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In this presentation we will discuss back to Hippocrates (460-447BC) who tried
about the:- to explain the association of life style and
environmental factor with the occurrence
Introduction and history of of disease. However the foundation of
Epidemiology modern epidemiology was laid down in
late 19th century when infectious and
Definition
communicable disease like Cholera,
Aims and objective Typhoid, Plague etc. were most prevalent
Use of Epidemiology in the world in the form of epidemics and
EPIDEMIOLOGY Level of prevention of disease pandemics.2
Role of Nurse in
DEFINITIONS
Epidemiology
JOHN M. LAST in 1988 “the
INTRODUCTION AND study of the distribution and
HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY determinants of health-related
states or events in specified
Epidemiology is the basic science of populations and the appliation of
prevention and social medicine. The this study to the control of health
science of epidemiology deals with the problems”.3
study of health –related states and events
occurring in population. The term AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF
Epidemiology is derived from the term EPIDEMIOLOGY
PRESENTED BY Epidemic means study among people Epi=
1. To prevent control and eradicate
among, demos= people, logus= study.1
MS. AKANSHA JOHN health related problem.1
Epidemiology is health related discipline 2. To minimize the impact of these
and is directly related to Community health problems.1
and Community Health Nursing. The 3. To promote health and quality of
origin if epidemiology has been traced life of people at large.1
2
4. Identification of determinants i.e. 2. Primary prevention b. Specific Protection
aetiological factor causing health 3. Secondary prevention
and health related problems.2 4. Tertiary prevention A. GENERAL HEALTH PROMOTION
5. Need base planning and
administration of comprehensive Its include
health care programmes with 1. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION Health education
available sources to deal with Wholesome Nutritious Diet
health related problems.2 Its means prevention of the emergence or
Clean and safe environment
development of risk factors in countries or
USE OF EPIDEMILOGY Healthy lifestyle
population groups in which they have yet
Healthy behaviour
1. Study the occurrence and not appeared (e.g obesity, hypertension)
distribution of disease in a have their origin in the childhood because All this healthy factor/ behaviour
community.2 this is the time when the lifestyle are help in promotion of health by
2. Identify the determinants.2 formed (e.g. smoking, eating patterns, etc.) encouraging them to avoid this risk
3. Diagnosis by identifying health factor.
In this level of prevention efforts are
problems.2 directed towards discouraging children B. SPECIFIC PROTECTION
4. Estimate the risk of health occur by towards adopting harmful lifestyle. The
the epidemic and the chance of main intervention is through individual and It includes those measures which are
avoiding them.2 mass education directed to interpret causative agent of a
5. To promote the health and well- particular disease or group of disease
being of society as a whole.3 2. PRIMARY PREVENTION before these agent effect people. This
measure include
LEVEL OF PREVENTION OF It can be defined as” action taken prior to
DISEASE 2,3 the onset of disease, which removes the Immunization
possibility, that disease will ever occur. Use of specific nutrients
There are four major levels of prevention Protection against accidents and
i.e. It is of two types environmental and occupational
hazards
1. Primordial prevention a. General Health Promotion
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3. SECONDARY PREVENTION have not been effective or not Trace the contacts and keep them
known. under surveillance.
Secondary prevention can be defined as
It attempts to prevent disability Identify source of infection,
“action which halts the progress of a
through rehabilitative strategies. methods of spread of infection
disease at the incipient stage and
Rehabilitative strategies are used to Health education of people in
prevents complication.
attain highest possible level of general.
The objective of secondary prevention functional ability
measures are Rehabilitation is with the regards to
restoration of:
Early diagnosis and treatment
CONCLUSION
o Bodily functions. (Medical
Control the process of disease Rehabilitation) Epidemiology is basic to preparation of
in man o Personal dignity and community health nurse and all other
Prevent complication confidence( psychological members of the health team.
Restore health rehabilitation)
Prevent the spread of infection Community health nurse play an important
o Family and social relationship
to the others in the community. role in epidemiological studies of human
(social rehabilitation)
population and their problems by way of
o The captivity to earn livelihood
collection of information analysis and
(vocational rehabilitation)
4. TERTIARY PREVENTION interpretation of these information,
The tertiary prevention is the fourth ROLE OF NURSES IN planning and implementation of
level of prevention. It occurs late in EPIDEMIOLOGY prevention, control programme for
the pathogenesis stage of disease infectious and non-infectious disease.
Participation in early diagnosis and
process when irreversible changes
treatment i.e. identification of all
either in anatomy or physiology of
cases.
both have occurred.
Notification of certain specific BIBLIGRAPHY
It is because primordial, primary or
disease like measles, diphtheria,
secondary preventive measures 1. Dash Bijayalaskhmi, A
tetanus, and S.T.D to the health
authority. Comprehensive textbook of
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Community Health Nursing,
1st Edition page no. 108, 110
2. Krishna Kumari Gulani
(RN,RM), Community
Health Nursing (Principles
and Practices) 2nd Edition,
Page No. 177-178, 180-181,
191-196.
3. K. Park Parks textbook of
Preventive and Social
Medicine 22nd Edition 39-40,
50-51.
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