Science Activities

Resource Pack

Magna Science Adventure Centre, Sheffield Road, Templeborough, Rotherham, S60 1DX.
Tel: 01709 720002, Fax: 01709 820092, Web: [Link]
 Introduction

ƒ This resource describes a range of hands-on experiments.

ƒ Many are suitable for children, using cheap and readily available
resources.

ƒ Some are intriguing and others useful as a starter activity leading to

further investigation.

ƒ Some are useful to encourage demonstration skills and talking about

science.

ƒ A few are for demonstration only by an adult.

ƒ Various health and safety issues are raised for each experiment, but
these are not risk assessments as these also depend on the group,
environment and practice.

ƒ If you have any doubts about a particular activity then CLEAPPS

([Link]) is an excellent organisation for a full range of
health, safety and ‘how to’ advice about practical science, your
school may well be a member already.
 Experiment Cards: Air Rockets

Description Make and launch your own air rocket.

Paper, card, cardboard tubes, tape, glue, felt pens (optional – for
Equipment decoration), launcher – either a hand pump or a foot stomp rocket
launcher will do nicely.

Health and Keep participants and spectators away from the line of fire, though as
safety these don’t travel at high speed the risks are minimal.

Paper and card can be rolled into tube shapes to give a snug fit on the
launch tube, fold the ends over, before nose cones etc. are added.
How to… Experiment with a range of shapes and features that will decrease air
resistance, e.g. fins, nose cone, curved fins. Best run as a challenge
and compare different designs to see which go furthest / highest.

A more streamlined shape will reduce air resistance and increase

Science range. Tail fins will keep the rocket moving in a straight line and making
it spin reliably also adds to the range.

Links to… investigating streamlining in water, animal shapes for

maximum speed and can be extended into areas of sport e.g. Why are
Extras
golf balls covered in dimples? Why are fish not completely smooth?
Why are the latest swimsuits dimply?

Curriculum
Forces, Friction, Air / Water Resistance
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Alien Slime

Description Make a rubbery slime, like ‘Silly Putty’.

PVA glue and water (mixed in the ratio 2 parts glue to 1 part
water), borax solution (2 heaped tbsp of borax, chemical name: di-
sodium tetraborate, to 1 litre of warm water and stir well to
Equipment dissolve. Borax can be bought from most chemists and some
supermarkets), plastic cups, plastic spoons / wooden stirrers,
aprons (if required), poster paint to colour the slime (food colouring
works, but it will stain the hands), plastic jugs.

In powder form borax is an irritant, it is not toxic, but in a similar

category to washing powders / detergents (in fact it is usually an
ingredient in the former).
Health and
If participants are allergic to detergents then wear protective
safety
gloves when mixing up the solution / handling the slime, or avoid
handling the slime.
As with all activities involving chemicals, wash hands afterwards.

To ¼ cup of the glue mix, add a dash of paint and stir well.
Add some borax solution (stir the borax solution well before
How to… pouring it in) and stir the mixture again.
The mixture will rapidly polymerise and can then be handled,
rolled, stretched, bounced etc.

Borax makes the ‘glue molecules’ join into long chains called
Science polymers, which tangle up to make the slime rather like spaghetti.
The slime will slowly dry out and set to a hard plastic resin.

Experiment with the ratio of the PVA glue / water mix to see how it
Extras
changes the slime. More glue makes it more rubbery.

Curriculum
Changing Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: The Astronaut who Forgot
his Spacesuit

Description Making a balloon burst in a vacu-tub.

Water bomb balloons (ordinary balloons are too thick), vacuum

Equipment food container and pump (‘vacuvin’ brand works fine), balloon
pump useful, felt tip pens.

Health and
Suitable for all ages, not for latex allergy sufferers.
Safety

Inflate the balloon fully and knot the end. Draw a funny face on the
How to… balloon and put it wide-end down into the tub. Start pumping out
the air until …

Pumping out some of the air makes a partial vacuum in the tub
(removing all the air is beyond the ability of a humble vacuvin tub).
As the air is removed from the tub, the air inside the balloon
pushes outwards with a larger force then the air left in the tub
pushes inwards. The balloon swells up and bursts.
Science
Put simply air pressure results from the billions and billions of
collisions the gas molecules make when rushing about and
colliding with things. If there are more collisions on the inside
surface of the balloon than the outside then the balloon is pushed
outwards, swells and bursts.

Extras This experiment follows on from Marshmallow Puff.

Would fit in with a topic on forces and also illustrates simple ideas
Curriculum
about pressure when dealing with space, the atmosphere, or
Areas
weather.

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Boomerangs

Description Make your own boomerang with a couple of rulers.

Equipment Two 30cm plastic rulers with an aerofoil profile, some sticky tape.

Health and Throw them away from other people and they do come back, so
safety keep on your toes.

Tape the two rulers together to make a cross. Make sure that both
rulers are facing the same way. For right handers: Hold the
boomerang vertically with the flat side on the right, tilt it at about
30o to the vertical and throw it at a slight angle upwards. If you’re
How to…
outdoors face into the wind. With a bit of practice you’ll soon get
them coming back. Younger children can struggle with the
throwing technique. For left handers hold with the flat side on the
left.

Each arm of the boomerang works like a wing, as the air flows
over it the lift force pushes the boomerang from right to left.
Combine this with the forward motion from the throw and the
Science boomerang is forced to move in a circle. It also turns over and
flattens to lie horizontally during the flight, this part of the motion is
caused by ‘gyroscopic forces’ - the ones that stop you falling off
your bicycle.

As well as a cross, you can try a T, V or L shape with the rulers.

Extras You’ll find the cross tends to turn in the tightest circle. I’ve never
managed to get it working with 15cm rulers, if you do let me know!

Curriculum
Forces.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Borax Snowflake

Borax crystals grow overnight in a strong solution of borax and

Description
water.

Borax powder, hot water, pipe cleaner, lolly stick / pencil, cotton
Equipment
thread, glass jar / transparent plastic tub, food colouring (optional).

In powder form Borax is an irritant, in a similar category to washing

powders / detergents (in fact it is usually an ingredient in the
Health and former).
safety If participants are allergic to detergents then wear protective
gloves when mixing up the solution or handling the ‘snowflake’.
As with all activities involving chemicals, wash hands afterwards.

To 1 litre of hot water add 4 heaped tbsp of borax solution and stir
well to dissolve as much as possible. Fold the pipe cleaner into a
star shape, tie some thread around one of the points and suspend
it in the middle of the borax solution, tying off to the lolly stick
How to…
across the top of the jar / tub. Leave overnight – in fact the crystals
start to grow within a few hours. The remaining solution can be re-
warmed to dissolve the borax and the experiment can be repeated
with a new pipe cleaner.

By using hot water to dissolve the borax, you’re making a

saturated borax solution – the water can hold no more borax at
that temperature. As it cools down the solution becomes super-
saturated – it has more borax dissolved in it than it can hold – so it
Science
starts to crystallise out on the pipe cleaner. This rapidly builds up
and gives good results in a relatively short space of time. The
snowflake is fine for hanging up somewhere, but will crumble if the
pipe cleaner is twisted or bent.

If you experiment with white pipe cleaners and some food

colouring you can also give the snowflake a delicate colour hue.
Extras
This can be extended to other solutions such as salt or sugar, but
the crystals won’t grow as quickly.

Curriculum
Changing Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Cloud in a Bottle

Description Demonstrates cloud formation.

Equipment 2 litre pop bottle, water, matches, or wooden tapers and a candle.

Health and Potential to learn about safe handling of matches / tapers, or you
safety can duck the issue and add the match yourself.

1/4 fill the bottle with water, screw on the cap. Give it a shake, then
squeeze and let go. No cloud forms. Add a lit match, which quickly
goes out in the water. Screw the cap back on, shake well, then
How to… squeeze and quickly let go again. It’s the letting go bit which
makes the cloud, younger children can have difficulty with the co-
ordination. Best done with a ‘new’ish pop bottle, after many
repetitions they tend to lose their ‘spring’.

Shake the pop bottle and the air becomes saturated with water
vapour. Adding the match adds smoke particles to the air. We can
lower the pressure (and temperature) in the bottle by squeezing it
and quickly letting go. As you let go of the bottle it springs back
into shape and re-bounds to a slightly larger volume. The water
vapour then condenses to form a cloud of water droplets. As the
Science
temperature in the bottle rises again the cloud will disappear.
These are the conditions needed to form clouds in the atmosphere
where there is dust, and water vapour cools when the air is
pushed to higher altitudes and lower pressures
The experiment can be repeated until all the smoke particles have
been absorbed into the water.

Scientists still argue over the exact role of dust particles in cloud
Extras
formation and whether dust-free clouds can ever form.

Curriculum
Weather and Water Cycle.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Colour Change Milk

Drops of food colouring spread through milk to create patterns and

Description
colours.

Plates, droppers, cotton buds, washing up liquid, food colouring

Equipment
and milk.

Health and
Suitable for all ages.
Safety

Put some milk on the plate and add 3 drops of different food
colourings into the milk. Dip a cotton bud in a small amount of
washing up liquid and touch the surface of the milk close to one of
How to… the coloured drops. Don’t stir the milk with the cotton bud and try
not to let it touch the plate. Repeat this in different places to create
swirling patterns. It also works with water, but the milk shows the
colours more vividly.

A simple observation would be that the washing up liquid pushes

the colours around.
The full explanation is more complex…
Across the water is a force called surface tension, think of it as a
stretched rubber sheet. The washing up liquid lowers the surface
tension around the cotton bud. The milk and colouring is then
pulled away from the cotton bud by the greater surface tension
elsewhere in the milk. As if someone had lifted up the rubber sheet
Science
by the cotton bud.
Eventually the milk becomes saturated with washing up liquid and
the colour mixing ceases.
The washing up liquid itself consists of large molecules with a
water-loving (hydrophilic) and a water-hating (hydrophobic) end.
The water-loving end is attracted to and soluble in water. The
water-hating end is repelled by the water, but is also soluble in oils
and fats, accounting for its degreasing properties.

You can try different versions of this, e.g. using a plate with water
Extras and talcum powder, or water and pepper, and a drop of washing
up liquid on the end of your finger.

Curriculum
Forces and Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Disappearing Water

Description A version of the magician’s coin and cups trick.

Equipment 3 paper cups, disposable nappies, water, scissors.

Health and The super absorbing chemical, typically sodium polyacrylate, has
Safety no particular chemical risks or hazards.

It’s a good trick to encourage performance, confidence and can be

tried out on family and friends. Cut open the nappy and shake out
the small white crystals of absorbent granules. Scoop them into
one of the three cups. Start the water in a different cup and end up
with it in the cup containing the crystals, asking the audience to
How to… guess along the way where the water has gone to. Finally when
the water is absorbed in the final cup turn it upside down…
Practice helps the act! You can also buy super-absorbent powder
from first aid suppliers.
For the finale stir in a good dollop of salt and wait a few minutes,
hey presto, it’s all gone runny again.

Disposable nappies contain crystals of a super-absorber, typically

sodium polyacrylate. Super-absorbers can soak up to 100 times
their own weight in water, in doing so they become sticky and
Science
clump together. Adding salt will ‘draw out the water’, like adding
salt to a cucumber, as the water moves from areas of high to low
concentration.

As well as providing good ‘busking’ material, there are plenty of

investigative avenues you can follow with this chemical, either
loose or in nappies. What happens if the crystals are ground up to
Extras
make a powder? Just how much water will a teaspoon of the
powder absorb? It’s also used in pellet form as a water retainer for
houseplants.

Curriculum
Changing Materials
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Floating Coke

Description Bottles of diet coke and normal coke float and sink respectively.

1 x 500ml plastic bottle of diet coke, 1 x 500ml plastic bottle of normal coke, 2
clear tubes / old fish tank, water / salt solution, see ‘How to’ … below.
Equipment
(A cheap way to make the tubes is to cut the heads off 2 litre plastic pop
bottles).

Health and Tall containers are easily knocked over, for that reason we tend to use plastic
Safety ones for pupils.

For this to work reliably … first try floating both bottles in plain water, if one
floats and the other sinks perfect … if they both float then top them up with
water to get rid of the air space in the bottle**. Try floating them again in plain
water … hopefully this works, but this time they may both sink … in which
case try floating them again in saltwater, start with 10g salt per litre of water
and adjust the amount of salt until the coke sinks and the diet coke floats.
How to…
If you have very tall containers tie a piece of string around the neck of the
bottle to pull them easily out again. Once you’ve got it set-up keep the bottles
and floating solutions ready to go.
** You may be thinking why not just adjust the amount of air at the top of each
bottle until one sinks and the other floats – however this is a) not a fair test
and b) sharp-eyed children will spot the trick.

Objects float if the upthrust is greater than the weight, and sink if the weight is
greater than the upthrust.
Science Ordinary coke contains sugar, diet coke does not. The sugar in the coke bottle
increases the weight, so it weighs more than the diet coke bottle. The upthrust
on both bottles is the same.

Coca-Cola sometimes changes the recipe of one or the other. For example
reducing the amount of sugar in the coke subtly changes the point at which
they float and sink.
Going further than a description of forces, upthrust and weight, soon takes you
Extras
to some more advanced concepts: Density (mass per unit volume) requires an
understanding of mass, volume and division as well as some convincing
practical work to support the idea. Upthrust results from Archimedes Principle,
and this also requires an understanding of pressure in liquids.

Curriculum
Forces – Floating and Sinking.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Floating Fruit

Chunks of fruit & veg, float at different levels in a column of salt solution
Description
and water.

1 tall see-through tube, 1 litre water, 1 litre salt solution (50g salt per
litre of water), 1 litre salt solution (100g salt per litre of water), a
selection of fruit and veg chunks e.g. potato, tomato, kiwi. Choose fruit
Equipment and veg which will normally sink in plain water.
1 funnel and a tube long enough to reach the bottom of the cylinder.
(A cheap way to make the tubes is to cut the head off 2 litre plastic pop
bottles).

Health and Tall containers are easily knocked over, for that reason we tend to use
Safety plastic ones for pupils.

Start by pouring the plain water into the bottom of the cylinder, then
trickle in the 50g salt solution at the bottom of the cylinder using the
funnel and tube, then do the same for the 100g salt solution, until you
have roughly equal quantities of each solution in your tube. You end up
How to…
with water at the top, and the densest saline at the bottom. Add different
chunks of fruit & veg to the water and see where they finish up. Try not
to move or stir the column once you’ve set it up and when adding the
fruit & veg chunks.

The chunks of fruit & veg sink until they find the place in the column
where their weight is balanced by their upthrust. Saltwater is a denser
liquid than plain water, so the upthrust is greater in saltwater.
Science Many children often anticipate a larger chunk of potato sinking deeper
than a smaller one. Not so.
Since fruit and veg vary in moisture and mineral content you don’t
always get the same results.

This is a good one to set-up and leave for a number of days watching
Extras what happens as the temperature slowly changes, the fruit & veg
absorbs / loses water, and the salt and plain water slowly mix.

Curriculum
Forces – Floating and Sinking.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Fluorescent jellies

Description Make your own jelly that glows under ultraviolet light.

One packet of lemon jelly, tonic water (containing quinine),

Equipment suitable mould, one portable uv light (small battery powered ones
are fine, unless you have a disco style strip light handy)

We tend to use disposable utensils to manage food hygiene

Health and
issues. Handheld, battery operated uv lights emit a low overall
Safety
power.

Make the jelly as per packet instructions substituting tonic water

How to…
for the water in the recipe.

The quinine in the tonic water fluoresces under ultraviolet light.

The high energy ultraviolet light is absorbed and radiated back as
a blue colour. Using jellies other than yellow will cause some re-
Science absorption of the blue light. Yellow jellies produce the best glow
and red jellies re-absorb the most light. If you add some cocktail
cherries to the lemon jelly you get a nice blue glow with black bits
in the middle.

Needless to say the trick can be extended / repeated with any

Extras
cocktail using tonic water as a mixer.

Curriculum
Light and materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Fruit Batteries

Description Light up with oranges and lemons.

A couple of oranges and lemons, some strips of copper or a short length

of copper pipe, some galvanised nails, some wires – useful if they have
Equipment clips on, a low current LED – we currently use 3mm, super bright, red,
low current LEDs made by Kingbright and available from Rapid
Electronics, [Link]

Younger children will probably need assistance pushing the metals into
Health and
the fruit, alternatively you can use fruit juices or vinegar (much cheaper)
safety
– see Extras below.

Unless you’ve got a very acid lemon you’ll need two joined together, so
either lemon-lemon or orange-lemon would do, push the copper into one
end of the fruit and the nail into the other and join everything up:

How to…

Make sure the wire from the copper goes to the long leg of the LED
(called the anode, LEDs are a one way street they won’t light if you try
and push current the wrong way through)

The galvanised nail (the metal is zinc) fizzes slowly and reacts with the
acid juice in the lemon. This chemical reaction provides the energy that
pushes the electric charges around the circuit, the charge can flow
(electric current) if wires join up the two metals. With lemons and zinc
Science
nails you get about 0.8V and 10mA (milliamps) per lemon, adding a
second lemon gives you about double that, enough to make you LED
glow quite brightly. Using a metal more reactive than zinc e.g.
magnesium and you can light your LED with a single lemon.

Switch to trying other household food acids – Vinegar, carton fruit juices,
fizzy pop (works better once it’s flat), coffee. You’ll also notice that
Extras
changing the area of the metals (electrodes) in contact with the liquid
also makes a difference.

Curriculum
Materials / Electricity
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Hero’s Engine

The earliest recorded example of jet propulsion in history. Hero’s

Description
original design used steam.

Juice carton, 2 bendy straws, string, scissors, plastic jug, paddling pool
Equipment
and water.

Health and
Suitable for all ages. Things do get wet.
safety

Cut the top off the juice carton.

Poke some holes into the carton, 2 at the top
and 2 at the base, make sure the holes are
on opposite sides and make the holes a tight
fit for the straws.
How to…
We tend to use a drill for the holes if we need
to mass produce the cartons in advance.
For a longer lived engine you can stick the straws in with a glue gun.
Tie a length of string to the top. Working in pairs, pour a jug full of water
into the carton and hold the engine over the pool.

The pull of gravity forces the water out of the straws. The bend in the
straw pushes the water out horizontally. This creates an equal and
opposite force pushing the straw and carton the other way. This pair of
forces often gets called action and reaction and results from a science
Science principle called ‘conservation of momentum’. For primary pupils we
often refer to this effect as push-push, to describe the pair of forces in
action.
With both straws bent the same way (see sketch above) these forces
act together to make the carton spin.

There are many ways to extend this experiment into a longer project or
Extras
investigation. See the additional sheets.

Curriculum
Forces and Technology.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Hero’s Engine Project

Background Hero’s Engine makes a brilliant science / technology project or investigation.

It’s very easy to change its design and see the effect, and it lends itself readily
to ‘What if ….?’ questions that can be answered by the children themselves.

Ideas Collect together plenty of juice cartons of different sizes, and plastic pop bottles
especially those with long necks, so you have plenty of containers of different
shapes and sizes.

Start with the basic 2 straw engine…

What happens when the straws face the same / opposite ways?
What happens if the straws are longer / shorter?

Try 4 straws… add 2 more holes and 2 more straws to the base
…more water…more push…?

The challenge is to design and build the fastest spinning engine…

What happens with a larger / smaller juice carton?

What happens if the container is a different shape?

…the ideal container is a long-necked plastic pop bottle upside

down…why?....with the water reservoir being higher up, the water falls through
a greater height and leaves the straws at a higher speed…this in turn creates a
larger pushing force.

Try and design a Hero’s engine to spin continuously…

Can you provide a continuous water supply?

How can you prevent the string winding tight and stopping the engine?
(pop to the fishing tackle shop and get some swivels, we also find that wool
works better than string as it has more give).

Extras It’s handy to have a glue gun to fix the straws in the children’s final designs. I’d
recommend a cool melt gun, because it does not melt the straw plastic. Also
useful is a low power drill / borer so you can readily make regular holes in pop
bottles / cartons. We usually prepare the pop bottles / cartons in advance of the
project and pare the bottom / top off the bottle with a craft knife. This minimises
health and safety issues during any practical work.

[Link]
 A Brief History of Hero

ƒ Hero was an Ancient Greek. An

inventor, engineer and mathematician,
who lived in Alexandria, now in modern
day Egypt sometime between 10 and
80 AD.

ƒ Like all good Ancient Greeks he had a

beard. This image comes from a
translation of one of his works
published in 1688, by which time he
had already been dead for over 1500
years!

ƒ Hero (also called Heron of Alexandria) wrote extensively about the

engineering techniques and machinery in use at the time, as well
as inventing his own marvellous machines.

ƒ His book ‘Pneumatics’ describes the workings of 80 different

machines, all worked by water or steam. He also wrote and
researched extensively into mechanics, pulleys, levers, gears and
astronomy. Many of his original inventions have since been
recreated as test pieces.

ƒ Amongst many other machines was the first small steam engine,
‘Hero’s engine’, working on a jet propulsion principle. It was over
1500 years before anyone invented anything better.

ƒ Fortunately much of Hero’s work was further developed by the later

Arabic and Islamic cultures and their scientists and engineers were
generally scrupulous in crediting ideas back to their Ancient Greek
sources were appropriate. This makes it possible to trace the
ongoing influences of such work in today’s cultures.
 Experiment Cards: Hot Air Balloons

Description Make and test a model hot air balloon.

1 thin swing-bin liner, 1 small foil tray, sticky tape, thin copper wire,
Equipment
heat mat, dropper, methylated spirits, wooden tapers, lighter.

See the ‘How to make a model Hot Air Balloon’ sheet for details.
Health and
Testing them is generally demonstration only, and practice before
safety
demonstrating.

See the ‘How to make a model Hot Air Balloon’ sheet for details.
How to… We recommend lighting the meths with a wooden taper rather than
a match or lighter to avoid burning your fingers.

Hot air balloons float and sink in the air. The upthrust depends on
how hot the air is and how large the bag is. If the upthrust is
greater than the weight, then the balloon will take off.
In fact the forces vary continuously throughout the flight. The
Science
upthrust varies as the temperature of the hot air changes and the
weight reduces as the meths burns off. As the air cools, the
upthrust drops, and the balloon returns to earth as the weight is
now greater than the upthrust.

This makes a good challenge activity for a science club.

Experiment with different sized bags and foil trays. Get the
children to make them and then decorate with whiteboard markers.
In fact they are very similar to Chinese fire lanterns, popular at
Extras weddings and barbecues.
Outdoors it’s generally more successful if the balloon is re-
designed to use solid fuel tablets. These burn for longer, but bear
in mind that you will lose control of the balloon once it takes off into
the sky!

Curriculum
Forces - Floating and Sinking.
Areas

[Link]
How to make a model Hot Air Balloon

Thin, ‘value’ swing bin liner. If

the plastic is too thick then
the bag is too heavy and the
balloon won’t rise. If the bag
is too small it traps insufficient
hot air to create enough
upthrust.

4 evenly arranged copper

wires about 20cm long taped
to the bag. This wire needs to
be about 32swg – i.e. thin, it
can be stripped from old
cabling. Can also use light
string, but this may catch fire!

Foil tray from a nightlight

candle (best) or small tart
dish / ashtray with 0.5 to 1ml
meths in the tray. To fasten
the wires poke a small hole in
the rim of the tray with a
pencil, loop the wire through
and then twist it to fix.

Operation Health and Safety

1/. Design the balloon so that the foil tray is level.
2/. There should be a heat mat underneath when testing.
3/. Use 0.5 to 1.0ml of meths maximum, measured into the foil tray with a dropper.
With practice you’ll be able to gauge exactly the amount of meths to use so that the
fuel burns out just before it reaches the ceiling.
4/. Make sure the audience are a safe distance away, at least 2-3m from the
launching area, and do not let the balloon fly over the audience heads’.
5/. Do not stand underneath the balloon once launched.
6/. Always have a skyhook (pole with a big hook on the end) ready to re-capture the
balloon if necessary.
7/. Do not release the balloon in windy conditions, you’ll have better control if this is
done indoors.
8/. This may trigger twitchy fire detectors in the area of the demonstration.
9/. Have a fire extinguisher handy just in case.
Ballooning History
The basic idea behind hot air balloons has been around for a long time. Archimedes, one
of the greatest mathematicians in Ancient Greece, figured out the principle of buoyancy
more than 2,000 years ago, and may have conceived of flying machines lifted by the
force. In the 13th century, the English scientist Roger Bacon and the German philosopher
Albertus Magnus both proposed flying machines based on the principle but did not test
out their ideas

Nothing really got off the ground until the summer of 1783, when the Montgolfier brothers
sent a sheep, a duck and a chicken on an eight-minute flight over France. The two
brothers, Joseph and Etienne, worked for their family's famous paper company. As a side
project, they began experimenting with paper vessels lifted by heated air. Over the
course of a couple years, they developed a hot air balloon very similar in design to the
ones in use today. But instead of burning gas (propane), they powered their model by
burning straw, manure and other material in an attached fire pit, initially thinking that the
smoke was causing the upthrust (rather than the hot air).

A sheep, duck and chicken became the first balloon passengers on 19th Sept 1783, in the
Montgolfiers' first demonstration flight for King Louis XVI. The sheep was chosen
because at the time its respiratory system was believed to most closely match that of
humans. It is worth noting that the 1780s saw the first experiments to identify oxygen and
that little was known about the air and atmosphere at the time. Somewhat Ironically the
King suggested that a pair of criminals be used instead, he was of course guillotined
some 10 years later during the revolution. They all survived the trip, giving the onlookers
assurance that human beings could breath the atmosphere at the higher elevation. Two
months later, the Marquis Francois d'Arlandes, a major in the infantry, and Pilatre de
Rozier, a physics professor, became the first human beings to fly in a hot air balloon.

Hot air balloons as a means of transport soon gave way to gas balloons, which had
longer flight times and could be steered. Furthermore the death of Pilatre de Rozier in an
attempted flight over the English Channel contributed to their decline. He had built a new
balloon which included a smaller hydrogen balloon (yikes!) in addition to the hot air
balloon envelope. The fire ignited the hydrogen early in the flight, and the entire balloon
burst into flames.
 Experiment Cards: Jet Card

Description Mini-boats (triangles of card) zoom around a tray of water.

Equipment Bright coloured card, cotton buds, washing up liquid, tray, water.

Health and
Suitable for all ages.
Safety

Cut some small triangles of card (about 0.5 to 1cm across), put the
water into the tray and dip the cotton bud into a little washing up
liquid, touch the cotton bud to the base of your triangle, drop it into
How to… the middle of the tray and watch it zoom. After about 10-15
attempts the water becomes saturated with washing up liquid and
the boats are less effective. Empty the tray, refill with water and
repeat.

A simple observation would be that the washing up liquid pushes

the card triangle along.
The full explanation is more complex…
Across the water is a force called surface tension, think of it as a
stretched rubber sheet. The washing up liquid lowers the surface
tension behind the card triangle. The card is then pulled forwards
Science by the greater surface tension in front. As if someone had lifted up
the rubber sheet behind the card.
The washing up liquid itself consists of large molecules with a
water-loving (hydrophilic) and a water-hating (hydrophobic) end.
The water-loving end is attracted to and soluble in water. The
water-hating end is repelled by the water, but is also soluble in oils
and fats, accounting for its degreasing properties.

To do this as a demonstration - best done on top of an old OHP in

a glass dish.
Potential to extend in various ways…
Which card shapes work best?
Extras Does it work with other things? - try rice krispies.
Are all brands of washing up liquid as good?
Would it work with a real boat…?
Try it with a dispersing oil (e.g. olbas oil) instead of washing up
liquid.

Curriculum
Forces and Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Ketchup Diver

Description Homemade Cartesian diver.

Equipment Large pop bottle, ketchup sachet, paperclips, water.

Health and
No issues, suitable for children.
safety

Weight the ketchup sachet with paperclips so it just floats in water

you probably about 0.5 to 1cm of the sachet showing above the
How to… water line. Do this before putting it into the bottle! Fill the bottle to
the top with water, add the sachet and screw on the cap. Squeeze
the bottle to make the sachet sink and let go to make it float.

The ketchup sachet contains an air pocket, which gives it an

upthrust in the water. With the paper clips attached the upthrust is
just greater than the weight, so it floats. Squeezing the bottle
squashes the water, which squashes the sachet, which squashes
Science
the air pocket into a smaller volume. This reduces the upthrust and
the sachet sinks, because the weight is now greater than the
upthrust. For more information on floating and sinking look up
Archimedes Principle.

You may come across a few sachets with no air pockets at all,
what happens then?
Try adding more sachets with differing numbers of paper clips,
Extras
leave the bottle in a warm place and observe. This is then like a
Galilean thermometer – the ones with the coloured shapes going
up and down in the clear liquid.

Curriculum
Forces, floating and sinking.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Marshmallow Puff

Description Making marshmallows inflate in a vacu-tub.

Marshmallows, vacuum food container and pump (vacuvin brand

Equipment
works fine).

Health and
Suitable for all ages.
Safety

How to… Put the marshmallows in the tub and start pumping out the air.

Pumping out some of the air makes a partial vacuum in the tub
(removing all the air is beyond the ability of a humble vacuvin tub).
Marshmallows are full of tiny air pockets from which the air cannot
escape. The air inside the marshmallows pushes outwards with a
larger force then the air left in the tub pushes inwards. The
marshmallows swell up, until the forces balance.
Science
Put simply air pressure results from the billions and billions of
collisions the gas molecules make when colliding with surfaces. As
there is more air inside the marshmallow than outside there are
more collisions on the inside surface of the marshmallow than the
outside. This pushes the marshmallow outwards and makes it
swell up.

This experiment can be extended with other materials, see ‘The

Extras
Astronaut who Forgot his Spacesuit’.

Would fit in with a topic on forces and also illustrates simple ideas
Curriculum
about pressure when dealing with space, the atmosphere, or
Areas
weather.

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Mentos and Coke

Description Mentos mints are dropped into diet cola, creating a fizz fountain.

1 bottle of diet coke (‘proper’ diet coke goes the highest so do this
brand outdoors, other diet cola brands do not give the same fountain
Equipment
height), 1 pack of mentos mints, 1 mentos mint dispenser (see below to
make your own), paddling pool (if you’re doing it indoors).

Health and
Messy and sticky, otherwise no known hazards.
safety

You can make your own geyser tube with standard plastic waste piping,
21mm diameter is a great fit for a plastic pop bottle, chop off about 10 to
15cm and burr the end to go into the cola bottle, drill a hole across
How to…
close to this end and fit a split pin. Load up with half a pack of mentos
mints, push the tube into the neck of the freshly opened cola, pull out
the split pin and step back.

Mentos mints have a rough dimply surface that encourages bubbles of

carbon dioxide to form rapidly on them. They sink quickly to the bottom
of the bottle and the bubbles floating upwards cause even more
Science bubbles to form in a ‘chain reaction’ effect, this causes the eruption. In
particular diet coke and mentos have ingredients which seem to reduce
the surface tension in the liquid causing a bigger eruption, though this
part of the effect is not well understood.

Extend the investigation to test a wider variety of fizzy drinks, and for a
more controlled investigation drop a spoonful of sand / rock salt into a
Extras
glass each of different fizzy drinks, this will confirm that the rough
mentos mint surface is the key to the effect.

Curriculum
Changing Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Pass the Cholera

A game to demonstrate how easily diseases are transmitted in untreated

Description
water.

Plastic cups, pasta / rice / potato, water, plastic droppers, milk, iodine solution -
this can be purchased from chemists often called tincture of iodine, or brought
from a chemical supplier as a 1% solution, and then diluted down with tap
Equipment
water to make a 0.1% solution. At most you will need 100ml starch / iodine per
class of 30. If you’re going to be playing the game regularly then soluble starch
powder can also be purchased cheaply from a chemical supplier.

The iodine solution is diluted and antiseptic. At a concentration of 0.1%, it is

Health and
considered very low hazard - in chemical terms a concentration of less than
Safety
0.01M. Consult CLEAPSS Hazcards for more information.

Boil up the pasta until it is really, really soggy and the water in the pan is a
milky colour, this is the starch solution (you don’t need much – 50 to 100ml is
plenty). Pour out a little milk into the plastic cups about 50ml, and into 1 cup
put half milk and half starch solution. The milk hides the starch from the
participants. Introduce the game by explaining that one of the group has a
dose of cholera, but we don’t know who and we can’t tell just by looking. Have
How to…
the group walk around and when you call the swap they find a partner, mix the
milk in one cup and then separate it again into both cups. Each time they do
the swap they find a different partner. For a group of 30 you need to do about
4 or 5 milk swaps. They then test their milk by adding about 2ml of iodine
solution using a dropper into their cup. Be careful that participants do not
cross-contaminate by sharing droppers.

Iodine solution turns blue-black when it detects starch and even though the
starch solution is progressively diluted it still gives a strong colour change.
Those participants who are lucky enough to escape contamination will have
the iodine solution unchanged in colour (yellow-brown). With 4 changes you
have a maximum of 16 contaminated people and 5 changes 32, however you
Science
will also get contaminated people swapping with other contaminated people,
which reduces the amount of fresh infections. So for groups of 30 ‘ish’ I would
change 5 times and 20’ish’ 4 times.
Any leftover iodine solution will keep indefinitely and starch solution will keep
for several weeks before going off.

The game fits in well with work on water treatment and adds a historical angle
as it can easily be related to the work of Dr John Snow and the famous ‘1854
Extras Broad Street Cholera Outbreak’ in London. This can also be used to illustrate
how easily germs are spread when hands are not washed, or how readily
sexually transmitted diseases can spread.

Curriculum
Life Processes.
Areas

[Link]
Experiment Cards: Pass the Cholera

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Playing the spoons

Description Brighter and dimmer with spoons and saltwater.

1 plastic bowl/trough, light bulb and holder, buzzer, battery (would

Equipment recommend 6V lantern batteries for long life and durability), wires with
clips, salt and water, two metal tablespoons.

Some children will get a tingle in the fingers when touching both spoons
Health and and the saltwater, this is a small electric shock. The advantage of this is
safety that it leads nicely into the potential dangers of electricity in the home
and elsewhere.

Join everything up:

Bulb Buzzer
Battery

How to…

Pour in the salt water, 200g salt per litre of water, (2kg salt per 10 litre
bucket). Remember that typically buzzers are polar, they need to go the
right way around to work – red to positive side of the battery.

Moving the spoons closer together increases the flow of electricity

around the circuit and makes the bulb brighter and the buzzer louder, a
Science
kind of homemade dimmer switch. You can add other devices as well
e.g. a fan.

Leave the spoons in the saltwater for a while and you can notice some
interesting changes, one spoon will fizz and the saltwater will slowly
change colour. If you’re using steel spoons the water goes a
yellow/brown colour. The fizz is bubbles of oxygen and the colour change
is rust. It’s a good example to show electricity changing materials (called
Extras electrolysis). As the oxygen levels in the water drop the colour changes
to green/black, because there are two types of rust, ‘red rust’ and ‘black
rust’. The black rust gets made when there is insufficient oxygen
available (it’s bubbled away), you’ll have seen this before when someone
empties a radiator out. The ‘red rust’ and the ‘black rust’ are simply the
two types of iron oxide. (Chemical formulae Fe2O3 and FeO respectively)

Curriculum
Materials / Electricity
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Pop Rockets

Description Make plastic film canisters go pop by reacting different materials.

Plastic film canisters + lids, vinegar, water, bicarbonate of soda, baking

powder, health salts (e.g. alka seltzer), teaspoons, jugs. Plastic film canisters
Equipment
are getting harder to find, since most people now use digital cameras, but can
still be sourced by asking at traditional photography shops.

Vinegar, bicarbonate of soda etc. are standard food ingredients and whilst not
Health and
falling properly into the class of chemical irritants, they do sting if they get in
safety
the eyes.

About ½ fill a tub with vinegar and add ½ tsp of bicarbonate of soda. Have the
lid ready in the other hand and snap it on cleanly. Take a step or two back from
the table and wait. Depending on how tight the lid fits, the rocket will pop
shortly … or wait a little longer. Compare with vinegar and baking powder
How to…
(slower reaction, but just as good a pop) and water and alka seltzer (if you
don’t like smelling of vinegar). A key point to encourage is placing the tubs
upside down as well as the right way up to see which makes the ‘best rocket’.
Rinse the tubs out with water after each go, to avoid getting them clogged up.

Vinegar and bicarbonate of soda react to release carbon dioxide gas, which
causes the fizz.
The thrust generated by a rocket depends on two things a) How fast you can
push stuff out of the back and b) how heavy that stuff is.
Science
With the tub upside down both the lid and all the contents are pushed out of
the back, this generates more thrust than having just the lid pushed off by the
expanding gases. Even though the canister weighs more than the lid it still
makes a better rocket upside down.

If you can’t find film canisters or fancy a change try using the plastic capsules
Extras
from inside Kinder Eggs.

Curriculum
Forces.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Sherbet Dips

Description Make your own fizzy sherbet.

Icing sugar, bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid (or citric acid – but
Equipment it’s easier to find tartaric acid in the shops), sieves, spoons, bowls,
plastic cups, water, lollipops for dipping (optional).

Citric acid and bicarbonate of soda are both food ingredients, but
in pure powder form they are both mild irritants, so avoid eye
contact and avoid inhalation of the powder. Usual hygiene
Health and
procedures for food preparation should apply. If you are buying
Safety
citric acid for sherbet dips from a chemical supplier make sure it is
suitable for food use. For this reason you may well find that shop
bought tartaric acid is a better alternative.

Prior to the sherbet making mix some bicarbonate of soda and the
tartaric/citric acid together in a cup and react with water, pupils can
see them fizzing.
Quantities are not critical and can be varied to taste: To a ¼ cup of
How to…
icing sugar add 1 tsp of bicarbonate of soda and 1 tsp of
tartaric/citric acid. Sieve them well together – unless you like the
taste of bicarbonate of soda, pour them back into the cup, grab the
lolly and away you dip.

The tartaric / citric acid reacts with the bicarbonate of soda when
they come into contact with saliva in the mouth. The two
ingredients neutralise each other releasing bubbles of carbon
Science
dioxide, which is what causes the fizzing sensation. The icing
sugar takes no part in the reaction, but serves to make the
experience palatable.

Powdered food colourings can also be added to the sherbet mix,

e.g. red beetroot powder and spinach powder are natural
Extras
colourings that could be used. Turmeric also works, but the taste
takes some getting used to!

Curriculum
Changing Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Super Slime

Description Make a ‘self-siphoning’ liquid slime.

11g polyethylene oxide (relative molecular mass 4,000,000, this is hard to get
hold of – you could try your local secondary school science department - and
not that cheap about £80 per 250g. We buy it from chemical supplier - Sigma
Aldrich, but this quantity lasts us about 5 years!), 100ml isopropyl alcohol (also
Equipment
called propan-2-ol or just propanol, this can be purchased from an ordinary
chemist, they usually sell it at 70% strength and this works fine), 1 litre water,
food colouring (green seems to look best), 1 mixing bowl, 1 plastic 30cm ruler
(to use as a stirrer).

Health and Isopropyl alcohol is flammable and classed as an irritant. Handling

safety polyethylene oxide poses no risks and hazards.

Make it:
Mix the polyethylene oxide into the isopropyl alcohol and stir well until you get
a fine suspension, the polyethylene oxide does not dissolve.
Add the water to the bowl and the food colouring (as much or as little as you
like). Start stirring the water with the ruler and slowly poor the polyethylene
oxide into the water, it will thicken and gain a wallpaper paste like consistency.
Keep stirring steadily for another 5 mins, stir it now and again over the next few
hours and then leave it overnight covered with cling-film to allow the
How to… polyethylene oxide to fully hydrate. Pour it into a spare plastic pop bottle. It
keeps for months and the isopropyl alcohol also helps to prevent fungal
growth.
Use it:
Pour the slime into a transparent jug or beaker, gently start pouring it into a
bowl and then bring the jug back towards upright. The slime continues to
empty itself out of the jug. The slime can also be cut with a pair of scissors,
best done near the top. In our experience children need to watch it several
times before realising how bizarrely this slime behaves.

The polyethylene oxide and water forms up into long polymer chains, giant
molecules like long strands of spaghetti. It behaves like a siphon without a
Science tube. To understand this put a long chain in a jug and start pulling it out. Once
the weight of the chain outside the jug is greater than the length on the inside
of the jug, gravity does the rest.

Demonstrate some other siphons… Why does an ordinary liquid need a tube
Extras
to siphon?... Try siphoning fizzy pop, it won’t work, why not?

Curriculum
Changing Materials and Forces.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Upside Down Water 1

An upside down bottle of water with a card helping to hold

Description
the water inside.

Equipment One pop bottle and square of card.

Health and Suitable for all ages. Best done outdoors, or over a
Safety paddling pool.

Fill the bottle with water, put the card on top. Turn it upside
down holding the card in place. Then carefully take away
Tips
your hand. Don’t squeeze the bottle as you hold it upside
down.

The weight of the water – the downward pull of gravity on

the water – is balanced by the upward push of the air on
the card. As the bottle is turned upside down the card sags
a little under the weight of water. This makes a small
Science vacuum inside the bottle. The pressure inside the bottle is
less than the air pressure outside. This pressure difference
is what stops the water coming out of the bottle. The card
stops any air getting into the bottle, as long as there is a
good seal around the edge.

Extras Best done as the first in a sequence of 3 experiments.

 Experiment Cards: Upside Down Water 2

An upside down bottle of water with a net keeping the

Description
water inside.

One pop bottle and square of net, enough to cover the

Equipment
mouth of the bottle, rubber band.

Health and Suitable for all ages. Best done outdoors, or over a
Safety paddling pool.

Put the net on top and hold it in place with a rubber band.
Fill the bottle with water and put your hand over the top.
Tips
Turn it upside down and carefully slide away your hand.
Don’t squeeze the bottle as you hold it upside down.

The weight of the water – the downward pull of gravity on

the water – is balanced by the upward push of the air on
the water. As the bottle is turned upside down the water
sags through the net. This creates a small vacuum inside
the bottle. The pressure inside the bottle is less than the
air pressure outside. This pressure difference is what
stops the water coming out of the bottle. It is surface
Science
tension that creates the ‘skin’ keeping the water in the
bottle. Imagine each hole in the net having an invisible
rubber sheet stretched over it. As the water starts to sag
out of the hole, the rubber sheet stretches and tries to
force the water back into the bottle. The surface tension is
also sufficient to stop air bubbling into the bottle through
the holes in the net.

Extras Best done as the second in a sequence of 3 experiments.

 Experiment Cards: Upside Down Water 3

A challenge to float cocktail sticks into an upside down

Description
bottle of water.

One pop bottle and square of net, enough to cover the

Equipment
mouth of the bottle, rubber band, cocktail sticks.

Health and Suitable for all ages. Best done outdoors, or over a
Safety paddling pool.

Put the net on top of the bottle and hold it in place with the
rubber band. Fill the bottle with water and put your hand
over the top. Turn it upside down and carefully slide away
your hand. Don’t squeeze the bottle as you hold it upside
Tips down.
Push a cocktail stick into the bottle, then another and
another… see how many you can fit in. (Twist the stick
gently as you push it in, as this stops it snagging on the
net).

See cards 1 and 2 for an explanation of why the net keeps

the water in the bottle. The cocktail stick only breaks the
surface in one hole and it is wide enough to plug that hole
Science as it is pushed into the bottle. There is still enough surface
tension across the other holes to keep the water in the
bottle. As soon as the net is disturbed too much the
surface tension is reduced, and out comes the water.

Extras Best done as the third in a sequence of 3 experiments.

 Experiment Cards: Vinegar and Bicarb rocket

Description This scales up the pop rocket experiments.

One plastic drain pipe / wide cardboard tube about 1m long, pop bottle,
Equipment vinegar, bicarbonate of soda, stopper (21mm rubber bung fits best), tissue
paper, target (optional).

Vinegar, bicarbonate of soda etc. are all food ingredients and whilst not falling
properly into the class of chemical irritants, they do sting if they get in the eyes.
If the stopper is a tight fit then these rockets travel fast, so make sure any
spectators are a safe distance back. For the rocket firer suggest apron and
goggles. Worn out pop bottles will split not burst, which makes for an
Health and
entertaining mess, but is nonetheless safe…they usually split around the neck
safety
of the bottle so check this carefully before loading up! You can buy kits which
have an additional metal butterfly nut to further tighten the stopper into the
neck of the pop bottle. Whilst these will go further and faster you will need to
take extra care that no one gets struck by the butterfly nut zooming backwards
at high speed.

Quantities are not critical … ¼ fill the pop bottle with vinegar, check the
stopper gives a tight fit. Put a few teaspoons of bicarb onto the tissue and twist
it into a sausage. Slide it into the bottle, put in the stopper and shake well.
How to… Slide it into the tube and step back. These can be fired upwards or horizontally.
The advantage of firing them horizontally is that participants can clearly see
the mixture being pushed backwards as well as the consequent forward motion
of the rocket.

Vinegar and bicarbonate of soda react to release carbon dioxide gas, which
causes the fizz. The pressure in the bottle increases until the stopper is forced
out of the bottle along with the contents.
Science The thrust generated by a rocket depends on two things a) how fast you can
push stuff out of the back and b) how heavy that stuff is.
With a little experimentation you will soon arrive at the bottle, stopper and
quantities to give you an ideal rocket.

You can also try using washing up liquid bottles with a flip cap and see the
Extras
effect of having a smaller hole to push the mixture out of the back

Curriculum
Forces.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Water Rockets

Description A plastic pop bottle blasts off under pressure with water and air.

Pop bottle, cycle pump (or stirrup pump), water, safety barrier / some way of
keeping spectators a safe distance back, and if indoors, a paddling pool and
string to tether the rocket.
This can be bought as a kit, search the internet for the cheapest supplier, or
Equipment you can make your own using a cycle pump, needle adapter and bored
stopper. We use 21mm neoprene rubber stoppers, which give a perfect fit into
the neck of a standard pop bottle, and it’s a lot cheaper than buying a kit! You
can also use a wine cork wrapped with some plastic insulating tape to get a
tight fit.

Best to launch the rocket outside and keep spectators 3 metres away from the
launch pad. The main risk is the rocket launching in an unexpected direction,
which can happen if the person pumping suddenly yanks on the pump and
pulls the rocket over. To avoid this always keep control of the rocket, we do
this in 3 ways: 1/. By crouching next to the rocket and holding the pipe linking
Health and the pump and the rocket - this has the added benefit of getting you wet and
safety giving the audience a good laugh - or 2/. Use an angled launcher to force the
rocket in a particular direction, we use a cut down plastic drainpipe angled at
45o – or 3/. Use the spike and retaining ring that usually comes with the kit, if
you brought one.
We don’t recommend air compressors or tyre inflators! …preferring hand
pumps as it gives us more control…and keeps us fit!

About 1/3 fill the bottle with water, screw on the cap. Practice first with a 300ml
pop bottle as the 2litre ones take a lot of pumping.
If you have a helper with the cycle pump, younger children can find it gets a bit
How to… hard going as the air pressure builds up. Keep an eye on the rocket to check
you have air bubbles, as sometimes you can simply push water back and forth
between the pump and the rocket. You can tie string to the rocket to be sure of
retrieval and get an estimate of its altitude.

The thrust generated by a rocket depends on two things a) how fast you can
push stuff out of the back and b) how heavy that stuff is.
Compare the rocket with water and air, and with just air, if the stopper gets
Science
pushed out with the same force both times, the only difference is the water,
which is heavier than the air. Experiment with different volumes of water to see
which gives you the greatest thrust.

Afterwards work the pump to clear the water and squirt some WD40 into the
Extras
cycle pump to stop it from going rusty.

Curriculum
Forces.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Whoosh Bottle

An empty water bottle is filled with a small amount of meths and the
Description
mixture ignited to burn with a whoosh of flame.

Empty water bottle (they’re just less than 20 litres and the construction is
rugged which is important here), methylated spirits, measuring jug /
Equipment
cylinder, wooden tapers and matches / lighter. Heat resistant surface to
stand it on … metal table, tiles, heat mat etc.

If lighting a mix of meths vapour and air makes you nervous …this
experiment has become a science standard in both primary and
secondary schools and the experiment has been well covered by
CLEAPPS (they spell it Woosh). Goggles advised, and only use a taper /
Health and
other long lighter to light the bottle otherwise you’ll burn your fingers.
safety
Some other fuels such as ethanol and propanol can be substituted –
consult CLEAPPS for more details. After extended use the bottle can
become cracked and the plastic crazed – don’t use them in this
weakened condition.

Add about 40ml meths to the bottle and sluice it around thoroughly inside
the container. Invert the bottle and leave the meths to drain out for a
How to… couple of minutes. This will leave you with a few ml of meths and a
container of air saturated with meths vapour. Stand the bottle upright on
the table, light the taper and hold it over the neck of the bottle.

The air in the bottle is saturated with meths vapour and these conditions
are excellent for burning (combustion), i.e. the meths vapour is
surrounded by just the right amount of oxygen. As the mixture catches
Science fire, it heats rapidly and the gases expand, the burning gases are pushed
out of the bottle at high speed. It is the gases moving at high speed that
make the whooshing sound. The reaction is also quite temperature
sensitive, compare the result on a cold and warm day.

The reaction generates a small amount of thrust. Just how small can be
Extras seen by standing the bottle on a balance and zeroing the balance before
lighting the bottle. A reading of 100g would mean a thrust of 1N.

Curriculum
Forces, Changing Materials.
Areas

[Link]
 Experiment Cards: Rocket Project

Background Rockets makes for an excellent extended project around forces, space and
materials, and it’s hard to beat for fun and motivation. Here the content and
equipment aims it fairly and squarely at KS2, either in class, for a science club
or as demonstration stuff for an open evening.

Ideas Suggested staging of the practical work along these lines:

Activity Notes
Balloon and Balloon on Introduction … why does the balloon move?...
a wire how can we make it move in a straight line?...
demonstration of ‘action and reaction’ or ‘push-
push’…real rockets don’t fly on wires… how can
we make it move faster?
Air Rockets …give it a larger push … introduce the idea of air
resistance and streamlining …use a standard
stomp or pump rocket launcher to have the
children experiment with different shapes / fins /
nose cones to achieve the longest range / highest
altitude… but we can only push so hard with the
air pump so…
Air and Water Rockets … let’s throw something else out of the back…
(it’s a good time to show Hero’s engine if they
have never seen it before as it illustrates pushing
water out of the back very nicely)…this time try air
and water…experiment with different quantities of
water and see which gives the largest thrust …
combine the results of the work on streamlining
with the work on water rockets to make the ideal
rocket ‘high on thrust and low on air resistance’ …
Vinegar and Bicarb Pop …let’s look at other ways of getting the rocket
Rockets moving …investigate the reaction…try out the film
canisters … which way up gives the best rocket?
Water and Health Salts …if you don’t like smelling of vinegar … and you
and Kinder Grenades can’t find any film canisters…
Vinegar and Bicarb … let’s see if we can scale it up…
Rockets
Whoosh Bottle … real rockets don’t use vinegar and bicarb…

Extras See the individual experiment cards for further details.

[Link]