SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT

On
“A Study on still industry in India”
At
“Heavy Metal and Tubes India [Link] Unit - 3”
Submitted to
(Kalol institute of management - 725)
In partial fulfilment of the requirement of the
Award for the degree of
Masters of Business Administrations
(Semester III)
Under the guidance of
Faculty Guide
Assistant Professor. Kiran Nainani
Submitted By: - Harsh Parmar
Enrolment No: - 237250592076
MBA – SEMESTER III
Offered By
Gujarat Technological University
Ahmedabad
December
2024

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 DECLARATION
I, Harsh Parmar, hereby declare that the report for “Internship Project” entitled

Summer Internship Project on A Study on still industry in India is a result of

my own work and my indebtedness to other work publications, references, if
any, have been duly acknowledged.

Place: Ahmedabad
(Signature)
Name of student
Harsh Parmar
Date :

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 COMPANY CERTIFICATE

Page 3 of 60
 INSTITUTE CERTIFICATE

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Page 5 of 60
 PREFACE
Education can have fundamental understanding, but in order to succeed in
today's dynamic environment, one must be realistic. As one philosopher aptly
said, "If you don't have a strategic edge, don't play." This is also true here.
Everyone is actively looking for perfection at this time. That goes for MAM
students as well. Along with theoretical research, functional studies are very
relevant in an MAM programme. Case studies, industrial tours, and the
planning of numerous reports and presentations are examples of realistic studies
that offer management students real world experience.

A comprehensive project is one of the opportunities offered by Gujarat

Technical University as part of the MAM curriculum, and I've chosen the
subject "Summer Internship Project report”.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our pleasure to be indebted to varied folks, who directly or indirectly
contributed within the development of this work and who influenced our
thinking, behaviour, and acts during the course of study.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & classmates for
their kind cooperation and encouragement which help us in completion of this
project.
We are grateful to our report guide Prof. Ankita Tripathi for this aluable
guidance and constant encouragement, time throughout our project without their
support this report would are incomplete. We are also grateful to director of
Kalol institute of management for their support co-operation and motivation
provide to me guidance for constant inspiration, presence and blessing.

Our genuine sense of gratitude goes to GUJRAT TECHNOLOGICAN

UNIVERSITY that gave us to chance to brighten out academic qualification
that provided us the opportunity to have a practical knowledge of relevant field.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Total crude steel production in India has increased at a CAGR of 5.43 per cent
during FY12–18, with country’s output reaching 103.13 million tonnes per
annum (MTPA) in FY18. India surpassed Japan to become the world’s second
largest steel producer in 2018, with crude steel production of 106.50 million
tonnes, Moreover, capacity has increased to 137.98 million tonnes (MT) in
2017-18 while in the coming ten years the figure is anticipated to rise to 300
MT of steel. Second largest producer of crude steel Source: World Steel
Association, Ministry of Steel, Aranca Research India’s comparatively low per
capita steel consumption and expected growth in consumption due to growing
infrastructure construction, automobile and railways sectors has offered scope
for growth National Mineral Development Corporation is expected to increase
the iron ore production 75 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) until 2021
indicating new opportunities in the sector Domestic players’ investments in
expanding and upgrading manufacturing facilities are expected to reduce
reliance on imports. In addition, the entry of international players would provide
benefits in terms of capital resources, technical knowhow and more competitive
industry dynamics Note: MTPA – Million Tonnes Per Annum Strong growth
opportunities Rising domestic and international investments Steel.

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ADVANTAGE INDIA For updated information, please visit
[Link].orgSteel5 ADVANTAGE INDIA Demand would be supported by
growth in the domestic market Infrastructure, oil and gas and automotive would
drive the growth of the industry Lower per capita consumption compared to
international average India’s finished steel consumption is anticipated to
increase to 230 MT by 2030- 31^ from 90.68 MT in 2017-18 To achieve steel
capacity build-up of 300 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) by 2030, India
would need to invest US$ 156.08 billion by 2030-31. The industry is
witnessing consolidation of players which has led to investments by entities
from other sectors.

Table
Sr Particular Page No.
No.
Part – 1
Cover Page & Title Page
Student Declaration
Company Certificate
College Certificate
Preface
Acknowledgement
Executive Summary
Table of Content
Part - 2
1 Introduction
2 Industry Overview
3 Company Overview
4 Literature Review
5 Problem Statement
6 Introduction of the topic
7 Research Objectives
8 Research Methodology
9 Data Analysis
10 Findings
11 Suggestion

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 12 Conclusion
13 Bibliography
14 Annexure

Chapter 1

Introduction

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Introduction
steel industry the business of processing iron ore into steel, which in its simplest
form is an iron-carbon alloy, and in some cases, turning that metal into partially
finished products or recycling scrap metal into steel. The steel industry grew out
of the need for stronger and more easily produced metals. Technological
advances in steelmaking during the last half of the 19th cent. played a key role
in creating modern economies dependent on rails, automobiles, girders, bridges,
and a variety of other steel products.
Iron working can be traced as far back as 3,500 BC in Armenia. The Bessemer
process, created independently by Henry Bessemer in England and William
Kelly in the United States during the 1850s, allowed the mass production of
low-cost steel; the open-hearth process, first introduced in the United States in
1888, made it easier to use domestic iron ores. By the 1880s, the growing
demand for steel rails made the United States the world's largest producer. The
open-hearth process dominated the steel industry between 1910 and 1960, when
it converted to the basic-oxygen process, which produces steel faster, and the
electric-arc furnace process, which makes it easier to produce alloys such as
stainless steel and to recycle scrap steel.
After World War II, the U.S. steel industry faced increased competition from
Japanese and European producers, who rebuilt and modernized their industries.
Later, many Third World countries, such as Brazil, built their own steel
industries, and large U.S. steelmakers faced increased competition from smaller,

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nonunion mills (mini-mills) that recycle scrap steel. The U.S. produced about
half of the world's steel in 1945; in 1999 it was the second largest producer,
with 12% of the world market, behind China and ahead of Japan and Russia.
Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of
carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms
of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are
corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11% chromium.

History
India is on an upswing when speaking about the Steel Industry because of the
strong global and domestic demand. The rapid economic growth and
progressing demand by sectors like infrastructure, real estate and automobiles,
at home and abroad, has put Indian steel industry on the Global Map. The latest
report conveys that in International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), India is the
seventh largest steel producer in the world. The modern Indian steel industry's
origin was from way back in 1953 when a contract for the construction of an
integrated steelworks in Rourkela, Odisha was signed between the Indian
government and the German companies Fried Krupp und Damage AG.
Steel plantThe annual capacity of 500,000 tonnes was the initial plan, and then
later subsequently rose to 1 million tonnes. Presently the capacity of Rourkela
Steel Plant (RSP), which belongs to the SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.)
group, is about 2 million tonnes. The former USSR and a British consortium at
a very early stage also showed an interest in establishing a modern steel
industry in India. All these initiatives resulted in the Soviet-aided building of a
steel mill with a capacity of 1 million tonnes in Bhilai and the British-backed
construction in Durgapur of a foundry which also has a million tonne capacity.

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 Chapter- 2

Industry Overview

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Steel Brief introduction Steel

Indian steel industry organized it self as three categories such as main

producers, major producers and secondary producers. The main producers &
major producers have integrated steel making facility with plant capacities over
0.5 MT which utilize iron ore and coal/gas for production of steel. The major
producers are Tata Steel, SAIL, and RINL, while the other producers are
ESSAR, ISPAT and JVSL.
In 2005- April-December the production of the finished steel recorded a growth
of 4 % and reached 28.3 million tonnes. Indian steel industry ranks 10th in the
world's scenario. The industry today represents approximately Rs. 9,000 crore
of capital and provides direct employs more than 0.5 million people.
Steel Domestic and Export Share Steel
In India about 50% of the steel produced is exported. The industry export of
steel during April - December 2008 was 64.4 MT as against 9.7 MT in
December 2007. The export of steel in February 2009, increased by 17% to 12.6
MT from 10.8 MT in the same month the previous year.

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India exports more than 50% of steel to China. The major boost came to the
export of steel when Government took the decision to reduce export duty on
iron ore lumps from 15% to 5%.
Pollution Steel Highly polluted industries
The category for Indian Steel Industry is "Red" which represents highly
polluting industries; the classification helps common people to understand about
pollution as well as prioritization of plans and programmes of pollution control.
Steel Role of Steel Industry in Indian GDP-Consumption Steel.
Domestic consumption of steel in India has grown by 12.5% better than later
years.
In the year 2006-07 the domestic steel consumption was 41.14 million tonnes.
The average growth rate of the Indian Steel Industry is 11.36%
All over India the construction projects are major consumers of steel.
The per capita consumption of steel in India is 35kgs.
The largest steelmaker in the world Arcelor Mittal has plans of establishing two
Greenfield steel projects with capacity of 12 million tonnes annually, in India.
The largest steelmaker in the world Arcelor Mittal has plans of establishing two
Greenfield steel projects with capacity of 12 million tonnes annually, in India.
Acerinox SA is setting up a steel plant in India, one of the important stainless
steel manufacturers in collaboration with Nisshin Steel, Japan.
The Tata Steel has plans of expanding its capacity by the year 2015 & ranks 5th
in the world steel production.
India's biggest producer of steel SAIL has plans of increasing the production to
24.98 million tonnes annually.
China's Sinosteel Corp is planning to invest US$ 4 billion to set up a 5 million
tonnes capacity Greenfield steel plant.
Tata Steel has acquired Anglo-Dutch steel manufacturer, Corus.
The 1.63 billion US $ acquisition of Canada for The Algoma Steel by Essar
Global.
Weaknesses of Indian Steel Industry

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Though had progressed in its steelmaking considerably, however, nearly 6% of
India's crude steel is produced using the outdated open-hearth process.
India still has low labour productivity. The output at the biggest Indian steel
maker according to an estimate crude steel output is roughly 144 tonnes per
worker per year, whereas in Western Europe the figure is around 600 tonnes.
India has to gear up in the production of stainless steel, which is primarily
required by the plant and equipment, pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
Because of power shortages the Steel production in India is also hampered.
In raw materials requirement India is deficient. India's hard coal deposits are of
low quality.

Strengths of Indian Steel Industry

Low labour wage rates
Abundance of quality manpower
Mature production base
Positive stimuli from construction industry
Booming automobile industry

Latest developments Steel

In 2009 according to The Press Information Bureau, the government took a
number of fiscal and administrative steps to contain steel prices. Central value
added tax (CENVAT) on steel items was reduced from 14 per cent to 10 per
cent with effect from February 2009. India's per capita consumption of steel is
only 27kg per capita, which is far below the level of other developed and
developing countries - 472.4kg, 428.6kg and 128kg in USA, EU and China
respectively.

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The government for the Union Budget of 2010-11, has also allocated US$ 37.4
billion for infrastructure sector and has increased the allocation for road
transport by 13% to US$ 4.3 billion which would promote the steel industry.
The Indian steel industry has had humble beginnings. The acquisition of the
British steel giant Corus steel by Tata Steel and the acquisition of Arcelor by
Mittal Steel herald a new beginning for the Indian steel industry.
Steel All these are the evidences that the Indian steel industry has acquired a
global identity and is today extremely competitive globally. Today some of the
prominent steel producers are Tata Steel, Posco, Essar, Ispat, Sail and Rinl.
Indian steel industry contributes about 2% of gross domestic product, or about
USD 20 billion to the country's USD 1 trillion economy. India is known as the
5th largest producer of steel in the world, behind China, Japan, Russia and the
United States. It produced 55.1 million tonnes of the alloy in 2009, but is still
only a tenth the size of China, the No.1 steel producing country. The largest
producer of steel in India is State-run Steel Authority of India, with capacity of
13.8 million tonnes. Tata Steel, the world's No. 8 steelmaker, has capacity in
India of 7 million tonnes, while JSW Steel is third with annual capacity of about
6.9 million tonnes.
A report of research in India reveals that steel consumption in India is expected
to grow significantly in coming years as per capita finished steel consumption is
far less from its regional counterparts. During the year 2008, per capita finished
steel consumption was estimated to have a volume of around 44 Kg, which
represents tremendous growth potential for coming years.
"Indian Steel Industry Outlook to 2012" is an outcome of an extensive research
and conceptual analysis of the steel industry in India. The detailed information
is provided by the forces which have led to the industry towards remarkable
developments in the past few years. The report emphasizes an insight into the
future outlook of various vertical industry segments, including automotive,
aerospace, marine, consumer durables, power, railways, telecom and housing.
This report has classified the finished steel product market into two categories -
alloy and non-alloy. It covers the information on overall steel consumption
industry-wise steel demand, production and trading market.

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List of Top Steel Manufacturers in India
Here are the Top steel companies of India in the steel industry in
India. The Rank list is based on sales in the year 2019.

1. Tata Steel Ltd

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Tata Steel was established in India as Asia’s first integrated private steel
company in 1907 Owned by Tata Group. The companies crude steel capacity
across Indian operations is nearly 19 Mn TPA. Tata Steel is the second-largest
steel producer in Europe with a crude steel production capacity of over 12.1 Mn
TPA. It is the Largest steel companies of India
Total Sales: Rs 1,60,769 Cr.
Total Capacity: 34 Mn TPA.
Capacity in India: 19.4 Mn TPA
Capacity Overseas: 14.6 Mn TPA

2. JSW Steel Ltd

JSW Steel is a flagship company of the JSW Group and the second-largest steel
companies of India. The Company has a steel making capacity of 18 Mn TPA.
Ranked 7 the amongst Top 34 World Class Steelmakers by World Steel
Dynamics. It has a large scale presence in both India and international.

3. Steel Authority of India Ltd

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Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is a Government steel-making
company in India and one of the seven Maharatna’s of the country’s Central
Public Sector Enterprises. It is the Top Government steel companies in India.
The company is third in the list of top 10 steel companies in India based on the
revenue.

4. Essar Steel India Ltd

Essar Steel is known for its high quality of flat steel products. The company
focuses on high value-added grade steels and has developed over 300 grades of
flat steel for different applications. Essar Steel is a 10 MTPA integrated steel
producer.

5. Jindal Steel & Power Ltd

Jindal Steel & Power Limited (JSPL), a part of the USD 22 billion diversified
O. P. Jindal Group, is a leading Indian Steel manufacturer and Power producer.

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The company is fifth in the list of top 10 steel companies in India based on
turnover.
6. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL)

Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP) is a 7.3 MTPA plant. It was commissioned in

1992 with a capacity of 3.0 MTPA of liquid steel. The company subsequently
completed its capacity expansion to 6.3 MTPA in April 2015 and to 7.3 MTPA
in December 2017. RINL is one of the major players in the country for Long
Products.

7. Electrosteel Steel Ltd

As the pioneer of introducing Ductile Iron Pipes in India, the Electrosteel Group
has established itself as an international brand that values commitment to
excellence. Electrosteel Steel is one of the best steel manufacturing companies
in India.

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8. Jindal Stainless Ltd

Jindal Stainless Limited (JSL) is one of the largest integrated manufacturers of

stainless steel in India. The Odisha plant has world-class technology and
equipment sourced from Siemens VAI, SMS Siemag and Andritz Sundwig and
the complex, equipped with a Ferro Alloys set up and captive power generation
unit, the plant is capable of producing a unique and wide range of products both
in terms of grades and dimensions.

9. Jindal Stainless (Hisar) Ltd

Jindal Stainless (Hisar) Limited (JSHL) has a fully integrated stainless steel
plant with a capacity of 0.8 MTPA. It is also the world’s largest producer of
stainless steel strips for razor blades and India’s largest producer of coin blanks,
serving the needs of India and international mints.

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 Chapter: 3

Company Overview

Heavy Mental Tubes HFS Unit has been commenced and commissioned with state-of-the-art
manufacturing process of Cross Roll Piercing, Accuse Rolling, SRM technology in Dec 2011
and produces various Carbon & Alloy Steel Grades of Seamless Tubular products. Cross Roll
Piercing process begins with piercing of a hot round bar cut piece on the piercer, followed by

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Accuse Roll for precision dimensional control of intermediate product, hollow cylindrical
shell. Finally, the dimensions are controlled within specified variations on the Stretch
Reducing Mill (SRM). This process minimizes longitudinal and transverse defects in pipes
and tubes. It also ensures better control our wall thickness variations as compared to other
manufacturing process.

HMTL manufactures a variety of OCTG products such as Casings, Tubing, PUP Joints,
Coupling Stock, finished coupling (API) and specialized tubes for various mechanical
applications in Boilers and Boiler components, Economizers, Heat Exchangers and pipes
used for cryogenic applications. These items can be customized to the requirement of
individual customers in term of heat treatment and end finishes.

HMTL has introduced Pilger Mill with annual production capacity of 12000MT p.a. to
manufacture mechanical, hydraulic, boiler tubes, etc. This multistep forming process
guarantees high quality seamless tubes. This process greatly improves materials grain
structure & due to multi step reduction process from larger diameter of pre-existing tube into
smaller diameter tube yields excellent outside & inside surface and closed eccentricity quality
tubes.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Total Quality Management is the key to HMTL’S phenomenal success. All the stages of
manufacturing are tentatively planned, closely monitored, and professionally executed
involving QC INSPECTION & TESTING PARAMETERS by our qualified, experienced&
skilled QC personnel with ETHOS of NO COMPROMISE WITH QUALITY STANDARD.

The company gives immense importance to high ethical values in business & believes in
healthy long term with customers, suppliers& vendors. On time, anytime& every time,
consistent delivery of good quality products is now taken as guarantee from HMTL by its
customer. Ensuring 100% customer satisfaction is always at the heart of everything that
company does and nothing less will be accepted by the Management.

Our Vision

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Our vision is to offer our customers with innovative solutions, by means of quality products
for their varying needs. To offer excellent quality steel products in varied sizes and types to
most of the markets around the world within the predetermined time frame.

Our Mission

We regularly upgrade our technology to meet the ever-changing requirements of our

customers. We are determined to improve productivity and focus continuously on innovation
and up-gradation of our products & services. Our mission is to provide the leadership that
will transfer tomorrow.

Human Resource (HR)

The Human Resource at Heavy Metal & Tubes Ltd., is a well-organized and self-motivated
team of Engineers and Techno savvy professionals. A self-regulating HR Department takes
care of all the benefits and amenities to be provided to all team members.

The Human Resource Development Department is committed to support the HMTL mission
of providing excellence in the company. It addresses employee issues and concerns. Some of
these issues include recruitment, benefits, time keeping, payroll, recreational activity,
interpersonal relations, training & development.

All the members are provided with reimbursements well ahead of industry standards,
Provident Funds, Conveyances, Canteen facility, Clean and healthy working environment,
Sports and cultural activities etc.

Our Values
 Respect for everyone's dignity.
 Fair and equitable treatment to all individuals.
 Highest standards of personal integrity and trustworthiness.
 Participation and effective teamwork.
 Honest and sensitive communication.
 Learning growth and development.

Directors

1. Dhaval Keharchand Jain - 01 April 2004

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 2. Nikhil Keherchand Jain - 01 July 2004
3. Hitesh Keharchand Jain - 01 July 2004
4. Moolsingh Bhilsingh Parmar - 17 August 2007
5. Nikhil Keherchand Jain KMP - 31 August 2015

Company Profile
Name – Heavy metal and tubes india [Link]

Address - HES Plant- Unit 3: 193/211, Mandali.

Ta – Mandali

Dist. – Mehsana

Telephone – +91(2764) 260143/240144

Head Office - 201-Ashwarath Complex, Opp Hotel Fortune Landmark, Ashram Rd,
Ahmedabad-380013. Gujarat INDIA.

Email – info@[Link]

Type of Industry – Steel Industry

Type of Company – Private

Company Location - HES Plant- Unit 3: 193/211, Mandali. Ahmedabad-Mehsana Highway.

Dist. Mehsana-382732.

Product Profile
1. Cold Pilgering

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 2. API5CT

3. Coupling

4. AP12L

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 Chapter: 4

Literature Review

1) A study on performance and prospect of Indian steel industry from

national perspective under globalization Shrabanti
PAL Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, J.D. Birla Institute, West
Bengal, India

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Abstract: -
The performance of Indian steel industry registered an impressive growth over
the recent few years. The industry got all the essential ingredients required for
dynamic growth like strong domestic demand, infrastructural development,
demand from automotive sector, etc. Industrial reform also extended its help for
development of the industry. Indian steel industry was contributing around 2
percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its weight in the Index of
Industrial Production (IIP) is 6.2 percent. With an impressive track record India
became a reputed name in the world steel industry. Even during the tough times
of recession, the industry was succeeded of recoding the positive growth rate.
Global giants from all over the world has shown their interest in the industry
because of its phenomenal performance. The present study was an attempt to
examine the performance of the industry in terms of production, consumption
and foreign trade and to exhibit the trend of the industry for a period of twenty
years since 1991-92 to 2010-11.
KEYWORDS: Indian Steel Industry, Performance of Indian Steel Industry,
Trend of Indian Steel Industry, Growth of Steel Industry in India
2) Burange and Yamini (2008)
focused on the performance of Indian iron and steel industry and
competitiveness of the firms during the 1971-2008. The study is based on
secondary data and the data has been taken from annual report of SAIL and
commercial and industrial department. the study implemented for the
presentation of data which include the use of tables and CAGR methods. In the
study the researcher has used variable such as- production, export and import
etc. and found that the production of iron is increased continuous after
independent of India.
3)Global and domestic steel (2017)
analyzed on the pressing issues and way ahead during the 1976-2015. The study
is based on secondary data and the data has been taken from annual report of
world steel association and ministry of steel. The study implemented for the
presentation of data which include the use of table’s growth rate and CAGR
methods. In the study the researcher has used variable such as- production,
export and import etc. and found that the production of iron and steel is
increased continuous after independent of India and world developed
[Link] steel industry (2009), focused on the Prepared for the
Competition Commission of India during the 2002-2007. The study is based on

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secondary data and the data has been taken from annual report of CARE steel
industry report and India statically report.
4)The performance of iron and steel industries in India
Sunil Saini, Assistant Professor, RBS Degree College
Abstract: The paper examines the performance of Indian iron and steel industry
in terms of primary indicators such as production and foreign trade. Steel and
iron industries have been playing a vital role national industries growth story. It
also studies growth in iron and steel export and import. Steel is a particular kind
of iron that is approximately one per cent carbon, with the carbon content
spread throughout the metal evenly. Steel is harder than iron and does not rust
as easily. The steel industry is often considered to be an indicator of economic
progress, because of the critical role played by steel in infrastructural and
overall economic development, with the main demand creators being the
automobile, construction, infrastructure and oil and gas Industries. That is why
iron making was by far the bigger industry in America until the late nineteenth
century.
Keywords:- export, import, production and growth rate.
5) impact and analysis of steel export with its implicit in forex management
Author: Yamuna rani
Abstract: - Steel industry was in the vanguard in the liberalization of the
industrial Sector and has made rapid strides since then. The new Greenfield
plants represent the latest in technology. Steel was discovered by the Chinese
under the reign of Han dynasty in 202 BC till 220 AD. Prior to steel, iron was a
very popular metal and it was used all over the globe. Even the time period of
around 2 to 3 thousand years before Christ is termed as Iron Age as iron was
vastly used in that period in each and every part of life. pay-out ratio, turnover
ratio etc were used for financial analysis. Finally, the study revealed that despite
of the price drops in various products, the company has been able to maintain
and grow its market share contributing to the strong financial position of the
bank.
Keywords: Industrial sector, technology, financial bank

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 Chapter: 5

Problem Statement

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  Capital: -
Iron and steel industry require large capital investment which a developing
country like India cannot afford. Many of the public sector integrated steel
plants have been established with the help of foreign aid.
 Lack of Technology:
Throughout the 1960s and up to the oil crisis in mid-1970s, Indian steel industry
was characterised by a high degree of technological efficiency. This technology
was mainly from abroad. But during the following two decades after the oil
crisis, steep hike in energy costs and escalation of costs of other inputs, reduced
the margin of profit of the steel plants.
This resulted in lower levels of investment in technological developments.
Consequently, the industry lost its technology edge and is now way behind the
advanced countries in this regard. Material value productivity in India is still
very low.
 Low potential utilisation:
The potential utilisation in iron and steel is very low. Rarely the potential
utilisation exceeds 80 per cent. For example, Durgapur steel plant utilises only
50 per cent of its potential. This is caused by several factors, like strikes,
lockouts, scarcity of raw materials, energy crisis, inefficient administration, etc.
4. Heavy demand:
Even at low per capita consumption rate, demand for iron and steel is increasing
with each passing day and large quantities of iron and steel are to be imported
for meeting the demands. Production has to be increased to save precious
foreign exchange.
5. Shortage of metallurgical coal:
Although India has huge deposits of high-grade iron ore, her coal reserves,
especially high-grade cooking coal for smelting iron are limited. Many steel
plants are forced to import metallurgical coal. For example, steel plant at
Vishakhapatnam has to import coal from Australia. Serious thought is now
being given to replace imported coal by natural gas from Krishna-Godavari
basin.

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 6. Inferior quality of products:
Lack of modern technological and capital inputs and weak infrastructural
facilities leads to a process of steel making which is more time consuming,
expensive and yields inferior variety of goods. Such a situation forces us to
import better quality steel from abroad. Thus there is urgent need to improve the
situation and take the country out of desperate position.

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 Chapter: 6

Introduction of the topic

Steel Industry, the business of processing iron ore into steel, which in its
simplest form is an iron-carbon alloy, and in some cases, turning that metal into

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partially finished products or recycling scrap metal into steel. The steel industry
grew out of the need for stronger and more easily produced metals.
Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of
carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other
forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels
that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11%
chromium.

The Four Types of Steel

Steel is a combination of two elements, iron and carbon. Steel are broken is
broken into four types and then in those types steel is broken down into grades.
There are four main types of steel, Carbon Steels, Alloy Steels, Stainless Steels,
Tool Steels. Each different type of steels has unique characteristics which lead it
to being used in it’s respected fields.

1)Carbon Steels
Carbon steels are the most common types of steel accounting for around 90% of
steel production. Carbon steel typically contains up to 2% of carbon. Carbon
steel is broken into three main sub categories, low carbon steel, also known as

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mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. The term carbon steel
can also be used as a catch call term for steel that isn’t stainless steel.

2)Alloy Steels
Alloy Steels use different types of elements to influence the characteristics of
the metal. Common elements are chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum,
vanadium, and aluminum. These elements are used to change the ductility,
strength, machinability, and it’s corrosion resistance. Alloy steels can have up to
50% of it’s weight consit

3)Stainless Steels
Stainless steel is the go to steel for applications with corrosives. Stainless steel
has to include chromium, usually around 11-12%. To be classified as stainless
steel it has to have a minimum of 10.5% chromium content. Stainless steel is
easily identified by it’s sheen and is commonly used in the food, medical, hard
and architectural industries.

4)Tool Steels
Tool steels are commonly used in cutting and drilling equipment due to the
higher heat resistance and hardness they get from the alloys they have in them.
Tool steels commonly contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium.
There are 6 grades of tooling steel, air-hardening, water-hardening, D-type, hot-
working, shock-resisting types, and oil hardening.

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 Chapter: 7

Research Objectives

The purpose is to discover answer to question through the application of

scientific procedure. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which is not discovered yet. The objectives of research are as under.

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The principal objective of training and development division is to make sure the
availability of skilled and willing workforce to an organization in addition to
that, there are three other objectives: Individual, organisational, and Functional.

Individual Objectives:

Help employees in achieving their personal goals, which in turn,

enhance the individual contribution to an organization.

Organisational Objectives:

Assist the organization with its primary objective by bringing individual

effectiveness.

Functional Objectives:
Maintain the department’s contribution at the level suitable to the organization’s
needs.

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 Chapter: 8

Research Methodology

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Research accommodates of two phrases, “Re” and “Search”. While “Re”
implies a repetitive or iterative manner, “seek” denotes making a thorough exam
of or searching over carefully so that you can discover something. Different
researchers have described research in various approaches because of its wide
scope. But in preferred, studies can be described as a scientific method in which
new facts, ideas, and theories are set up and or proved in exceptional areas of
expertise. Research pursuits at adding to the present stock of information for the
betterment of worldwide.

“Research is a scientific pastime directed in the direction of discovery and the

improvement of an organised body of understanding”.

Research can be accomplished using numerous techniques and techniques

which are collectively known as as “Research strategies” Research technique”
may be defined as the clinical system to remedy various problems associated to
investigate.

Title of the study

There is the specific title for any research activity. So our title of the research is
“A study Analyzing consumer Buying Behaviour”

Research type
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  Study of scale formation and descaling behaviour of the steel
manufactured at
VSP
 Study of requirements of effective slag splashing at converter
 3. Quantitative determination of proeutectoid phases in high carbon
wire rods
 Development of new value added products.
 Design & development of new technologies & production processes.
 Utilisation of waste materials.
Design
The research design selected here is simple descriptive research methodology.
Sample size
The sample size taken here is of 50 employees.
Sources of data

(1) Primary data

Primary data is the data that is collected for the first time and that is
original in nature. We have collected the primary data through the
questionnaire.
(2) Secondary data

We have the secondary data from the internet, journals, and old projects.

Data collection method

There are mainly two methods of primary data collection survey
method and observation method. We have used survey technique for
data collection in our research.
Limitations of the study

High cost and limited availability of coking coal.

Lower productivity of labour.
Irregular supply of energy has been a continuing challenge for the industry.

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Lower productivity of labour and poor infrastructure also remain a hindrance in
many cases.
Small investments in R&D.
Few customer-oriented business plans

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 Chapter: 9

Data Analysis

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 Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that how many people are
know about steel.
The study found that 50 % people know about steel and 50 % other.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that the type of steel.
The study found 30 % people are know about stainless steel, 22% carbide steel,
22% jigh- speed steel and 26% cobalt steel.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that the what are the
difference shapes or forms does steel are prepared.
The study found that 26% platesand tubes, 22% strip and profile, 18% Ralls,
16% rods and 18% wire and bar.
From above the data concluded that mostly people know about strip and profile.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that what are the types of
stainless steel.
The study found that 46 % people know that martensitic stainless steel, 30
%martensitic Austentic and 24% ferrtic.
From above the data concluded that mostly people know about martensitic
stainless steel.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that what are the types of
machinery do you use.
The study found that 30% people are manual use, 30% automated and 40%
both.
From above the data concluded that both types of machinery use.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that do you have foreign
technical expertise or not.
The study found that 56% people have foreign technical expertise and 44 %
other.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to from which sources do you recruit
employees.
The study found that 48% are external sources and 52% are internal sources
recruit employee.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is there training facilities for newly
recruited employees.
The study found that 52% is there training facilities and 48 % is there no
training facilities for newly recruited employees.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is the know that how many production
plants have you.
The study found that 26 % is 1 production plants, 22% is 2 20% is 3
production plant, 18% is 4 and 16 % are known that 5 production plants have
you.
From the above data concluded that mostly people are know that only 1
production plant you have.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to what are the main challenges does
steel industry is facing now.
The study found that 20% overcapacity, 35% are high raw material cost, 25%
price volatility and 20 % other.

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Interpretation:

The main objective behind this question is to know that what are the factors that
matter for choosing stainless steel.
The study found that the 25 % are temperature of the operation, 16 % how
corrosive is the surrounding, 29% types of welding carried out, 30% cost and
availability, 15% what types of strength is required and 14 % are costing.
form the above data concluded that mostly cost and availability factors that
matter for choosing stainless steel

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 Chapter- 10
Findings

Many people know about steel industry.

In steel industry many types of steel found that 30% people are known about
stainless steel, 22 % are carbide steel, 22% jigh- speed steel and 26 % are cobalt
steel in steel types.
Mostly people know about stainless steel.
In stainless steel 46% people know that martensitic stainless steel.
The study found that 56% people have foreign technical expertise.
Mostly internal sources recruit employees in steel company.
The study found that 52% is there training facilities for newly recruited
employees.
The main objective behind this question is to what are the main challenges does
steel industry is facing now so more than 35 % high raw materials cost and 25%
price volatility in challenging steel industry.
More than factors are affected in steel industry like temperature of the
operation, how corrosive is the surrounding, types of welding carried out, cost
availability, what types 3 strength is required and costing.
All consumers are Know about the steel.
Construction industry is the largest consumer, accounting for approximately
50% of total world steel consumption.
Transport sector (car, trucks, aviation, shipbuilding, and rail) is the second.
The machinery industry and metal products industry each consumer around
14% of the world's steel.

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 Suggestions

Extend quality control orders on more steel products and introduce an effective
monitoring mechanism to ensure standards.
Increase value-addition norms in policy for preference to domestically-
manufactured iron and steel products for Government procurement.

• Improvement in techniques
• Diversification
• Arrangement of best quality coal
• Use of full capacity
• Efficient management of public sector enterprises
• Development of small factories
• Solution of labour problem

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 Conclusion

• The India steel industry is among the upcoming industries of the world.
• The rate of production of steel in India has been going up at a steady rate in
the last few years.
• In the recent times a lot of foreign direct investment is being made is the
Indian steel industry.
• Steel is the material of choice for many elements of manufacturing,
construction, transportation, and various consumer products.
• Traditionally valued for its strength, steel has also become the most recycled
m material.
• Steel is the world’s most important engineering and construction material.

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 BIOLIOGRAPHY
[Link]
[Link]
economy/business/steel-industry
[Link]
sciences/steel-industry

Page 58 of 60
 Annexure

1. Name: _____________________________

2. Gender:

a. Male
b. emal

3. Age: _________

4. Education Lavel:

a. School
b. Graduate
c. Post Graduate
d. 12th Grade

a. About Steel Industry

b. Do you know about steel?
i. Yes
ii. No
2. What are the types of steel?.
a. Stainless steel
b. Carbide steel
c. Hing – speed steel
d. Cobalt steel
3. What are the difference shapes or forms does steel are prepared?
a. Plates and tubes
b. Strip and profile
c. Rails
d. Rood
e. Wire and bar
4. What are the types of stainless steel?
a. Ferritic
b. Austenitic

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 c. Martensitic

5. What types of machinery do you use?

a. Manual
b. Both
c. Automated
6. Do you have foreign technical expertise?
a. Yes
b. No
7. From which source do you recruit employees?
a. External source
b. Internal source
8. Is there training facilities for newly recruited employees ?
a. Yes
b. No
9. How many production plants have you?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
10. What are the main challenges does steel industry is facing now?
a. Overcapacity
b. High raw material cost
c. Price volatility
[Link] are the factors that matter for choosing stainless steel?
a. Temperature of the opretion
b. How corrosive is the surrounding
c. Type of welding carried
d. Cost and availability
e. What type of strength is required
f. Costing

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