a) 729 (b) 4 (c) 8
E4. (a) 0 (b) log2 (c) 1
E5. 0 E6. b = 32 E11. 243
E14. 2 E15. x=5 E16. x  9
 5
E17. x  1,3  1 E18. x2  ,    0, .
E19. 
 2 

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 33

 Part - 1 (Single Choice Correct)

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c)

4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a)

7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b)

10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a)

13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b)

Part - 2 (One or More may be correct)

1. (BC) 2. (AB) 3. (ABCD)

4. (ABCD) 5. (BC) 6. (ABCD)

7. (ABCD) 8. (BC) 9. (ABD)

10. (BC) 11. (BC) 12. (ABCD)

Part - 3 (Comprehension)

Paragraph for Question 1 and 2 :

1. (b) 2. (b)

Paragraph for Question 3 to 5 :

3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)

Paragraph for Question 6 to 7 :

6. (b) 7. (d)

Paragraph for Question 8 to 9 :

7. (a b) 9. (a d)

Part - 4 (Match the Column)

1. A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II 2. (d)

3. (1) (d) (2) (c) (3) (d)

4. A - II, III, IV, V, B - I, C - II, III, IV, V, D - I, III, IV

5. A - I, IV, B - I, C - II, D - III

6. A - II, B - IV, C - I, II, III, IV

7. (1) C (2) A (3) B

8. A - III, B - I, IV, C - IV, D - II, IV

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics 34

 Part - 5 (Subjective Type Questions)

1. 2.60 2. 1 3. 6

4. 1 5. 469 6. 1

7. 1

8. The range of x is: x   2,3

The integer solutions are:

2, 1,0,1, 2,3

There are 6 integer solutions.

9. 2 10. The sum of integer solutions is 2.

Part - 1 (JEE Main - Previous Year Questions)

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a)

4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c)

7. (c) 8. (d) 9. 2

10. 1

Part - 2 (JEE Advanced Previous Year Questions)

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. 4

4. (a,b,c) 5. 8 6. 1

7. 8

JEE (XI) Module - 1 Mathematics For Editable soft copy or with branding Materials call 7905239992 35