Lesson 2
2.1 Divisibility Rules
# Divisibility Rule Example
2
Last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8).
246 → ends with 6 → divisible by 2
3
Sum of digits is divisible by 3.
258 → 2+5+8=15 → 15 ÷ 3 = 5
4 Last 2 digits form a number divisible by 4. 3,416 → 16 ÷ 4 = 4
5 Last digit is 0 or 5. 2,735 → ends with 5
6 Number is divisible by 2 and 3. 318 → even and 3+1+8=12 (÷3)
2.1 Divisibility Rules
# Divisibility Rule Example
8 Last 3 digits form a number divisible by 8. 5,416 → 416 ÷ 8 = 52
9 Sum of digits is divisible by 9. 1,836 → 1+8+3+6=18 → 18 ÷ 9 = 2
10 Last digit is 0. 4,520 → ends with 0
11
Add digits in odd places and even places → if the
3,872 → (3+7)=10, (8+2)=10 → 10–10=0
difference is 0 or a multiple of 11, it’s divisible
12 Number is divisible by 3 and 4. 1,728 → sum=18 (÷3) & last 2 digits=28 (÷4
2.2 Factors
a. Factors (Factors = fit inside)
Definition: A factor divides exactly into a number (no remainder).
Rule: “Factors fit inside the number.”
Example: Factors of 12 → 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
Factor pairs: (1,12), (2,6), (3,4).
2.2 Factors
a. Factors (Factors = fit inside)
🔹 How to Find Factors of a Number
Start with 1 and the number itself→ they are always factors.
Check numbers in order (2, 3, 4, …) to see if they divide exactly (no remainder).
Stop when you reach the square root of the number.
Write factors in pairs.
📝 Example: Find all factors of 24
[Link]: 1 × 24 → Factors: 1 and 24.
[Link] 2: 24 ÷ 2 = 12 → Factors: 2 and 12.
[Link] 3: 24 ÷ 3 = 8 → Factors: 3 and 8.
[Link] 4: 24 ÷ 4 = 6 → Factors: 4 and 6.
[Link] 5: 24 ÷ 5 = 4.8 (not a whole number → not a factor).
[Link] at √24 (about 5).
✅ Final list of factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
✅ Factor pairs: (1,24), (2,12), (3,8), (4,6)
👉 Shortcut tip: Factors always come in pairs → once you find a small one, you can find its partner by dividing.
2.2 Factors
b. HCF (Highest Common Factor) (HCF = biggest shared factor)
Definition: The biggest factor shared by two numbers.
Method:
List factors of both numbers.
Pick the largest one they have in common.
Example:
Factors of 18→ 1,2,3,6,9,18
Factors of 24→ 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
Common factors → →
1,2,3,6 HCF = 6
2.2 Factors
b. HCF (Highest Common Factor) (HCF = biggest shared factor)
👉 Find the HCF of 18 and 24
Step 1: List factors
Factors of 18 → 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Factors of 24 → 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Step 2: Common factors
Both have → 1, 2, 3, 6
Step 3: Pick the largest
✅ HCF = 6
2.2 Multiples
c. Multiples (Multiples = times tables)
Definition: A multiple of a number is found by multiplying it by whole numbers (1, 2, 3, …).
Rule: “Multiples are in the times table.”
Example: Multiples of 6 → 6, 12, 18, 24, 30…
2.2 Multiples
c. LCM (Lowest Common Multiple) (LCM = smallest shared multiple)
Definition: The smallest multiple shared by two numbers.
Method:
List multiples of both numbers.
Pick the first one that’s the same.
Example:
Multiples of 4→ 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24…
Multiples of 6→ 6, 12, 18, 24…
Common multiples → →
12, 24… LCM = 12
2.2 Multiples
c. LCM (Lowest Common Multiple) (LCM = smallest shared multiple)
👉 Find the LCM of 4 and 6
Step 1: List multiples
Multiples of 4 → 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24…
Multiples of 6 → 6, 12, 18, 24, 30…
Step 2: Find first common multiple
Both have → 12, 24, 36…
Step 3: Pick the smallest
✅ LCM = 12
2.2 Prime Numbers
d. Prime Numbers (Primes = only 1 and itself)
Definition: A prime has exactly two factors: 1 and itself.
Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13…
Note: 1 is not prime (only one factor).
Tip: 2 is the only even prime.
2.2 Prime Numbers
d. Prime Numbers (Primes = only 1 and itself)
📝 Example: Find all factors of 17
Start: 1 × 17 → Factors: 1 and 17.
Check 2: 17 ÷ 2 = 8.5 → not whole → not a factor.
Check 3: 17 ÷ 3 = 5.6 → not whole → not a factor.
Check 4: 17 ÷ 4 = 4.25 → not whole.
Stop at √17 (about 4.1).
✅ Final list of factors of 17: 1, 17 only.
📌 Key idea: A prime number has exactly 2 factors: 1 and itself.
2.3 Positive & Negative Numbers
🌍 Why learn this?
Numbers don’t stop at zero!
The number line goes both ways:
Positive numbers → to the right (above zero).
Negative numbers → to the left (below zero).
We use them in real life:
Temperatures (–5°C is colder than +5°C)
Bank balance (–£20 means you owe money)
Lifts (–2 floor is below ground)
2.3 Positive & Negative Numbers
1️⃣ Comparing and Ordering Positive & Negative Numbers:
👉 Rule: On a number line, the further right a number is, the bigger it is.
Example: Order these numbers
–4, 3, –1, 0, 5
Number line order → –4, –1, 0, 3, 5
✅ So, biggest = 5, smallest = –4
2.3 Positive & Negative Numbers
2️⃣ Adding/Subtracting Positive & Negative Numbers
Operation Rule Example
(+) + (+) Add → (+) 5 + 3 = +8
(–) + (–) Add → (–) –5 + –3 = –8
(+) + (–) Subtract, take sign of bigger 7 + –4 = +3
(–) + (+) Subtract, take sign of bigger –9 + 6 = –3
(+) – (+) Normal subtraction 8 – 3 = +5
(+) – (–) Change to addition 8 – (–3) = 8 + 3 = +11
(–) – (+) More negative –5 – 2 = –7
(–) – (–) Change to addition –5 – (–2) = –5 + 2 = –3
2.4 Squares² & Square roots
2.4 Squares² & Square roots
1️⃣ Squares²
👉 A square number is a number multiplied by itself.
✅ Index notation:
“²” means “to the power of 2”.
Example: 7² = 7 × 7 = 49
📌 First 10 square numbers: 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
🔹 Real-Life Examples of Squares
1️⃣ Area of a Square: If each side of a square is 5 cm, the area = 5²=25 cm²
2️⃣ Digital Images (Pixels): A picture that is 100 × 100 pixels has 100² = 10,000 pixels in total.
2.4 Squares² & Square roots
2️⃣ Square root
👉 A square root is the opposite of squaring.
Think “What number multiplied by itself gives this number?”
√4 = 2 (because 2² = 4)
√25 = 5 (because 5² = 25)
√100 = 10 (because 10² = 100)
⚠️ Important: A number has two square roots: positive and negative.
√9 = +3 or –3 (since both 3² and (–3)² = 9)
Example: √25
[Link]: Which number × itself = 25?
5 × 5 = 25
(–5) × (–5) = 25
√
So the square roots of 25 are: 25 = +/- 5
✅ √
Normally in math, when we write 25, we mean the positive root 5. →
But remember: every square number has two roots (positive & negative).
2.5 More Powers and Roots
🌍 Why learn this?
Scientists use square roots to estimate how long things take to fall.
Engineers use cubes and cube roots to calculate volumes.
Index notation helps us write numbers neatly when repeated multiplication is involved.
2.5 More Powers and Roots
🌍 Why learn this?
Scientists use square roots to estimate how long things take to fall.
Engineers use cubes and cube roots to calculate volumes.
Index notation helps us write numbers neatly when repeated multiplication is involved.
1️⃣ Powers (Indices)
a1→ Just a
a²→ a squared
→
a³ a cubed
a4 → a to the power of 4
a5 → a to the power of 5
a6 → a to the power of 6
a7 → a to the power of 7
a8 → a to the power of 8
a9 → a to the power of 9
a10 → a to the power of 10
✅ Rule: The power tells you how many times the number is multiplied by itself.
2.5 More Powers and Roots
✅ Tip:
Power = repeated multiplication.
Root = the reverse process.
Squares ↔ square roots.
Cubes ↔ cube roots.
2.5 More Powers and Roots
Priority of Operations (BIDMAS / PEMDAS)
When solving, always follow this order:
[Link] (B) – do inside brackets first.
[Link] (I) – powers, squares, cubes, roots.
[Link] & Multiplication (DM) – left to right.
[Link] & Subtraction (AS) – left to right.
2.5 More Powers and Roots
2.5 More Powers and Roots
2️⃣ Squares & Cubes
Square→ number × itself. Example: 7²=7×7=49
Cube → number × itself × itself again. Example: 3³= 3×3×3=27
3️⃣ Roots
√
Square root ( ) = opposite of squaring.
√ √ √
Example: 49=7 49 = 7 49=7 (since 7²=49)
√
Cube root (³ ) = opposite of cubing.
√ √ √
Example: ³ 27=3³ 27 = 3³ 27=3 (since 3³=27)
📌 Remember:
A square root has two answers (+ and –).
A cube root has only one answer.
2.5 More Powers and Roots
4️⃣ Using Factorising to Work Out Roots
👉 Factorising = breaking a number into its prime factors.
√
Example: Find 144
144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Group into pairs: (2×2), (2×2), (3×3)
Each pair gives one factor: 2 × 2 × 3 = 12
✅ √
So 144 = 12