THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MATH1013 University Mathematics II

Tutorial 8 Solutions

1. We have
x 2 sin x x sin x
+t2 2
+t2 2 2 2 2
F (x) = ∫ ex dt − ∫ ex dt = ex ∫ et dt − ex ∫ et dt.
0 0 0 0

By the product rule and the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have

d 2 x 2
(ex ∫ et dt)
dx 0
d x 2 x 2 d x2
x2 t t
=e ⋅ ∫ e dt + ∫ e dt ⋅ (e )
dx 0 0 dx
2 2 x 2 2
= ex ⋅ ex + ∫ et dt ⋅ 2xex
0
x
2x2 x2 2
=e + 2xe ∫ et dt.
0

Next, by the chain rule, we have

d sin x 2 d sin x 2 d(sin x) 2
∫ et dt = ∫ et dt ⋅ = esin x cos x.
dx 0 d(sin x) 0 dx
Similarly, we find that
d 2 sin x 2
(ex ∫ et dt)
dx 0
2 d sin x 2 sin x 2 d x2
= ex ⋅ ∫ et dt + ∫ et dt ⋅ (e )
dx 0 0 dx
2 2 sin x 2 2
= ex ⋅ esin x
cos x + ∫ et dt ⋅ 2xex
0
sin x
x2 +sin2 x 2 2
=e cos x + 2xex ∫ et dt.
0

It follows that
2 2 x 2 2 sin x
+sin2 x 2 2
F ′ (x) = e2x + 2xex ∫ et dt − ex cos x − 2xex ∫ et dt.
0 0

2. (a) By the fundamental theorem of calculus and the chain rule, we have
d tan x d(tan x)
g ′ (x) = ∫ f (t) dt ⋅ = f (tan x)(sec2 x).
d(tan x) 0 dx
This yields g ′ (0) = f (tan 0)(sec2 0) = f (0) = 1.

(b) Firstly, since f ′ (x) > 0 for x > 0 and f is continuous at 0, f must be strictly increasing on
[0, ∞). As f (0) = 1, we have f (x) > f (0) > 0 for all x > 0. By the fundamental theorem
of calculus, we have h′ (x) = f (x) > 0 for all x > 0. This shows h is strictly increasing on
[0, ∞) as it is continuous at 0.

1
 (c) Note that h(0) = −1 < 0 and
1 1
h(1) = −1 + ∫ f (t) dt > −1 + ∫ f (0) dt = −1 + 1 = 0
0 0

since f (t) > f (0) for all t ∈ [0, 1]. By the intermediate value theorem, h(x) = 0 has a
solution in (0, 1). Since h is strictly increasing on (0, 1) by part (b), such a solution must
be unique.

3. (a) Let u = 1 + x3 . Then du = 3x2 dx. Therefore,

√ √ 1 √ 2 3 2 3
∫ x4 + x7 dx = ∫ x2 1 + x3 dx = ∫ u du = u 2 + C = (1 + x3 ) 2 + C.
3 9 9

(b) By proposition 1.5(k) and (l), we obtain

1 − cos 2x 2
π π
6 6
∫ sin4 x dx = ∫ ( ) dx
0 0 2
π
1 6
= ∫ (1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
4 0
π
1 6 1 + cos 4x
= ∫ (1 − 2 cos 2x + ) dx
4 0 2
π
x= 6
3 1 1
= [ x − sin 2x + sin 4x]
8 4 32 x=0
√
π 7 3
= − .
16 64

(c) Using integration by parts with u = sin (ln x) and v = x, we have

∫ sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − ∫ x d(sin (ln x)) = x sin (ln x) − ∫ cos (ln x) dx. (1)

Similarly, using integration by parts, we have

∫ cos (ln x) dx = x cos (ln x) − ∫ x d(cos (ln x)) = x cos (ln x) + ∫ sin (ln x) dx. (2)

Putting (2) into (1), we obtain

∫ sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) − ∫ sin (ln x) dx.

This implies
1
∫ sin (ln x) dx = (x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x)) + C.
2

4. Using integration by parts, we have

π π
4 4
∫ f (x) tan x dx = ∫ tan x d(F (x))
0 0
π
x= π
4 4
= [F (x) tan x] −∫ F (x) d(tan x)
x=0 0
π
4
=6−∫ F (x) sec2 x dx
0
π
4
=6−∫ F (x)(1 + tan2 x) dx.
0

2
 Therefore, we find that
π π
4 4
∫ (f (x) tan x + F (x) tan2 x) dx = 6 − ∫ F (x) dx = 3.
0 0

5. (a) Using integration by parts with u = (ln x)n and v = x, we have

In = x(ln x)n − ∫ x d((ln x)n ) = x(ln x)n − n ∫ (ln x)n−1 dx = x(ln x)n − nIn−1 .

(b) Clearly, I0 = ∫ 1 dx = x + C0 . Using the formula in part (a), we find that

I1 = x ln x − I0 = x ln x − x + C1 ,
I2 = x(ln x)2 − 2I1 = x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + C2 ,
I3 = x(ln x)3 − 3I2 = x(ln x)3 − 3x(ln x)2 + 6x ln x − 6x + C3 .

Additional problems:

6. (a) Note that

x
F (x) = ∫ f (t)(sin x cos t + cos x sin t) dt
1
x x
= (sin x) ∫ f (t) cos t dt + (cos x) ∫ f (t) sin t dt.
1 1

By the product rule and the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have

d x x d
F ′ (x) = (sin x) ⋅ ∫ f (t) cos t dt + ∫ f (t) cos t dt ⋅ (sin x)
dx 1 1 dx
d x x d
+ (cos x) ⋅ ∫ f (t) sin t dt + ∫ f (t) sin t dt ⋅ (cos x)
dx 1 1 dx
x
= sin x ⋅ f (x) cos x + ∫ f (t) cos t dt ⋅ cos x
1
x
+ cos x ⋅ f (x) sin x + ∫ f (t) sin t dt ⋅ (− sin x)
1
x x
= 2f (x) sin x cos x + (cos x) ∫ f (t) cos t dt − (sin x) ∫ f (t) sin t dt
1 1
x
= f (x)(2 sin x cos x) + ∫ f (t)(cos x cos t − sin x sin t) dt
1
x
= f (x) sin 2x + ∫ f (t) cos (x + t) dt.
1

Remark. One may leave the answer in the form given in the third last line.

(b) By the chain rule and the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have

d 3x+1 d(3x + 1)
F ′ (x) = ∫ tf (t) dt ⋅ = 3(3x + 1)f (3x + 1).
d(3x + 1) 0 dx

3
 (c) Note that
x2 2x
F (x) = ∫ f (t) dt − ∫ f (t) dt.
0 0
By the chain rule and the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have
F ′ (x) = f (x2 )(x2 )′ − f (2x)(2x)′ = 2xf (x2 ) − 2f (2x).

x 0 x
7. Note that lim+ ∫ tf (t) dt = 0 as ∫ tf (t) dt is continuous. Also, we have
tf (t) dt = ∫
x→0 0 0 0
0
lim+ x2 = 0. This shows the limit is of the form . By L’Hôpital’s rule and the fundamental
x→0 0
theorem of calculus, we have
1 x 1 x ′
xf (x) f (x) f (0)
lim+ 2
lim+ 2 ′ (∫ tf (t) dt) = lim+
∫ tf (t) dt = x→0 = lim+ = =1
x→0 x 0 (x ) 0 x→0 2x x→0 2 2
since f is continuous.

8. By the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have f ′ (x) = (x2 + 1)ecos x . It follows that
f ′′ (x) = (2x − (x2 + 1) sin x)ecos x . Therefore, the second-order Taylor polynomial of f at 0 is
f ′′ (0)
f (0) + f ′ (0)(x − 0) + (x − 0)2 = ex.
2

0
9. (a) Consider ∫ f (x) dx. Let u = −x. Then du = − dx. When x = −a, u = a. When x = 0,
−a
u = 0. This implies
0 0 a a
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (−u)(− du) = ∫ f (−u) du = ∫ f (u) du.
−a a 0 0

The last equality holds since f is even. It follows that

a 0 a a a a
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (u) du + ∫ f (x) dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx.
−a −a 0 0 0 0

(b) As in part (a), we have

0 a a
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (−u) du = − ∫ f (u) du.
−a 0 0

The last equality holds since f is odd. It follows that

a 0 a a a
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (u) du + ∫ f (x) dx = 0.
−a −a 0 0 0

√ 3x2
10. (a) Let u = x3 − 1. Then du = √ dx, so that
2 x3 − 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 √
∫ √ dx = ∫ 3 du = ∫ 2 du = tan−1 u + C = tan−1 x3 − 1 + C.
x x3 −1 3 x 3 u +1 3 3

4
 (b) Let u = x − 1. Then du = dx, so that
4 x+3 3 u+4
∫ dx = ∫ du
2 x2 − 2x + 2 1 u2 + 1
3 u 3 4
=∫ 2
du + ∫ 2
du
1 u +1 1 u +1
3 1 3 4
=∫ 2
d(u2 + 1) + ∫ 2
du
1 2(u + 1) 1 u +1
u=3
1
= [ ln (u2 + 1) + 4 tan−1 u]
2 u=1
1
= ln 5 + 4 tan−1 3 − π.
2

π
(c) Let x = a sec θ where 0 < θ < (this is possible because x > a). Then dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ
2
and √ √ √
x2 − a2 = a2 (sec2 θ − 1) = a2 tan2 θ = a tan θ.
It follows that
1 1 1 + sin θ
∫ √ dx = ∫ sec θ dθ = ln + C.
x2 − a2 2 1 − sin θ
√
√ a2
Note that sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ 1−
. Therefore, we have
=
x2
√ √
8
3a 1 1 ⎛ 1+ 9 1 + 34 ⎞
∫ √ dx = ⎜ln √ − ln √ ⎟ (this can be the answer)
2a x2 − a 2 2 ⎝ 1− 8 1 − 34 ⎠
9
⎡ √ ⎤ ⎡ √ ⎤
⎢ ⎛ 8 ⎞⎥ ⎢ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎥⎥
= ln ⎢⎢3 1 + ⎥ − ln ⎢2 1 +
⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎝ 9 ⎠⎥ ⎢ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
√ √ √
= ln (6 + 4 2 − 3 3 − 2 6).

11. (a) Using integration by parts, we have

2 x 2 x 2 x x 2 2 x x
∫ x e dx = ∫ x d(e ) = x e − ∫ e d(x ) = x e − 2 ∫ xe dx.

By example 5.6, this is equal to x2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + C.

(b) Using integration by parts, we have

π π π π
3 3 x= π
3 3 π 3
∫ x sec2 x dx = ∫ x d(tan x) = [x tan x] −∫ tan x dx = √ − ∫ tan x dx.
0 0 x=0 0 3 0

For the second integral, we have

π π π π
3 3 sin x 3 −1 x= 3 1
∫ tan x dx = ∫ dx = ∫ d(cos x) = [− ln (cos x)] = − ln = ln 2.
0 0 cos x 0 cos x x=0 2
π
3 π
Therefore, ∫ x sec2 x dx = √ − ln 2.
0 3

5
 (c) Using integration by parts with u = (cos−1 x)2 and v = x, we have

−1 2 −1 2 −1 2 −1 2 2x cos−1 x
∫ (cos x) dx = x(cos x) − ∫ x d((cos x) ) = x(cos x) + ∫ √ dx.
1 − x2
√
Next, using integration by substitution, it is easy to show that − 1 − x2 is an antideriva-
x
tive of √ . Therefore, using integration by parts again, we have
1 − x2

2x cos−1 x √
∫ √ dx = −2 ∫ cos−1 x d( 1 − x2 )
1−x 2
√ √
= −2 1 − x2 cos−1 x + 2 ∫ 1 − x2 d(cos−1 x)
√
= −2 1 − x2 cos−1 x + 2 ∫ (−1) dx
√
= −2 1 − x2 cos−1 x − 2x + C.

Thus,
2 2
√
∫ (cos x) dx = x(cos x) − 2 1 − x2 cos x − 2x + C.
−1 −1 −1

12. (a) Using integration by parts, we have

π π π
2 x= π
2 2 2
In = − ∫ xn d(cos x) = [−xn cos x] +∫ cos x d(xn ) = n ∫ xn−1 cos x dx.
0 x=0 0 0

Using integration by parts again, we have

π π
2 2
∫ xn−1 cos x dx = ∫ xn−1 d(sin x)
0 0
π
x= π
2 2
= [xn−1 sin x] −∫ sin x d(xn−1 )
x=0 0
π
π n−1 2
=( ) − (n − 1) ∫ xn−2 sin x dx.
2 0

π n−1
Therefore, In = n ( ) − n(n − 1)In−2 .
2
π
2 x= π
2
(b) Clearly, I0 = ∫ sin x dx = [− cos x] = 1. For I1 , we observe from the proof of part (a)
0 x=0
that π
2 x= π
2
I1 = ∫ cos x dx = [sin x] = 1.
0 x=0

By part (a), we have

I2 = π − 2I0 = π − 2,
3π 2 3π 2
I3 = − 6I1 = − 6.
4 4

6
 π
2
13. Let In = ∫ sinn x dx. For n ⩾ 2, we have
0
π
2
In = − ∫ sinn−1 x d(cos x)
0
π
x= π
2 2
= [− sinn−1 x cos x] +∫ cos x d(sinn−1 x)
x=0 0
π
2
= (n − 1) ∫ sinn−2 x cos2 x dx
0
π
2
= (n − 1) ∫ sinn−2 x(1 − sin2 x) dx
0
= (n − 1)(In−2 − In ).

n−1
This gives the reduction formula In = In−2 . Clearly,
n
π
2 x= π
2 π
I0 = ∫ 1 dx = [x] = ,
0 x=0 2
π
2 x= π
2
I1 = ∫ sin x dx = [− cos x] = 1.
0 x=0

Therefore, for even n,

n−1 n−1 n−3 (n − 1)(n − 3)⋯(1) (n − 1)(n − 3)⋯(1) π

In = In−2 = ⋅ In−4 = ⋯ = I0 = ⋅ ,
n n n−2 n(n − 2)⋯(2) n(n − 2)⋯(2) 2

while for odd n,

n−1 n−1 n−3 (n − 1)(n − 3)⋯(2) (n − 1)(n − 3)⋯(2)

In = In−2 = ⋅ In−4 = ⋯ = I1 = .
n n n−2 n(n − 2)⋯(3) n(n − 2)⋯(3)

Remark. If one assumes the result in example 5.7, then we can solve this question in the
π
following way. Let u = − x. Then
2
π π
2 0 π 2
∫ sinn x dx = − ∫ π sinn ( − u) du = ∫ cosn x dx.
0 2
2 0