MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
AND EQUIPMENTS
HANDLING AND INSPECTION
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Prepared by : Venkataramanan R
Topic’s :-
1) What is mean by Measuring Instrument and its examples
2) What is mean by Measuring Equipment's and its examples
3) What is mean by least count and its examples
4) What is mean by Attribute Instruments & Variable Instruments and its examples
5) Types of tolerances
1. Unilateral Tolerance
2. Bilateral Tolerance
6) Handling and inspection
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What is mean by Measuring Instrument and its examples
Measuring Instruments:-
Measuring instruments are devices specifically designed to measure specific physical quantities. They provide
direct readings of the measured value.
**Examples:**
1. **Thermometer**: Measures temperature.
2. **Voltmeter**: Measures electric potential difference between two points.
3. **Ammeter**: Measures electric current.
4. **Calliper**: Measures the distance between two opposite sides of an object.
5. **Barometer**: Measures atmospheric pressure.
6. **Spectrophotometer**: Measures the intensity of light at different wavelengths.
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What is mean by Measuring Equipment's and its examples
Measuring Equipment :-
Measuring equipment encompasses a broader category that includes measuring instruments but also refers to systems or
setups that use multiple components to perform measurements. It often involves not just the measuring device but also the
accessories, calibration tools, and supporting apparatus necessary for measurement.
**Examples:**
1. **Weighing Scale Setup**: Includes the scale, calibration weights, and often a protective case.
2. **Microscope System**: Comprises the microscope, calibration slides, and sometimes digital cameras for capturing images.
3. **Environmental Monitoring System**: May include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, data loggers, and software for
data analysis.
4. **CNC Machine Tool**: Consists of the machine itself, the control software, measurement probes, and calibration tools.
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What is mean by Measuring Instruments & Equipment's and its examples
Key Differences :-
**Scope**: Measuring instruments are single devices for specific measurements. Measuring equipment can
be a combination of instruments and other components to facilitate measurement.
**Complexity**: Instruments are generally simpler and designed for direct measurement, while equipment
setups can be complex and include multiple components.
**Usage**: Instruments are often used standalone, whereas equipment is used in more integrated and
systematic measurement processes.
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What is mean by least count and its examples
Least Count :-
The least count of an instrument refers to the smallest measurement increment that the
instrument can accurately read. It is the minimum value that can be measured and read directly
from the instrument's scale without estimation.
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What is mean by least count and its examples
Examples of Least Count in Different Instruments:
1. **Vernier Calliper:**
- The least count of a typical vernier calliper is 0.02 mm. This means the smallest measurement increment it can read is 0.02 mm.
2. **Micrometre Screw Gauge:**
- The least count of a standard micrometre screw gauge is 0.01 mm. This represents the smallest measurement it can precisely read.
3. **Measuring Tape:**
- A typical measuring tape has a least count of 1 mm, meaning it can measure in increments of 1 mm.
4. **Ruler:**
- The least count of a standard metric ruler is often 1 mm. This is the smallest division marked on the ruler.
5. **Digital Thermometer:**
- The least count of a digital thermometer can be 0.1°C, indicating it can measure temperature changes as small as 0.1°C.
6. **Analogue Stopwatch:**
- The least count of an analogue stopwatch is usually 0.1 seconds, which means it can measure time intervals as short as 0.1 seconds.
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What is mean by Attribute Instruments & Variable Instruments and its examples
Attribute Instruments :-
Attribute instruments measure data that is categorical in nature, often assessing whether something conforms to a standard or not. These are typically used in go/no-go
situations or for counting defects.
Examples :-
1. **Go/No-Go Gauges**: Tools that quickly check if a part's dimensions fall within specified limits.
2. **Pass/Fail Indicators**: Devices or visual aids that determine whether a product meets certain criteria.
3. **Check Sheets**: Used to record the presence or absence of defects or other attributes.
4. **Visual Inspection Tools**: Instruments like magnifying glasses or microscopes used for inspecting surface defects or finish quality.
Variable Instruments :-
Variable instruments measure data that is continuous and can be quantified on a numerical scale. These instruments provide more detailed information about the
magnitude of measurements.
Examples :-
1. **Calipers**: Precision tools used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object, often with high accuracy.
2. **Micrometers**: Instruments used for precise measurement of small dimensions.
3. **Dial Indicators**: Devices that measure small distances or angles and provide a numerical readout.
4. **Digital Scales**: Used for weighing objects with high precision.
5. **Thermometers**: Measure temperature with a high degree of accuracy.
6. **Pressure Gauges**: Instruments that measure the pressure of gases or liquids.
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Types of tolerances
1. Unilateral Tolerance :-
Unilateral tolerance allows variation in only one direction (either positive or negative) from the nominal dimension.
**Example:**
- **50 +2/-0**: The dimension can increase up to 52 but cannot decrease below 50.
- **50 +0/-2**: The dimension can decrease up to 48 but cannot increase above 50.
2. Bilateral Tolerance :-
Bilateral tolerance allows variation in both directions (positive and negative) from the nominal dimension.
**Example:**
- **50 ±2**: The dimension can vary from 48 to 52.
- **50 -5/-1**: The dimension can vary from 45 to 49. (Although this looks like a unilateral tolerance since both limits are negative, it's uncommon to see tolerances
written this way without a positive component for a nominal dimension.)
- **50 +5/+2**: This is atypical since usually bilateral tolerances are symmetric. If meant to be a tolerance, it should have the form 50 ±5 for standard bilateral, or it's
miswritten.
Analysis of Provided Examples:
1. **50 +2/-2**: Bilateral tolerance (dimension can vary between 48 and 52).
2. **50 ±2**: Bilateral tolerance (dimension can vary between 48 and 52).
3. **50 -5/-1**: This implies a dimension range from 45 to 49, unusual for standard practices but technically a form of bilateral tolerance.
4. **50 +5/+2**: This is likely a miswritten specification as it suggests a dimension between 52 and 55, or it could indicate an unusual situation. Typically, it should be
written in a standard form for clarity, such as 50 +5/-0 or 50 +0/+2.
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STEEL RULE :
Instrument Name : Steel Rule
Least count (LC) : 1 mm
Common Uses :
1. Used to measuring the Linear Dimensions
Types : Variable
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MEASURING TAPE :
Instrument Name : Measuring Tape
Least count (LC) : 1 mm
Common Uses :
1. Used to measuring the Linear dimensions
2. Available In mm / cm / inches
Types : Variable
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“V” SCALE :
Instrument Name : “V” Scale (or) Taper
scale
Least count (LC) : 0.1 mm
Common Uses :
1. Used to measuring the Root gap, Taper
depth
Types : Variable
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FEELER GAUGE :
Instrument Name : Feeler Gauge
Least count (LC) : 0.05 mm
Common Uses :
1. Used to measuring the gap
Types : Leaf type (Variable)
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TRY SQUARE :
Instrument Name : Try Square
Least count (LC) : 90°
Common Uses : Measuring the
Perpendicularity (90°)
Types : Plain & Scale type (Attribute)
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RADIUS GAUGE’S :
Instrument Name : Radius gauge
Least count (LC) : Radius R
Common Uses :
1. Used to measure inner and outer radius (ID
& OD)
Types : Scale type (Variable)
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VERNIER :
Instrument Name : Vernier
Least count (LC) :
Analog-0.02mm / Dial-0.02mm / Digital-
0.01mm
Common Uses :
1. Measuring thickness
2. Inner & Outer Diameter (ID & OD)
3. Length, Height & Depth, etc
Types : Analog, Dial & Digital (Variable)
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DEPTH VERNIER :
Instrument Name : Depth Vernier
Least count (LC) :
Analog-0.02mm / Digital-0.01mm
Common Uses :
1. Height & Depth
Types : Analog & Digital (Variable)
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VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE :
Instrument Name : Vernier Height
Gauge
Least count (LC) :
Analog-0.02mm / Dial-0.02mm /
Digital-0.01mm
Common Uses :
1. Height & Length
Types : Analog, Dial & Digital (Variable)
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BEVEL PROTECTOR:
Instrument Name : Bevel protector
Least count (LC) :
Common Uses :
1. Angle
Types : Analog & Digital & Magnetic
(Variable)
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MICROMETER :
Instrument Name : Inside / Outside
Micrometer
Least count (LC) : 0.01 mm
Common Uses :
1. Used to measuring the Outer Thickness, Inner diameter,
Length and Width
Types : Analog,
Digital (Variable)
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GO - NOGO PLUG GAUGE :
Instrument Name : GO-NOGO Plug gauge
Least count (LC) : GO - NOGO
Common Uses :
1. Measuring the Maximum and Minimum
sizes of the holes diameter
2. Have many sizes based on required
diameters
Types : Plain (Attribute)
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GO - NOGO THREAD PLUG GAUGE & RING GAUGES :
Instrument Name : GO-NOGO Thread Plug gauge
Least count (LC) : GO - NOGO
Common Uses :
1. Measuring the Maximum and Minimum
sizes of the threaded holes size
2. Have many sizes based on required thread
sizes
Types : Thread (Attribute)
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DIAL GAUGE :
Instrument Name : Dial gauge
Least count (LC) : mm, thou, inch,
Common Uses :
1. Measuring the Maximum and Minimum
sizes of the threaded holes size
2. Have many sizes based on required thread
sizes
Types : Dial, Digital (Variable)
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LUX METER :
Instrument Name : Lux Meter
Least count (LC) : 1 Lux (or) lumens
Common Uses :
1. Lux meter used to measure Intensity of the
light in a specific working area for working
2. 1 Lux is equal to 1 lumens / sq. meter
Types : Digital (Variable)
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BRIDGE CAM GAUGE :
Instrument Name : Bridge Cam Gauge
Least count (LC) : mm / inches
Common Uses :
1. Used to measure Throat size, Fillet size,
Undercut and Depth
Types : Analog (Variable)
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BRIDGE CAM GAUGE :
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WELDING GAUGE :
Instrument Name : ASM welding gauge
Least count (LC) : mm
Common Uses :
1. Used to measuring the Outer Thickness, Inner diameter, Length and
Width
Types : Analog (Variable)
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WELDING GAUGE :
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Thank you
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