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Chapter 9 of 'Introduction to Java Programming' discusses strings in Java, highlighting their immutability and methods for creating and manipulating them. It covers string comparisons, length, concatenation, substring extraction, and conversion methods, as well as the use of StringBuilder and StringBuffer for mutable string operations. The chapter also introduces regular expressions for advanced string matching and manipulation.

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7 views30 pages

Chapter9 SelectedSlides

Chapter 9 of 'Introduction to Java Programming' discusses strings in Java, highlighting their immutability and methods for creating and manipulating them. It covers string comparisons, length, concatenation, substring extraction, and conversion methods, as well as the use of StringBuilder and StringBuffer for mutable string operations. The chapter also introduces regular expressions for advanced string matching and manipulation.

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batooljafrisyeda
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© All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 9 Strings

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
1
Constructing Strings
String newString = new String(stringLiteral);

String message = new String("Welcome to Java");

Since strings are used frequently, Java provides a


shorthand initializer for creating a string:

String message = "Welcome to Java";

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
2
Strings Are Immutable
A String object is immutable; its contents cannot be changed.
Does the following code change the contents of the string?
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
3
animation

Trace Code
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";

After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";

s : String s : String This string object is


now unreferenced
String object for "Java" String object for "Java"

Contents cannot be changed : String

String object for "HTML"

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
4
animation

Trace Code

String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";

After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";

s : String s : String This string object is


now unreferenced
String object for "Java" String object for "Java"

Contents cannot be changed : String

String object for "HTML"

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
5
Interned Strings
Since strings are immutable and are frequently
used, to improve efficiency and save memory, the
JVM uses a unique instance for string literals with
the same character sequence. Such an instance is
called interned. For example, the following
statements:

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
6
Examples
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; s1
: String
s3
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

[Link]("s1 == s2 is " + (s1 == s2)); s2 : String


[Link]("s1 == s3 is " + (s1 == s3));
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"

display A new object is created if you use the


new operator.
s1 == s2 is false
If you use the string initializer, no new
s1 == s3 is true object is created if the interned object is
already created.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
7
animation

Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
8
Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

s2 : String
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
9
Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
s3
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

s2 : String
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
10
String Comparisons
 equals

String s1 = new String("Welcome“);


String s2 = “Welcome";

if ([Link](s2)){
// s1 and s2 have the same contents
}

if (s1 == s2) {
// s1 and s2 not have the same reference
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
11
String Length, Characters, and
Combining Strings

[Link]
+length(): int Returns the number of characters in this string.
+charAt(index: int): char Returns the character at the specified index from this string.
+concat(s1: String): String Returns a new string that concatenate this string with string s1.
string.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
12
Finding String Length
Finding string length using the length()
method:

message = "Welcome";
[Link]() (returns 7)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
13
Retrieving Individual Characters
in a String
 Do not use message[0]
 Use [Link](index)
 Index starts from 0

Indices 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

message W e l c o m e t o J a v a

[Link](0) [Link]() is 15 [Link](14)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
14
String Concatenation
String s3 = [Link](s2);

String s3 = s1 + s2;

s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5 same as
((([Link](s2)).concat(s3)).concat(s4)).concat(s5);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
15
Extracting Substrings
[Link]
+substring(beginIndex: int): Returns this string’s substring that begins with the character at the
String specified beginIndex and extends to the end of the string, as
shown in Figure 8.6.
+substring(beginIndex: int, Returns this string’s substring that begins at the specified
endIndex: int): String beginIndex and extends to the character at index endIndex – 1, as
shown in Figure 8.6. Note that the character at endIndex is not
part of the substring.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
16
Extracting Substrings
You can extract a single character from a string using the
charAt method. You can also extract a substring from a
string using the substring method in the String class.

String s1 = "Welcome to Java";


String s2 = [Link](0, 11) + "HTML";

Indices 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

message W e l c o m e t o J a v a

[Link](0, 11) [Link](11)


Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
17
Converting, Replacing, and Splitting
Strings
[Link]
+toLowerCase(): String Returns a new string with all characters converted to lowercase.
+toUpperCase(): String Returns a new string with all characters converted to uppercase.
+trim(): String Returns a new string with blank characters trimmed on both sides.
+replace(oldChar: char, Returns a new string that replaces all matching character in this
newChar: char): String string with the new character.
+replaceFirst(oldString: String, Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring in
newString: String): String this string with the new substring.
+replaceAll(oldString: String, Returns a new string that replace all matching substrings in this
newString: String): String string with the new substring.
+split(delimiter: String): Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the
String[] delimiter.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
18
Examples
"Welcome".toLowerCase() returns a new string, welcome.
"Welcome".toUpperCase() returns a new string,
WELCOME.
" Welcome ".trim() returns a new string, Welcome.
"Welcome".replace('e', 'A') returns a new string, WAlcomA.
"Welcome".replaceFirst("e", "AB") returns a new string,
WABlcome.
"Welcome".replace("e", "AB") returns a new string,
WABlcomAB.
"Welcome".replace("el", "AB") returns a new string,
WABcome.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
19
Splitting a String
String[] tokens = "Java#HTML#Perl".split("#", 0);
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++)
[Link](tokens[i] + " ");

displays
Java HTML Perl

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
20
Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
You can match, replace, or split a string by specifying a pattern.
This is an extremely useful and powerful feature, commonly
known as regular expression. Regular expression is complex to
beginning students. For this reason, two simple patterns are
used in this section. Please refer to Supplement III.F, “Regular
Expressions,” for further studies.

"Java".matches("Java");
"Java".equals("Java");

"Java is fun".matches("Java.*");
"Java is cool".matches("Java.*");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
21
Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
The replaceAll, replaceFirst, and split methods can be used with
a regular expression. For example, the following statement
returns a new string that replaces $, +, or # in "a+b$#c" by the
string NNN.

String s = "a+b$#c".replaceAll("[$+#]", "NNN");


[Link](s);

Here the regular expression [$+#] specifies a pattern that


matches $, +, or #. So, the output is aNNNbNNNNNNc.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
22
Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
The following statement splits the string into an array of strings
delimited by some punctuation marks.

String[] tokens = "Java,C?C#,C++".split("[.,:;?]");

for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++)


[Link](tokens[i]);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
23
Finding a Character or a Substring
in a String
[Link]
+indexOf(ch: char): int Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch in the string.
Returns -1 if not matched.
+indexOf(ch: char, fromIndex: Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch after fromIndex in
int): int the string. Returns -1 if not matched.
+indexOf(s: String): int Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string.
Returns -1 if not matched.
+indexOf(s: String, fromIndex: Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string
int): int after fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.
+lastIndexOf(ch: int): int Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch in the string.
Returns -1 if not matched.
+lastIndexOf(ch: int, Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch before fromIndex
fromIndex: int): int in this string. Returns -1 if not matched.
+lastIndexOf(s: String): int Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s. Returns -1 if
not matched.
+lastIndexOf(s: String, Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s before
fromIndex: int): int fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
24
Finding a Character or a
Substring in a String
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('W') returns 0.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('x') returns -1.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('o', 5) returns 9.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("come") returns 3.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("Java", 5) returns 11.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("java", 5) returns -1.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf('a') returns 14.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
25
Convert Character and Numbers
to Strings
The String class provides several static valueOf
methods for converting a character, an array of
characters, and numeric values to strings. These
methods have the same name valueOf with
different argument types char, char[], double, long,
int, and float. For example, to convert a double
value to a string, use [Link](5.44). The
return value is string consists of characters ‘5’, ‘.’,
‘4’, and ‘4’.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
26
StringBuilder and StringBuffer
The StringBuilder/StringBuffer class is
an alternative to the String class. In general, a
StringBuilder/StringBuffer can be used wherever a
string is used. StringBuilder/StringBuffer is more
flexible than String. You can add, insert, or append
new contents into a string buffer, whereas the
value of a String object is fixed once the string is
created.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
27
StringBuilder Constructors
[Link]

+StringBuilder() Constructs an empty string builder with capacity 16.


+StringBuilder(capacity: int) Constructs a string builder with the specified capacity.
+StringBuilder(s: String) Constructs a string builder with the specified string.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
28
Modifying Strings in the Builder
[Link]

+append(data: char[]): StringBuilder Appends a char array into this string builder.
+append(data: char[], offset: int, len: int): Appends a subarray in data into this string builder.
StringBuilder
+append(v: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder Appends a primitive type value as a string to this
builder.
+append(s: String): StringBuilder Appends a string to this string builder.
+delete(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): Deletes characters from startIndex to endIndex.
StringBuilder
+deleteCharAt(index: int): StringBuilder Deletes a character at the specified index.
+insert(index: int, data: char[], offset: int, Inserts a subarray of the data in the array to the builder
len: int): StringBuilder at the specified index.
+insert(offset: int, data: char[]): Inserts data into this builder at the position offset.
StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, b: aPrimitiveType): Inserts a value converted to a string into this builder.
StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, s: String): StringBuilder Inserts a string into this builder at the position offset.
+replace(startIndex: int, endIndex: int, s: Replaces the characters in this builder from startIndex
String): StringBuilder to endIndex with the specified string.
+reverse(): StringBuilder Reverses the characters in the builder.
+setCharAt(index: int, ch: char): void Sets a new character at the specified index in this
builder.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
29
Examples
[Link]("Java");
[Link](11, "HTML and ");
[Link](8, 11) changes the builder to Welcome
Java.
[Link](8) changes the builder to
Welcome o Java.
[Link]() changes the builder to avaJ ot
emocleW.
[Link](11, 15, "HTML")
changes the builder to Welcome to HTML.
[Link](0, 'w') sets the builder to welcome
to Java.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
30

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