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Chemistry Basic Notes

Chemistry is the study of matter, which exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas, and can undergo physical or chemical changes. Atoms are the basic units of elements, while molecules are formed from combinations of atoms, and chemical reactions involve bond breaking and forming to create new substances. The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number, and important laws include the conservation of mass and constant proportions in compounds.

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10 views2 pages

Chemistry Basic Notes

Chemistry is the study of matter, which exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas, and can undergo physical or chemical changes. Atoms are the basic units of elements, while molecules are formed from combinations of atoms, and chemical reactions involve bond breaking and forming to create new substances. The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number, and important laws include the conservation of mass and constant proportions in compounds.

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Chemistry Basics – Quick Notes

Chemistry is the study of matter—its composition, structure, properties, and changes. Matter is
anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in three main states: solid (fixed shape and
volume), liquid (fixed volume, no fixed shape), and gas (no fixed shape or volume). Changes in
matter can be physical (no new substance formed, e.g., melting) or chemical (new substance
formed, e.g., burning).

Atoms and Molecules:


Atoms are the smallest units of elements that retain chemical properties. They consist of
protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (−). Molecules are formed when two or more
atoms combine chemically. Elements contain only one type of atom, while compounds contain
two or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios.

Atomic Structure:
The atomic number equals the number of protons (and electrons in a neutral atom). The mass
number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Electrons are arranged in shells or energy levels.
The outermost shell (valence shell) determines reactivity.

Chemical Bonding:
Atoms combine to achieve stability (usually an octet). Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons
(metal + non-metal), forming ions. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons (non-metals).
Metallic bonding involves a “sea of electrons” shared among metal atoms.

Chemical Reactions:
A chemical reaction involves breaking and forming bonds, leading to new substances. Indicators
include color change, gas formation, temperature change, or precipitate formation. Reactions
must follow the law of conservation of mass.

Types of Reactions:
Combination: A + B → AB
Decomposition: AB → A + B
Displacement: A + BC → AC + B
Double displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
Combustion: Substance reacts with oxygen, releasing heat.

Acids, Bases, and Salts:


Acids release H⁺ ions in solution (e.g., HCl), bases release OH⁻ ions (e.g., NaOH). pH scale (0–14)
measures acidity/basicity: <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic. Salts are formed from neutralization
reactions (acid + base → salt + water).
Periodic Table:
Elements are arranged by atomic number. Rows are periods; columns are groups. Elements in
the same group have similar properties. Metals are on the left, non-metals on the right,
metalloids in between.

Important Laws:
Law of conservation of mass: matter is neither created nor destroyed.
Law of constant proportions: compounds always contain the same elements in the same ratio.

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