Diploma Courses

Conducted by Directorate of Medical Education,

Medical College PO, Thiruvananthapuram DIPLOMA IN RADIODIAGNOSIS
AND RADIOTHERAPY TECHNOLOGY (DRRT)
Course Code:
1. COURSE CONTENTS
1.1 Title of the course DIPLOMA IN RADIODIAGNOSIS AND RADIOTHERAPY
TECHNOLOGY (DRRT)
1.2 Aim of the course Radiodiagnosis and Radiotherapy are fast
developing branches of medicine and these
departments require well trained medical imaging
technologists/Radiographers/Radiotherapy
technologists for their efficient functioning with
adequate knowledge in radiation safety.
1.3 Objective of the To teach and train students in Radiodiagnosis and
Course Radiotherapy technology with adequate knowledge
in Radiation safety
1.4 Medium of instruction English
1.5 Duration The duration of the course shall be 3 years. The
course shall be conducted under the department of
Radio diagnosis and Radiotherapy. There shall be
theory classes along with practical training and
resident duty during the course.
1.6 Academic eligibility A pass in the Higher Secondary Examination of the
Board of Higher Secondary Education of Kerala or
equivalent examinations conducted by any board in
India recognized by any of Universities in Kerala with
Physics, Chemistry and Biology as optional subjects
and a minimum of 50% marks of these subjects put
together.
1.7 Nationality Indian citizen of Kerala origin is eligible for admission.
1.8 The Candidate should be in the age group of 17-25
years. 5 years relaxation in the upper age limit for
SC/ ST candidates is allowable.
1.9 Strength/batch 30 students per batch
1.10 Reservation As per existing Government guidelines
1.11 Admission Selection to the course shall be made by the Director
requirement of Medical Education. Selection will be made on merit
basis, based on the marks obtained in the qualifying
examination and as per the Government guidelines on
reservation. Selection to the management quota in
the self-financing institution where the DRRT Course
is granted and approved by the Government of
Kerala, shall be made by the respective management
with transparency.
1.12 Subjects of study
1.12.1 First Year (PART-1)
Paper-I General & Radiation Physics
Paper-II Anatomy
Paper-III Physiology & Pathology
 1.12.2 Second year (PART-II)
Paper-I Physics of Medical Imaging & Radiotherapy
Paper-II Radiography Techniques
Paper-III Basics of Radiotherapy
1.12.3 Third year (PART-III)
Paper-I Radiation Safety in Radiodiagnosis & Radiotherapy
Paper-II Advanced Medical Imaging Technology
Paper-III Advanced Radiotherapy
2. DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS
Part-1: Paper-1 Part-1: Paper-III
Part-1: Paper-II
General & Radiation Physics Physiology & Pathology
Anatomy-130 Hrs
150 Hrs. 260 Hrs
A General Physics Hrs Anatomy Hrs Physiology Hrs
Mathematics, Units
1 3 General Anatomy 10 General Physiology 15
and Dimensions
Regional & Imaging
2 Magnetism 5 15 Physiology of CNS 10
Anatomy
Central Nervous
3 Electrostatics 5 10 Physiology of CVS 10
system
Cardiovascular Physiology of
4 Current Electricity 5 10 10
System Respiratory System
Electromagnetic Skeletal System Physiology of Muscular
5 5 20 15
Induction (Osteology) skeletal system
Physiology of
6 Alternating Current 6 15
Gastrointestinal Tract
Physiology of
7 Transformers 6 15
Genitourinary system
Measuring Physiology of
8 6 10
Instruments Reproductive System
9 Electronics 6 Endocrinology 10
10 Modern Physics 12 Physiologic Laboratory 20
Electromagnetic
11 6
Radiation
12 Radioactivity 10
TOTAL 75 65 130
B Radiation Physics Anatomy Pathology
1 X -Ray Production 15 Respiratory System 10 Introduction 4
X-ray Generator Gastrointestinal Cell injury, cell death,
2 15 10 10
Circuits System Adaptation
Genitourinary Inflammation and
3 X- ray sspectrum 10 10 10
system Repair
Interaction of Circulatory
4 10 Endocrine system 5 10
Radiation with matter Disturbances
Radiographic
Charge Particle
5 5 Anatomy and 30 Immunology 8
interaction
Laboratory
Neoplasia (Including
Quantities and Units
6 5 malignancies of bone, 25
of Radiation
lung, brain, FGS, skin)
 Radiation Detection Environmental and
7 15 8
and Measurements Nutritional Disorders
8 Infections 10
Congenital
9 6
Malformations
Miscellaneous
10 6
conditions
11 Haematology 10
12 Blood Bank 5
13 Clinical Pathology 8
14 Cytology 10
TOTAL 75 65 130
GRAND TOTAL 150 130 260

Part-II: Paper-1 Part-II: Paper-II

Part-II: Paper-III
Physics of Medical Imaging Radiography Techniques
Basics of Radiotherapy-150
& Radiotherapy-150 150
Physics of Medical
A
Imaging
History of
Radiography and Cancer Registry,
Radiological Image
1 10 Imaging, Care ad 10 Epidemiology and 5
formation
Ethics in Radiology Prevention of cancer
& Patient care,
Positioning and
Physics of techniques for
2 8 45 Oncopathology 10
Fluoroscopy various Projections

Dental Radiography Methods of Cancer

3 5 Dental radiography 7 10
Management
Radio biological basis
4 Digital Imaging 8 Trauma Care 5 of Radiotherapy 10

Operation Theatre Cancers of various

5 Mammography 6 5 40
radiography sites
Computed Record keeping in
6 10 3
Tomography radiology
Magnetic Resonance
7 10
Imaging physics
8 Physics of Ultrasound 5
Nuclear Medicine
9 8
Digital subtraction
10 Angiography and 5
Xero radiography
Total 75 75 75
Physics of
B Section B Section B
Radiotherapy
Special
Clinical radiation investigations
1 4 55 Treatment planning 15
generators. (Conventional
Radiography)
Paediatric Radiotherapy
2 Teletherapy Machines 8 10 Techniques for various 35
Radiography
tumours
 Imaging
Investigation
Brachytherapy
3 Linear Accelerator 8 Techniques of CT, 5 10
Techniques
Ultrasound,
MRI.(Basics Only)
Digital .Recent advances in
Dose distribution and Radiography and Radiotherapy
4 10 5 15
scatter analysis Advances in (introduction only) and
Medical Imaging Nuclear medicine
Imaging Modalities
and networking
5 6
systems in
radiotherapy
Patient positioning
Simulation and Mould
6 10
Room Techniques

Electron Beam
7 4
therapy
8 Brachytherapy 10
Modern Radiotherapy
9 15
Techniques
TOTAL 75 75 75
GRAND TOTAL 150 150 150
Part-III: Paper-1
Part-III: Paper-II Part-III: Paper-III
Radiation Safety in
Advanced Medical Imaging Advanced Radiotherapy
Radiodiagnosis &
Techniques-150 hrs 150 hrs
Radiotherapy 150 hrs
Radiation Safety in
A 60
Radiodiagnosis
Digital
Basic Radiation General pathology of
1 10 Radiography – CR, 15 2
Physics tumors
DR
Radiation Hazard
evaluation and control Mammography Etiology and
2 10 10 2
in Diagnostic Technique epidemiology
radiology,
Physics of Diagnostic Ultrasound
3 5 10 Genetics 2
Radiology equipment
Computed
QA in Diagnostic
4 10 Tomography (CT 30 Prevention 2
Radiology
scan equipments)
Regulatory
5 10 Dual energy CT 10 Early detection 2
Requirements
Radiation safety
6 10 Signs and symptoms 4
considerations
Medical Exposure in
7 diagnosis radiology 5 Tumor biology 4
and dose indexes
8 Staging of tumors 4
Tissue structure and
9 3
radiation effect
10 Fractionation 7
11 Treatment combinations 4
12 Treatment scheduling 2
Effects of various
13 2
radiation on normal
 tissues and malignant
tumor
Application of
14 radiotherapy in benign 3
conditions
Application of
15 radiotherapy in 10
malignant condition
Principles of positioning
16 5
and immobilization
Image acquisition for
17 5
planning
18 Treatment verification 5
19 Patient setup 8
20 Treatment scheduling 2
Effects of various
radiation on normal
21 2
tissues and malignant
tumor
Total 60 75 total 75
Radiation safety in
B B B
Radiotherapy.
Radiation Hazard
Clinical Radiation
1 Evaluation and 10 Nuclear Medicine 10 40
Oncology
Control(radiotherapy)
MRI Equipments –
Basic radiation Recent Advances in
2 10 structure and 35 10
therapy physics. radiotherapy
operation
3 QA in Radiotherapy 10 PACS 10 Brachytherapy 20
Radiation Emergency DSA – equipment Duties of Radiographers
4 10 10 5
Preparedness and operation in Radiotherapy
Regulatory Interventional
5 10 10 Total 75
Requirements Radiology
6 Total 75
TOTAL 110
Demonstration and
40
practicals
GRAND TOTAL 150 150 150
 DETAILED SYLLABUS

Part I – Paper I
General and Radiation Physics

Section A General Physics

1. Mmathematics: Proportions-Direct and inverse proportions, Inverse Square law,

Graphical representation of parameters that obey linear and exponential law Units
and Dimensions: Fundamental units, derived Units, Systems of units.
2. Magnetism: Introduction, Magnetic poles, coulombs law, permeability, magnetic
field, flux and flux density, magnetic induction, Webber and Tesla, Magnetic
Properties, Intensity of magnetization, Types of magnetic materials, ferromagnetic,
paramagnetic and diamagnetic, magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis.
3. Electrostatics: Electric charges, coulombs law, dielectric constant, electric filed
strength, conductors and insulators, electric potential and potential difference, volt,
electric capacitance, Farad, capacitors, capacitors in series and parallel, capacitors
in DC circuits, capacitors in radiography.
4. Current electricity: Ampere, Resistance, Ohms law, electrical energy, joule and
watts, Electrical power, kWh, power losses in cables, Cable resistance and X-ray
exposure.
5. Electromagnetic Induction: Magnetic effects due to electric currents, solenoid,
Eddy Current, Fleming s left hand rule, electromagnetic relays, self and mutual
induction, Faraday`s laws, lenz’s law, Henry, electric motors and generators.
6. Alternating currents: Meaning of AC and its advantages over DC, AC generators,
peak, RMS, effective and average values of currents and voltages, phase difference,
LC Circuit, RC Circuit, LR Circuit, LCR circuit, LCR circuits series and parallel, three
phase AC connections, application of star and delta connections in x-ray
technology.
7. Transformers: Introduction, Transformer turns ratio, step up, step down and even
ratio transformer, efficiency, transformer losses, constant voltage transformer,
transformer rating, auto transformer, mains voltage compensation, transformers
used in X ray circuits.
8. Measuring instruments: Introduction, Galvanometer, moving coil galvanometer,
voltmeter, ammeters, shunts, conversion of galvanometer to ammeters and
voltmeters, multi meters, meters used in X-ray circuits, mains Voltmeter, pre
reading KV Meter, mA meter and mAs meter.
9. Electronics: Introduction, Triode and gas filled diodes,Thyratron tubes, Semi-
 conductors-intrinsic and extrinsic Semi-conductors, N type and P type, PN junction,
biasing, Semiconductor diode, Zenor diode. Transistors and their applications(
basics only), MOSFET, Rectifiers- half wave and full wave bridge rectifiers, rectifier
circuits used in x ray technology, Introduction to digital electronics- gate circuits,
AND, OR, NAND, NOR or NOT gates.
10. Modern physics: Introduction,atoms and molecules, atomic structure, atomic
number, mass number,atomic weight,periodic table, Avogadro number, atomic
mass unit, mass defect, mass energy equivalence, Electrons- electron shells, binding
energy, distribution of orbital electrons,atomic energy levels, Band theory and band
structure, ionization and excitation, characteristic and continuous [Link],
super conductivity, super conducting magnets. Fluorescence, Phosphorescence,
Scintillation, Nuclear Physics - nuclear structure, Protons, neutrons, nuclear
forces,Isotopes,Isobars,isomers.

11. Electromagnetic radiations: Introduction, nature of electromagnetic radiation,

wave length, frequency, energy and their relations, inverse square law, quantum
nature, particle nature, electromagnetic spectrum, Examples of electromagnetic
radiations and their applications.
12. Radio activity: Introduction, radioactive disintegration, radioactive emission-
alpha, beta and gamma emission and their properties, electron capture, internal
conversion, auger electrons. exponential law of radioactive decay,decay equation,
half-life,average life,decay constant, natural radioactive materials, radioactive
equilibrium. Artificial radio activity, nuclear reactions, neutron bombardment,
proton bombardment, nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear reactor and cyclotrons.
Production of artificial isotopes.

Section B
Radiation Physics

1. X-Ray Production: Introduction, discovery of X rays, production and properties of

x rays- thermionic emission, space charge effect,Interaction of electrons with tube
target,process of x ray generation, anode, cathode, focal spot, fine and broad
focus, Line focus principle.
X-ray tubes: Introduction, different types of x ray tubes,-gas tube, coolidge`s tube,
stationary and rotating anode tubes, grid-controlled X ray tubes, specifications of x
ray tubes,anode heel effect, off focus radiation, diagnostic and therapy x ray tubes,
tube housing, aperture diaphragms, collimators, cones and cylinders,testing of light
beam and x ray beam alignment, functions of beam restrictors, tube shielding and
high voltage cables, tube cooling, defects in x ray tubes.
2. X Ray generator circuits: Introduction, transformers used in X-ray machine, high
tension, filament and auto transformer, Rectifiers, self-rectified, half and full wave
rectifiers, single and three phase generators, Filament Circuit, Kilo voltage Circuit,
selection of kVp, mA and mAs, constant potential x ray generators, High frequency
 generators. Exposure switching-primary and secondary switching, Exposure timers,
hand timer, synchronous timer, electronic timer, mAs timer, ionization Timer, AEC,
testing of timers. Rating of x ray tubes -power rating and thermal rating, rating charts.

3. X-ray spectrum: Introduction, bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays,Intensity of

x ray beam, factors affecting quality and quantity,efficiency of X-ray production,
effect of KV and target material on x ray spectrum, Duane Hunt theory- Duane Hunt
limit, Spatial distribution of X-rays.
Filters- Introduction, Inherent filtration, added filtration,filter thickness,effect of
filters on patient exposure,effect of filters on exposure factors, wedge filters heavy
metal filters, molybdenum filters, beam hardening, HVL, TVT.

4 Interactions of Radiation with Matter: Introduction, x and gamma ray interactions,

coherent scattering, Photo electric effect, Compton effect, Pair production, photo
disintegration, attenuation, attenuation coefficients and Cross sections, Linear and
mass attenuation coefficients,factors affecting attenuation coefficients. Relative
importance of interactions in diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy, HVT, TVT,
scatter radiations-factors affecting scatter radiation.
5 Charged particle interactions: LET, range, stopping power, interactions of
electrons,interactions of heavy Particles, interaction of proton, Bragg Peak,
Interaction of neutron.
6 Radiations quantities and units: Introduction, Activity-curie, becquerel,
Rutherford, Flux, Fluence, Exposure- Roentgen and C/Kg, Absorbed dose-gray,
rad, KERMA, Equivalent Dose - quality factor, rem, Sievert, Effective Dose, CEMA,
Integral dose.

7 Radiation Detection and Measurements: Introduction, Principles of radiation

detection, effects of energy absorption- physical, chemical and biological effects,
Types of detectors and efficiency, primary secondary and tertiary dosimeters, Gas
filled detectors, Solid state detector,free air ionization chamber, measurement of
exposure, Ionization chamber, Thimble chamber, Farmer chamber, condenser
chamber, chamber sensitivity, correction factors, electrometer, parallel plate
chamber, GM counters, Proportional Counters, Scintillation counters, Gamma ray
spectrometers, pocket dosimeters, Contamination monitors, Survey meters,
Isotope calibrators, film dosimeters- radiographic and radio chromic films, Film
Badges, Thermoluminescence dosimeters, TLD badges, Chemical dosimeters.
OSLD, Biological Dosimeters.
 Part I-Paper II
Anatomy
Section: A

1. General Anatomy – Introduction, Cell, Epithelium, Connective tissue, Cartilage,

bone, joints, vascular tissue, Lymphatic tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue,
skin.
2. Regional and Imaging Anatomy.
3. Central Nervous system – Spinal cord, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, white
matter, ventricles, blood supply.
4. Circulatory system – Thoracic wall & thoracic cavity, Pericardium, heart,
chambers great vessels from heart, vascular system, lymphatic system.
5. Skeletal system – Upper limb bones, Lower limb bones, vertebral column,
sternum, ribs, skull, joints.

Section: B

1. Respiratory system – Nasal cavity, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial tree, alveoli,

Pleura, lungs, blood supply
2. Gastro Intestinal System – Oral cavity, dentures, tongue, Pharynx, Oesophagus,
Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & Anal canal, salivary glands,
liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, peritoneum.
3. Genito urinary system – Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, urethrae, male reproductive
organs, female reproductive organ.
4. Endocrine system (basics only) – Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid,
adrenal glands, Pancreas (Islets), Ovaries, Testis
5. Radiographic Anatomy and Laboratory - Details of Demonstration–Radiographic
Anatomy of CNS, Demonstration of CNS, Radiographic anatomy of CVS,
Demonstration of CVS,
6. Radiographic Anatomy of RS, Demonstration of RS, Radiographic Anatomy of
Skeletal system,
7. Demonstration of Bones, Radiographic Anatomy of GIT, Demonstration of GIT,
8. Genitourinary Radiographic Anatomy, Genitourinary demonstration.
 Part I-Paper III
Physiology & Pathology

Section A. Physiology
1. General Physiology: Cell Physiology, Transport across cell membrane, Extra
cellular and intra cellular fluids – relative properties of each,classification,
measurement of body fluids. Blood function, composition, properties. Plasma
proteins – types, quantity functions. RBC – functions, properties – PCV, ESR,
Osmotic fragility. Definition and normal values. RBC Count – normal values,
variation. Erythropoiesis– different stages, factors regulating blood indices.
Anaemia – definition, classification, WBC – morphology, normal differential counts
variations, total count. Normal values, functions. Platelets–normal count, stages in
the development of platelets, function – blood coagulation – anticoagulants
bleeding time, clotting time. Blood groups – Landsteiner’s law, determination of
blood group, Rh system, cross matching, Blood transfusion, transfusion reaction –
Erythroblastosis Foetalis,Tissue fluid – Lymph formation, circulation. Skin and
temperature regulation function of skin.
2. Physiology of CNS: Nervous system – Functional anatomy, physiology of neuron.
Synapses, receptors. Spinal cord – structure, ascending and descending tract.
Brain –sensory and motor areas cerebral cortex. Functions of cerebellum,
brainstem. Reflexes, cranial nerves. EEG, Cerebrospinal fluid. Sensory and motor
pathways. Special sense vision – functional anatomy of eye ball – Image formation
in eye, near response. Accommodation, near point, far point. Refractive errors,
photochemistry of vision. Visual pathway and its lesions- colour vision, ERG.
Audition –structure, physiology of hearing deafness, auditory pathway. Taste
sensation – reception, pathway basic taste, modalities – olfaction – receptors,
pathway, and abnormalities. Autonomic nervous system
3. Cardiovascular system: Functional anatomy of heart and blood properties of
cardiac muscle. Conducting system of heart – origin and spread of cardiac impulse.
Cardiac cycle definition, phases of cardiac cycle. Heart sounds – causes, character
abnormalities, genesis of murmurs. Cardiac output – definition, normal values,
valuation factors affecting cardiac output method of measurement, Fick principle,
heart rate and its regulation. Blood pressure – definition, normal value, variation
determinants of blood pressure – regulation of blood pressure, local and systemic
mechanism, both neural, hormonal. ECG – normal ECG pattern. Arterial Pulse –
definition, characters of pulse. Regional Circulation: Cutaneous Circulation,
coronary, cerebral, pulmonary, renal and splanchnic Circulation.
4. Respiratory system: Define respiration. Physiological anatomy of respiratory
system, functions. Mechanism of ventilation. Breath sounds, surfactant, pressure
changes during respiratory [Link] volumes and [Link]
ventilation, Respiratory dead space. Mechanism of gas exchange. Structure of
blood gas barrier, factors affecting diffusion across respiratory membrane.
 Transport of O2 and CO2. Regulation of respiration. Hypoxia – definition, chemical
features types, Cyanosis, treatment, Artificial Respiration.
5. Muscle and nerve: Distribution of ions in ECF and ICF, resting membrane potential.
Action potential. Muscle – comparison between skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscle. Electrical properties of muscle. Neuro-muscular junction and transmission,
Mechanical properties, Excitation, Contraction coupling.
6. Gastrointestinal System: Functional anatomy of gastrointestinal tract, enteric
nervous system. Saliva – composition, functions, regulation of secretion,
Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. Gastric juice– composition function,
regulation phase, peptic ulcer, its management. Pancreatic secretion –
composition, regulation of secretion, pancreatic function tests. Liver–composition,
functions of bile, regulation of secretion, enterohepatic circulation. Gall bladder-
functions,filling and [Link] intestinal juice – Composition, functions,
movement of GIT –mastication, deglutition, gastric movements, vomiting,
movement of small intestine. Secretions of large intestine. Absorption of
carbohydrate, protein, fat. Special tests of gastrointestinal function, barium studies.
7. Genitourinary System: Renal System – Functional anatomy of kidney, blood supply.
Composition of urine. Process involved in urine formation. Glomerular filtration,
Definition, factors affecting glomerular filtration. Tubular function – absorption and
secretion. Re absorption of sodium, glucose, urea, water. Clearance – definition,
method of measurement. Formation and concentration of urine-counter current
system. Renal function tests, Micturition. Dialysis, Renal Disorders, Diuresis, acid-
base balance.
8. Reproductive system: Functions of female reproductive organs. Functions of
breast. Female sexual cycle. Pregnancy, parturition. Functions of placenta.
Functions of male reproductive system. Male fertility. Methods of contraception in
males and females.
9. Endocrinology: Endocrine glands in human body, Hormone – definition,
mechanism of action. Hypothalamic [Link] [Link] function
disorders. Thyroid gland–synthesis of hormones, functions disorders. Parathyroid
glands- function, disorders. Endocrine Pancreas – Secretion, regulation, Pancreatic
Function Tests, Glucose tolerance test. Pineal gland hormones, Prostaglandins, G.
I Hormones, Local hormones.
10. Demonstration of Experiments in Human Physiology: Microscopic examination of
blood. Haemoglobin estimation. Estimation of packed cell volume. ESR estimation.
Osmotic fragility. RBC count. WBC count. Determination of blood groups. Bleeding
Time. Clotting time, determination of blood pressure, blood indices.
 Section B. Pathology
1. Introduction.
2. Cell injury,cell death and adaptation- Atrophy, hypertrophy,hyperplasia and
[Link] injury – types and causes. Necrosis - definition and types with
examples. Pigmentation – classification and description with examples, Pathological
calcification. Gangrene – Types and features
3. Inflammation and repair: Definitions, features and signs, Types – acute and chronic
in detail, Exudate and transudate, Wound healing and fracture healing including
factors affecting wound healing and complications
4. Circulatory disturbances: Hyperaemia and congestion,Oedema,Thrombosis,
Embolism and infarction, Shock.
5. Immunology: Hypersensitivity reactions mainly anaphylaxis, Auto immune disease
with examples, Amyloidosis, AIDS
6. Neoplasia (Including malignancies of Bone lung brain FGS and skin): Definition,
benign and malignant tumours, differences, examples with details of each organ
tumour classification, bone, lung, brain, FGS, Skin in detail. Primary vs secondary
tumour appearance, Different nomenclature, Hamartoma, Cyst, polyp, cystadenoma,
teratoma. Basic histological classification, Carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma–
major sites, Adenocarcinoma – major sites, Sarcomas, Premalignant lesions,
Carcinogenesis with emphasis on radiation carcinogenesis, Metastasis - routes,
Tumour markers, Paraneoplastic syndromes, Staging and grading of cancer.
7. Environmental and Nutritional disorders: Radiation injury, Protein energy
malnutrition – Kwashiorkor and marasmus, Vitamin deficiency diseases (Night
blindness, Rickets, scurvy and beriberi), Infections, Acute infection
8. Infections: Pyogenic Infections- General clinical features, Common organ vice
examples like meningitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, osteomyelitis in
detail, Typhoid, Chronic infections, Granulomatous Tuberculosis, in detail, Syphilis
and Leprosy, Fungal infections, Viral Infections.
9. Congenital malformations: Major lesions like agenesis of various organs, Cong
adenomatoid malformation, Cysts of kidney, Meckels’ diverticulum, cryptorchidism.
10. Miscellaneous conditions:Pleural effusion, Pneumothorax, Calculi of various
organs
11. Haematology: Anaemia – classification, iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic
anaemia, Agranulocytosis, Polycythaemia,Leukaemia–acute and chronic.
Lymphoma – Hodgkin’s and NHL – an overview, Haemophilia
12. Blood banking: Blood grouping & cross matching.
13. Clinical Pathology: Hb, TC, DC, ESR, PCV, Blood smear, thick smear preparation,
Urine examination, motion examination, sputum examination, LE cell test.
14. Cytology – Exfoliative cytology, Types, Sample collection, FNAC, Guided & Non
guided, Fixative. Preparation and transportation.
 Part II- Paper I
Physics of Medical Imaging and Radiation Safety in Radio Diagnosis

Section A. Physics of Medical imaging

1. Radiological image formation: X-ray films-Construction,Emulsion,Types of film,

double emulsion film, screen film, non-screen film, single coated film, Latent
image,formation, Film processing- film development, developing solutions,
replenishment,fixing fixing agents, processing cchemistry, action of developer,
fixer, steps in film processing, automatic processing. Characteristic of Film-
characteristic curve, optical density, contrast, gamma speed, latitude.
Intensifying screen- Introduction, construction and action, type of screens,
intensifying factors, rare earth screens, resolving power, phosphor technology,
emission spectra, quantum mottle, screen unharness.
Grids- Introduction- basic principles, terminology-grid ratio, grid factor, grid
pattern, types of grid-linear grids, moving grid, Potter Bucky grids, Lines per inch,
Bucky factor, grid cut off ,grid selection, air gap techniques.
Image Quality – Introduction, resolution, noise, line spread functions. Geometryy of
Image- Magnification, true and geometric magnification, distortion, penumbra,
unharness, contrast, contrast media.

2. Physics of Fluoroscopy: Introduction, Direct vision fluoroscopy,dark adaptation,

limitations, Image intensifier-Principles and operation, Imaging characteristics-
contrast, lag, distortion, viewing and recording of [Link] discharge and
high frequency sets, Mobile IITV, C-ARM
Modern Fluoroscopic Imaging Systems- Fluoroscopic Equipment, Pulsed
fluoroscopy, AEC, Digital Fluoroscopy, Electronic magnification. Performance of
Imaging Systems, Contrast, Noise, Sharpness, Artefacts
Application specific fluoroscopic systems- Remote Fluoroscopic Systems, Vascular
and Interventional radiology systems, Fluoroscopic systems used in Cardiology,
Neuro-radiology, Portable and mobile Fluoroscopes,spot film devises,Patient Dose
in Fluoroscopy
3. Dental Radiography: Dental Radiography units, self-rectified tubes, grid control
tubes, dental equipment, cones, filters, factors OPG and cephalo units, tubes,
applications.
4. Digital Imaging: Introduction, Image encoding and display, Digital Imaging Systems,
Digital Image Receptors-Computed Radiography, Charged Couple Devices, Digital
Radiography, Artefacts of Digital Images.
Digital Imaging Management- PACS, DICOM, Radiology Information System, Image
Compression, Image Post processing and analysis- spatial filtering,noice removal,
edge ridge and shape detection ,Quality management-QMS,[Link], Quality
standards and good practice, networking, image compression,
5. Mammography: Equipment, Mammogram X-ray tube, filters, film screen
combinations . Magnification Mammography, Digital mammography.
 6. Computed Tomography: Introduction,Physics of Computed Tomography,
Hounsfield units, CT number,CT imaging system, Types of CT scanners and CT
Generations, collimation, filtration, detectors in CT,Spiral and multi slice CT, CT
Imaging Systems- Image reconstruction and Processing, Filtered back projection,
Image acquisition, Scanned Projection radio graphs, Axial CT, Helical CT, MDCT,
Cardiac CT, CT Fluoroscopy, Artefacts in CT.
7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging physics: Basic Physics of MRI- NMR, relaxation and
tissue contrast-T1 and T2 relaxation, Spatial encoding and basic pulse sequences-
slice selection, frequency and phase encoding, gradient echo imaging, spin echo
imaging, muti slice imaging. MRI equipment and Hardware, gradient coil, common
imaging options, image acquisition and reconstruction-gradient echo sequences,
spin echo sequences, inversion recovery sequences, MR angiographic sequences,
flow measurements, MR spectroscopic sequence, Multi-slice imaging, 3D imaging.
Image Quality and Artefact in MRI- Motion, aliasing, metal objects, chemical shift,
truncation, system related artefact, Bio safety in MRI.
8. Physics of Ultrasound: Physics of Ultrasound, Production of ultrasound waves,
interaction of ultrasound waves, Ultrasound systems, Image Display, Doppler
Effect-Doppler Scanning principles. Continuous wave Doppler, Pulsed wave
Doppler, Electronic focusing and beam steering, three- dimensional and four-
dimensional imaging, Quality Assurance in Ultrasound, Bio effects of ultrasound.
9. Nuclear Medicine: Physics of Nuclear Medicine, Isotopes used in Nuclear
Medicine- Production and Properties, Biological and Effective half-lives, Radio
pharmaceuticals, Uptake studies, Scanners, Nuclear Medicine instrumentation,
Gamma camera, Radio Immuno Assay, SPECT, PET. PETCT.
10. Xeroradiography and DSA- General principle-photo conduction xeroradiography
system, Patient exposure. DSA- Introduction, principle, Techniques, DSA systems
and patient dose,

Section B: Physics of Radiotherapy

1. Clinical radiation generators: introduction. Kilo Voltage Machines, Vandegraff

generators, Betatron, Cyclotron, Synchrotron, microtron, Neutron Generators.

2. Teletherapy Machines: Introduction, machines using radionuclides, production and

properties of telecobalt sources, telecobalt units, source housing, shutter
mechanisms, beam collimation, penumbra, source transport mechanism,
advantages and disadvantages of telecobalt machines.

3. Linear accelerators: Introduction, linear accelerator systems, Construction,

production of electron and X-ray beam, magnetron, clystron, treatment head,
penumbra, target, scattering foil, beam flattening filter, beam collimation, gantry,
Electron cones, FFF. Laser systems.

4. Dose distribution and scatter analysis: Phantoms, Inverse Square Law, depth dose
parameters, percentage depth dose, tissue air ratio, backscatter factor, tissue
 maximum dose tissue phantom ratio, scatter air ratio, variations with field size,
depth, quality of beams, penumbra, equivalent square Fields, SSD and SAD
techniques, simple Treatment calculations, Beam Modifying Devices -Wedge filters,
wedge factors. Bolus, beam shaping blocks, Irregular fields, radiation field
analyser. Introduction to treatment planning- 2D and 3D planning, isodose charts,
isodose curves, combination of radiation field, parallel opposed fields, edge
effect multiple fields, ICRU volumes-GTV, CTV, PTV, computerized treatment
planning systems, tissue Compensators, correction for contour irregularities and
tissue inhomogeneity, Total body irradiation
5. Imaging Modalities and Networking System in Radiotherapy: Patient data
acquisition-body contours, localization of internal structures, devices- CT, MRI,
ultrasound, SPECT, PET, treatment verification –port films, electronic portal
imaging, cone beam CT-kVCBCT, MVCBCT,
Networking systems -PACS, DICOM
6. Patient positioning, Simulation and Mould room techniques: Patient positioning-
general guidelines, the XYZ method of patient setup.
Treatment simulation-conventional simulators, CT simulator, Virtual Simulation,
Target Driven Simulation,
Immobilization devises and Mould Room techniques- Introduction- need for
immobilization-accuracy and reproducibility, Immobilization devices. Preparation
of moulds, Thermoplastic masks, Bolus, Compensator, Electron cut out, Shielding
Blocks- Customized Field shaping, Styrofoam Cutter Machine.
7. Electron Beam therapy: Introduction, electron beam characteristics, treatment
planning, field shaping, electron arc therapy, total skin irradiation.

8. Brachytherapy - Introduction, Brachytherapy sources production and properties,

types of sources needles, tubes and wires, source specifications, Classification of
Brachytherapy techniques - surface mould, intra cavitary, interstitial and intra
luminal, Intra operative, Endovascular techniques, remote after loading.
Calculation of dose (basic only),implant dosimetry systems-Patterson parker
system, Quimby system, memorial system, Paris system, dose specification for
cancer of cervix- Manchester system, ICRU system.
Low dose rate (LDR), Medium Dose rate (MDR) high dose rate (HDR) and pulsed
dose rate (PDR) brachytherapy. HDR units, prostate implants

9. Modern Radiotherapy Techniques:

3D Conformal radiotherapy-introduction, imaging data, 3D CRT techniques
IMRT-Introduction, IMRT systems-fixed gantry angle, tomotherapy, IMRT with
rotating cone beams.
Stereotactic radiotherapy and radio surgery- Introduction, SRS techniques, x knife,
gamma knife.
IGRT-Introduction, IGRT technologies, management of respiratory motion.
Proton therapy- Introduction, basic physics, bragg peak, Proton beam delivery
systems,
 Part II – Paper II
Radiography Techniques
Section A
1. History of Radiography and Imaging, Care and Ethics in Radiology :
Introduction, hhistory of radiography, x ray room,ventilation and temperature of X-
ray room, dark rooms, safe light storage shelves, cabinet, loading bench, hangers,
solution tank, defects occurring in films while processing, viewing – Illumination
and care of viewing boxes.
Medical law and ethics, Psychological approach to patient ethics followed in
imaging female patient, organization to avoid delay, waiting and rest rooms,
handling of fracture cases, stretcher and bed patient, method of dealing with
helpless patient, Awareness of cross infection, general hygiene, special apparatus
for children, neck and head injury patient,casualty management.

2. Positioning and techniques for various Projections - A Summary of the factors

involved in radiographic positioning-introduction to radiographic
techniques,general awareness about x ray techniques like details of xray
table,collimation, anatomical land marks, immobilization, postural variations
respiratory movement, regional densities, preparation, positioning terminology.
Radiographic technique for individual system-
Upper limb –Technique for hand, Wrist, fingers, thumb, scaphoid, carpal bones,
carpal tunnel, forearm, elbow joint, humerus, shoulder Corocoid Process, Acromio-
clavicular joint, clavicle, sterno-clavicular joint, Glenohumeral joint, scapula.
Lower limb – Leg Alignment, -Technique for foot, Subtalar joint, toes, great toe,
calcaneum, ankle joint, leg, knee joint, patella, femur, Hip joint, Sacro-iliac joint,
upper third of femur.
Vertebral column – Vertebral caves and Vertebral Levels, Atlanto-occipital
articulation, cervical vertebra, Cervico-thoracic vertebra, swimmer’s view,
thoracic vertebra, thoraco-lumbar vertebra, lumbar vertebra, lumbo-sacral
vertebra lumbo-sacral articulation, sacrum, coccyx. Bones of the thorax–techniques
for ribs–upper and lower,sternum.
Skull–Cranium, Sella turcica, optic foramen, Jugular foramina. Temporal bones–
Mastoids, petrous bone, Nasal bones, Mandible, Techniques for mandible,
Temporo-mandibular joint.
Paranasal sinus - Techniques for frontal – maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, Facial
bones Thorax, Pharynx, Larynx and Trachea
Respiratory system and Heart – Technique for trachea, lungs, mediastinum, Sub-
diaphragmatic conditions – erect and supine chest x ray – projections relative to
collapse.
Chest, Abdomen, Pelvic Cavity, Acetabulum
3. Dental Radiography: Introduction-vertical and horizontal positioning
abnormalities,use of general and dental units,dental request formula identification
and handling of films,use of dental film holders, Technique for full mouth,
 edentulous subjects, children, intra oral and extra oral crowns, occlusal views,
localization. Intra-oral radiography, occlusal radiography, extra oral radiography-
oblique lateral view.
4. Trauma Care - Bedside Radiography – techniques for acute chest, intestinal
obstructions – abdominal perforation – vertebral injuries, skull injuries – spine
fractures – Thomas splint, Plaster cases etc.
[Link] Theatre Radiography–Theatre Techniques, Techniques of Asepsis-
anaesthetic dangers – precautions.
[Link] keeping in Radiography– Register of X-ray examinations, Despatch
register, Film accounts, Machine Log book Maintenance.

Section B
1. Special investigations(Conventional Radiography)- Introduction to Contrast Media
-Types, Positive, Negative, water soluble,water insoluble, ionic, non-
ionic,Structure of Contrast media, Patient Preparation,Route of Administration,
Toxicity and Complications in radiography, CT and MRI.
Special Investigation of individual systems-
a. GI Tract- Contrast media – Basic principles – Barium Sulphate, Pharynx and
oesophagus, – erect and supine posture – – stomach, duodenum, small intestine,
colon and rectum, fluoroscope – compression techniques. single and double contrast
techniques, enteroclysis
b. Urogenital System – IVU– principles – contrast medium – preparation of patient
– children – Serial radio-graphs, variation of time intervals depending on suspected
pathology, value of compression – precautions and contra indications. Retrograde
pyelography (RGP), RGU. MCU. Approximating cysto-urethrogram.
c. Hysterosalpingography (H. S. G) – Principles – contrast media, method for
injection – reactions – fluoroscopy- technique.
d. Sialography – Sialography – contrast medium – method of injection and
techniques,Technique following injection of opaque medium.
e. Salivary Glands – Demonstration of opaque salivary calculus, techniques for
parotid, sub mandibular-sublingual-glands and ducts.
f. Liver and spleen – Technique of PTC, SPV. Gall bladder – Technique for oral
cholecystography – PTC – preparation of patient – contrast medium, and intravenous
cholangiogram, T Tube Cholangiogram
g. Nervous system– special care of neurological patient - myelogram Ventricles –
Ventriculography, Encephalography
h. Bronchography – Lymphatic system – lymphangiography,
i. Breast -ductography techniques
j. Lacrimal ducts
k. Angiography- Principle-contrast media, method of injection, DSA, Venogram
l. Fistulogram and Sinusogram
m. MMR, Soft issue Radiography.
2. Pediatric Radiography- Introduction to pediatric radiography, Paediatric
rradiography ttechniques, safety considerations in pediatric radiography, portable
radiography in pediatrics.

Part II – Paper III

Basics of Radiotherapy
Section A

1. Ethics, epidemiology, prevention of cancer:

Principles of ethics in health care, enforcing standards in health profession
promoting quality care, Professional ethics in patient care delivery, ethical
principles related to radiation oncology. Maintenance of radiation treatment charts
and treatment records. How to interact with a patient getting radiation treatment,
Life saving measures (first aid) in emergency situations, how to answer common
doubts of patients getting treatment, role of radiotherapy technologist as a
radiotherapy team member.
Epidemiology, cancer registry, prevention of cancer, early detection.
2. Oncopathology: Introduction, Pathological classification of malignancies, grading,
staging, Classifications of Cancers of various sites: Head and neck- Larynx,
Hypopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, ear, parotid, maxillary
antrum, orbit, thyroid, Lungs, oesophagus, stomach, rectum, anal canal, breast,
CNS tumours, pancreas, Cervix Endometrium, Vulva, vagina, Prostate, Penis,
testicular malignancy, Urinary bladder, Lymphomas – Hodgkin’s, NHL, sarcomas.
Paediatric tumours like Wilm’s tumour, Medulloblastoma, [Link]
Importance for relevant staging for selection of radiation treatment techniques.

3. Methods of Cancer Management- Medical Oncology, Chemotherapy, Neoadjuvant,

adjuvant, concurrent chemo- Radiotherapy (terms only), Surgical Oncology,
Radiation oncology

4. Radio-biological Basis of Radiotherapy: Introduction, radiobiology – cell killing,

DNA breaks, lethal damage, sub lethal damage, oxygen effect, Cell survival curve,
Cell cycle, radio sensitivity. Normal tissue reactions to radiation – Early, late
reactions of various organs – skin, Buccal mucosa, heart, lung, kidney, spinal cord,
brain, intestine, rectum, bladder, testes, ovary, eye. Tolerance dose general ideas.

Section B
1. Treatment planning- Introduction, clinical aspects of Teletherapy, Brachytherapy,
treatment simulation– conventional and CT Simulation, treatment planning. 2-D, 3-D
planning, brachytherapy treatments –interstitial, intracavitary and mould
treatments, after loading techniques. At the time of treatment execution the radiation
oncologist must teach the students how it is carried out, familiarize the students with
various medical terms relevant to radiation treatment

2. Radiotherapy Techniques for various tumours- head and neck- Larynx, Hypo
pharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, ear, parotid, maxillary antrum,
orbit,thyroid,
 Lung, oesophagus, stomach, rectum, anal canal, Breast , CNS tumours, Pancreas
uterine cervix, endometrium vulva, vagina.
Prostate, Penis including mould treatment, testicular malignancy, urinary bladder.
Lymphomas – Hodgkin’s, NHL. Sarcomas-mantle fields, sbtotal irradiation, IFRT).
Sense organs.
Paediatric tumours like Wilm’s tumour, medulloblastoma, neuroblastomas etc.
Palliative irradiation
3. Brachytherapy: Introduction, brachytherapy techniques-Interstitial, intracavitary,
Intraluminal and mould applications.
Clinical application of Brachytherapy on various cases.
4. Modern Radiotherapy (basics only) and nuclear medicine: 3D Conformal
Radiotherapy-familiarize the students with advances in radiation treatment like 3D,
CRT, IMRT, Stereotactic irradiation, IGRT etc
Nuclear Medicine- Introduction, clinical aspects of nuclear medicine, applications
of nuclear medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment, isotopes used. Radioiodine
uptake study, Thyroid malignancy-classification of thyroid malignancies, general
outline of treatment of various thyroid malignancies, Radioiodine treatment and its
indications.

Part III – Paper I

Radiation Safety in Radiodiagnosis and Radiotherapy (120 hrs)

1. Basic Radiation Physics Atomic structure, Nucleus ,Atomic number, mass number,
Electron Orbit and energy levels, isotopes and isobars, radioactivity, radioactive
decay, half-life, Particle radiation, Electromagnetic radiation, Production of X-Rays,
Continuous X-Ray Spectrum, Bremsstrahlung radiation, Characteristic X-rays ,
Filters, Quality of X-rays, Effect of voltage and current on the intensity of X-rays,
Properties of X-rays.

2. Interaction of Radiation with matter- Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, Pair

Production, Ionization of matter, Energy absorbed from X-rays,X-rays scattering, X-
rays transmission through the medium, linear and mass attenuation coefficient, HVT
and TVT, Interaction of charged particle and neutrons with matter.

3. Radiation Quantities and Units: Radioactivity, Flux, Fluence, Kerma, Exposure,

Absorbed Dose, Equivalent Dose, Weighting Factors, Effective Dose, Natural
Background radiation, Occupational Exposure limits, Dose limits to public.

4. Biological Effects of radiation-The Cell. Effect of ionizing radiation on cell,

chromosomal aberration and its application for the biological dosimetry, Somatic
effects and hereditary effects, stochastic and deterministic effects, Acute exposure
and chronic exposure, LD50/60
5. Detection and Measurement of radiation & measuring instruments- Ionisation of
gases, Fluorescence, and phosphorescence, Effect of photographic emulsion,
Ionisation chambers, Proportional counters, G M counters, Scintillation Detectors,
Liquid scintillator, Pocket Dosimeters, TL Dosimeters and their uses in personnel
monitoring badges. Advantages and disadvantages of various detectors,
 appropriateness of different types of detectors for different types of radiation
measurement

6. Radiation Hazard evaluation and control (Diagnostic radiology)

Philosophy of Radiation Protection, Effect of Time, Distance and Shielding,
Calculation of workload, calculation of weekly dose to the radiation worker and
general public, good work practices in diagnostic radiology, Planning
consideration for radiology installation including workload, use factor &
occupancy factors, effect of different shielding material.
7. QA in Diagnostic Radiology
QA programs for X-ray tubes and generators, screen film radiography, Digital
Radiography, CT, Mammogram, Verification of optical and radiation field
congruence, Beam alignment, Focal Spot size, Linearity of tube current mA, and
Timer, applied potential, HVT and total Tube filter, Contact between film and
intensifying screen, Contrast resolution, Grid alignment, Special Techniques like
mammography, CT and Digital Radiography.
8. Regulatory requirements:
National Regulatory Board, Responsibilities, organization, Safety Standards, Codes
and Guides, Responsibilities of Licensees, registrants and employers and
Enforcement of Regulatory requirements, Role of technologist in radiology
department, Dose limits
9. Radiation safety considerations in diagnostic radiology
Principle of Justification and Optimization, ALARA, Radiation safety consideration
in Conventional radiography and Digital radiography, Radiation safety
consideration in Mobile radiography, Radiation safety consideration in
Mammography, Radiation Safety considerations in Dental Radiography, Radiation
safety consideration in Fluoroscopy, Radiation safety consideration in CT.
10. Demonstration/Practical
Time, Distance and Shielding, measurement of HVT & TVT.
Familiarization of radiation survey meters and their functional performance check.
Radiological Protection Survey of Diagnostic X-ray installation.
Familiarization with QA equipment and QA tools in diagnostic radiology
Quality Assurance of conventional X-ray equipment
Quality Assurance and radiation protection survey of a CT Scan installation
Demonstration for checking the shielding adequacy of protective accessories (lead
apron/mobile protective barriers MPB)), Investigation of reported excessive
exposure of TLD, its genuineness and estimation of actual dose received

Section B
Radiation Safety in Radiotherapy

1. Radiation Hazard evaluation and control ( Radiotherapy)- Philosophy of Radiation

Protection, Effect of Time,Distance and Shielding, Calculation of workload,
calculation of weekly dose to the radiation worker and general public, good work
practices in radiotherapy practices including Teletherapy and Brachytherapy,
Planning consideration for radiotherapy installation including workload, use factor
& occupancy factors, effect of different shielding material.

2 Basic Radiation therapy Physics

Historical Developments in Radiotherapy, Physical components of Telecobalt

Unit/Linear Accelerator Unit/ Remote After loading Brachytherapy Unit/ Gamma
knife Unit/ Simulator and their descriptions. Various types of sources used in
Radiotherapy and their properties, Physics of photons, electrons, protons and
neutrons in radiotherapy, physical parameters of dosimetry such as Percentage
Depth Dose, Tissue Air Ratio, Tissue Maximum Ratio, Physics of bolus and phantoms
materials, compensators, wedges, shielding blocks, patient immobilization
devices, port film, processing and development, special techniques in
Radiotherapy such as SRS, SRT, IMRT,IGRT and Tomotherapy
3 QA in Radiotherapy

Accessories and tools used for QA tests in Radiotherapy such as Front pointer, Back
pointer, Laser alignment etc, Optical and radiation field congruence, Beam shaping
blocks, Beam shaping jaws, Delineator/ Diaphragm movements, Isocentre
alignment, Patient support system, Beam on and off mechanisms, Technician's role
in QA tests on telecobalt/ linear accelerator/ brachytherapy/ gamma knife/
simulator/ CT simulator machines
4 Radiation Emergency Preparedness

Safety and security of radiation sources, case history of emergency situations and
preparedness, equipments and tools including role of Gamma Zone Monitor,
Regulatory requirements and prevention od emergency, Preventive maintenance
and safety culture, Role of technicians in handling radiation emergencies.

5 Regulatory requirements

National Regulatory Bode, Responsibilities, organization, Safety Standards, Codes

and Guides, Responsibilities of Licensees, registrants and employers and
Enforcement of Regulatory requirements.

6 Demonstration

Time, Distance and Shielding, measurement of HVT & TVT.

Familiarization of radiation survey meters and their functional performance checks

Radiotherapy Simulator/ CT Simulator installationsQA on X-Ray,Simulator and

Radiotherapy equipments
 Procedures followed for calibration of measuring and monitoring instruments.

PART III PAPER II

Advanced Medical Imaging Technology
Section A

[Link] Radiography – Digital Radiography history and development, Direct and

indirect digital radiography. Theory and principle – digital Fluoroscopy system –
digitized image-digital subtraction techniques – digital image processing- future
equipment developments – clinical application – PACS (Picture Archival and
Communication System) – Digital Image quality – Laser film printers. Image
acquisition – Digital Spot Imaging (DSI) – Digital chest radiography – future
developments, CR.
[Link] Technique -Background, diagnosis and screening. Imaging
Techniques, compression, image quality- Interventional accessories – biopsy
equipment attachments, Digital Mammography.
[Link] equipment - Terminology-physical principle. Different types of
machines – portable etc. Doppler, Clinical applications. Image display & recording
systems-transducers (scanning probes) – types and shapes-choice, care and
maintenance – recording devices, Orientation of the image – focus of the beam –
sensitivity and gain – artefacts-quality control-acoustic coupling agents,
[Link] Tomography - Historical information, Technologic considerations, Basic
Principles in CT scanning- Radiation Dose, Patient preparation, Paediatric CT,
Contrast Media, Filming, Despatch. Cross Sectional Anatomy related to CT
Scanning, CT Techniques of Brain, Spine, Head and Neck, Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis,
Extremities. Basic Principles of CT contrast Media- Oral, IV, Rectal, Intrathecal. CT
Angiogram- Triple Phase CT -Pressure Injectors. CT Myelogram
HRCT- Lung, Temporal Bone, CT Cisternogram. Cardiac CT, CT Perfusion
Techniques, CT Enterogram, CT Enteroclysis. Reconstruction Techniques, -VRT,
MPR, Virtual Endoscopy, Navigation etc. CT artifacts, CT advantages and
limitations, Future developments.
[Link] energy CT- Dual energy CT equipment - Basic principle- clinical applications-
newer developments.

Section B
1. Nuclear Medicine- Basic principle Instrumentation-Gamma camera, SPECT,
PET, clinical applications-newer developments
2. MRI Historical information, Technologic considerations, Basic Principles in MRI
scanning-Patient Preparation, MRI safety-Patient and Technologist, Patient
Registration to Machine, Selection of Protocol, Selection of sequences,
Contrast, Termination of studies, after care of the patients, Image
Reconstruction Techniques, Filming Techniques, Despatch
 Sectional Anatomy related to MR Imaging.
MR Techniques of Brain, Spine, Head and Neck, Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis,
Extremities, Joints, Breast, Soft Tissues,
Routine sequences and Protocols, ASL
MR angiogram- TOF and Contrast- Venogram, Pressure Injector
Cardiac MR- Different Sequences- Spin echo Gradient Echo, Fast imaging
sequences, Fat suppression, Fluid suppression, SWI, Diffusion Imaging -DWI,
ADC, DTI, MR spectroscopy techniques and Applications
MR Perfusion Imaging.
Functional Imaging
Artefacts in MR Imaging.
Advantages and Limitations, Future Developments.
3. PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) Technique of storing
retrieving, presenting and sharing images like x-ray, ultrasound, CT scan and MRI.
DICOM images PACS, VNAs and RIS PACS Architecture Cloud PACS
4. DSA – Basic Principles and Clinical applications, Equipment and operation, Serial
imaging devices-subtraction process, accessories and choice-catheters, guide
wires, Interventional Angiography: Accessories and uses e.g.: coils/stents,
pressure Injectors: Types, programming, injection protocols and uses. DSA
Subtraction process, injection pump, cine camera, optical system, film processing.
5. Interventional Radiology - Practical Interventional radiology in the diseases of the
Hepato-biliary, GIT, Urology, Vascular System and other areas, Indications and
contraindications, pitfalls and complications, role of radiographer/imaging
technologist in the team. Interventional procedures – CT guided procedures: Fine
needle aspiration cytology, fine needle aspiration biopsy. Fluoroscopy guided
procedures: endoscopic retrograde cholangio–pancreatography (ERCP);
percutaneous nephro-lithotomy; percutaneous nephrostomy; percutaneous trans
hepatic biliary drainage, embolisation, liver biopsy, Vascular Intervention
Techniques. Radio frequency ablations Procedures.

Part – III, Paper – III

ADVANCED RADIOTHERAPY

Section A
1. Pathology of tumours: Local and general effects of tumours and its spread
Carcinogenesis, Co-morbidities, ethology and epidemiology ,genetics
2. Prevention and early detection, Signs and symptoms Public awareness on early
signs and symptoms, High risk groups
3. Tumour Biology Cell kinetics Cell cycle control mechanisms Tumour biology,
Staging of tumours
4 Tissue structure and radiation effect Tumour control probability (TCP), Normal
Tissue Complications Probability (NTCP) models Acute and late side effects
Radiation, radiation sensitizers/protectors/side effect reduction Fractionation in
radiotherapy. Effects of various radiation on normal tissues and malignant tumor:
 Early and late reaction on Skin, Mucous membrane, GI tract, Genito urinary
system, respiratory system, CNS, Tolerance Dose of Normal structures
5. Treatment combinations -chemo radiation
6. Treatment scheduling
7. Application of radiotherapy in benign conditions
8. Principles of positioning and immobilization- Positioning aids-Breast boards, Lung
boards, Belly boards, Head-and-neck fixation devices, Vacuum packs,
Stereotactic systems etc, Internal organ motion control- Bite blocks, Gating
systems, Active breathing control, Diaphragm compression, Prostate
immobilization, Tracking systems. Laser/ positioning systems, Marking systems,
Reference points
9. Image acquisition for planning (and/or verification)Modalities for image
acquisition for planning
10. Treatment verification
11. Patient set up Evaluation of patient setup for simple techniques. Use of Beam
Modifying devices, such as wedges, Tissue compensators, Mid Line Block(MLB)
in the treatment of respective sites. Customized shielding blocks, Asymmetric
collimators and their use
12. Simulation procedures including CT simulation

Section B

1. Clinical radiation Oncology of various cancers: Head and Neck, Lung, GIT,
Breast, CNS tumours, Genito Urinary cancers
Lymphomas, HL, NHL IFRT, INRT, Sarcomas, Total body Irradiation-total Hemi
body Irradiation
Paediatric Tumours, Palliative Radiotherapy, Priming patient for BMT,
Radioimmunotherapy

2. Recent Advances in radiotherapy such as 3DCRT, IMRT ,[Link],

Tomotherapy, SBRT, electron therapy, proton therapy and their clinical
applications

3. Brachytherapy- HDR LDR MDR, Clinical Applications of Interstitial implantation,

template based interstitial implantation, intraluminal Brachy therapy, Intra
cavitary Brachytherapy, Surface mould treatments,Temporary and Permanent
implants, Intra operative Brachytherapy,Endovascular Brachytherapy, Different
types of Brachytherapy Applicators,

4. Duties of Radiographers/technologists in Radiotherapy-Introduction, ethics,

approach and attitude towards patients, nursing and medical staff. Clinical care
of patients, local and systematic reactions, accuracy in treatment, handling and
care of apparatus and accessories, Maintenance of records
5. Scheme of teaching and Clinical Training
First Year: General and Radiation Physics, Anatomy, Physiology & Pathology
Second Year: Physics of Medical imaging and Radiotherapy, Radiography Techniques, Basics of
Radiotherapy
Third Year: Radiation safety in Radiodiagnosis and Radiotherapy, Advanced medical imaging
technology, Advanced Radiotherapy

Year Subject No of Hours

A. Theory- Part I 540 hours (Minimum)
[Link] & Radiation Physics 150
[Link] 130
[Link] & Pathology 260
B. Practicalls & Clinical Posting 1000 hours( Minimum)
B.1
[Link] Reception & Film Dispatch 100
2..Dental Radiography 150
First year

3..X-ray dark rooms 100

4. General X-ray Procedures 150
TOTAL 500 (Minimum)
B.2
[Link] Machines and Mould room, 100
3. Oncology and Radiotherapy OPD 250
4. Radiation physics and Treatment Planning 150
TOTAL 500 (Minimum)
A. Theory- Part II 450 hours (Minimum)
1. Physics of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy 150
2. Radiography Techniques 150
3. Basics of Radiotherapy 150
B. Practicals & Clinical Posting 1100 hours(Minimum)
B.1
1. DR and CR 100
Second Year

2. Radiography 150
3. CT Scan 300
Total 550(Minimum)
B2.
[Link] machines, reception, 325
simulator, brachytherapy etc.
[Link] Physics (therapy) 200
3. Nuclear Medicine 25
Total 550(Minimum)
A. Theory- Part II 450 hours (Minimum)
1. Radiation safety in Radiotherapy and Radiodiagnosis, 150
2. Advanced medical imaging technology, 150
3. Advanced Radiotherapy 150
B. Practicals & Clinical Posting 1100 hour(Minimum)
Third Year

1. MRI 300
2. DSA and IR 150
3. Mammography 25
4. Ultrasound 25
5. Radiation Physics,QA, and Radiation safety(diagnosis) 50
Total 550 (Minimum)
1. Radiotherapy OP 100
2. Teletherapy, Linear Accelerator, Telecobalt Mould Room 300
Simulator, brachytherapy
3. Radiation Physics & Radiation Safety(therapy) 100
4. Nuclear Medicine
50
Total
550 (Minimum)
4. Records/Log Book
The Practical records shall be maintained & submitted at the end of the course
duly certified by the concerned Faculty and HOD.

5. TEACHING /LEARNING AIDS

5.1 Text Books
1. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology by Thomas Curry
2. Human Anatomy by B D Chaurasia's
3. Textbook of Anatomy by Dr Sreedevi's
4. Textbook of Physiology, Guyton and Hall
5. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K Sembulingam
6. Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers - C.A. Warrick
7. Radiographic Imaging- Chesney & Chesney,
8. Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography - Chesney & Chesney.
9. Clarks Positioning in Radiography by Imaging by Stewart Whitley et al
10. Textbook of radiology for residents and technicians by Bhargava S. K
11. Diagnostic Radiography Glenda.J. Bryan ( ELBS )
12. Recent advances in Radiology and Medical Imaging" Lodge & Steiner
Interventional radiology-Principles and Techniques by J Ring and Mclean
13. Radiation Protection in Hospitals. Richard [Link]
14. Perez & Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology
15. The Physics of Radiation Therapy Faiz M. Khan and John P. Gibbons
16. Practical Radiotherapy Planning by Dr. Jane Dobbs , Professor Ann Barrett et al
17. Radiobiology for the Radiologist by Eric J. Hall,
Other materials to study
1. AERB safety Codes for Diagnostic Radiology, Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine
2. Atomic Energy Act and Radiation Protection Rules, Govt of India.
5.2 Rreference books:
1. Gray`s Anatomy by Henry Gray.
2. Radiographic Anatomy – Meschan
3. Inderbir Singh`s text book of human Histology
4. Gross Anatomy by I B Singh
5. Gross Anatomy by Vishram Singh
6. Dutta's Textbook of Anatomy
7. Basic Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers by MRE Dean
8. Surface and Radiological Anatomy by A Halim
9. Principles of Physiology, Debasis Pramanik
10. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
11. Basic Pathology by Robbins, Angell and Kumar
12. Fundamental Physics of Radiology W. J. Meredith J. B. Massey
13. Medical Imaging Physics by William R. Hendee, E. Russell Ritenour
14. MRI: The Basics Ray H. Hashemi, Christopher J. Lisanti, William Bradley
15. MRI basic Principles and Applications Nark A brown
1. Diagnostic Imaging by Peter Armstrong
 2. Computed Tomography (Approaches Applications and Operations by Ehsabn
Samuels Norbert J Pelc
3. MRI from Picture to Proton Donald W. McRobbie
4. Handbook of MRI Technique, Catherine Westbrook
5. MRI in Practice by Catherine Westbrook
6. MRI Hand Book MR Physics Patient Positioning and Protocols by Muhammed,
Elmaoğlu
7. Practical approach to Angiography by Irwin. S. Johnsrude
8. Technologists Guide to mammography by Regan
9. Radiology of Anaesthesia and Critical Care by Christine H Murphy
10. Radiology in Dental Practice Herbert Frommer
11. Interventional radiology Principles and Techniques by Wilfrido R Castaneda
12. Hand Book of Interventional Radiographic Procedures by Krishna Kandarpa
and John E Aruny
13. Producing quality Radiographs Angelin M Cuilnnan
14. Atlas of Roentgenographic Positioning by Merrill
15. Children’s Radiographic techniques by Feshartlefyl
16. Special procedures in Radiology by Sagal
17. Synopsis of Radiological Anatomy with CT by Meschan
18. Basic Medical Techniques and patient care for Technologists by Zillam S Torres
19. Advances in Ultrasound techniques and Instrumentation by Peter Well
20. An Atlas of Normal radiographic Anatomy by Isadore Meschan
21. Radioisotopes and Bone by Franklin Mclean
22. Radiographic Examination of the small Intestine- Roentgenographic
Techniques by Ross Golden
23. X ray technology by Charly A Jacobi
24. Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation by Jennifer Prekeges
25. Nuclear Medicine Technology Study Guide by Andrzej Noniuszko
26. Radio-biology for the Radiologist by Eric J. Hall, Amato J. Giaccia
27. IAEA Safety Series
28. Treatment planning & dose calculation in radiation oncology Gunilla Carleson
Bentel
29. Clinical Radiation Oncology Leonard L. Gunderson and, Joel E. Tepper
5.3. Models/Charts: As supported and decided by the concerned Faculties.
6. EXAMINATION:
6. 1 Scheme of internal assessment –Regular internal assessment through written
& practical examination shall be conducted. Minimum of 3 internal assessment &
one model examination to be conducted & average of these marks (highest three
out of all) are to be tabulated out of 50 and presented to the DME before the final
examination.
6.2 Final examination
6.2.1 The Authority to conduct the examination: The Director of Medical Education,
Government of Kerala
6.2.2. Frequency: Regular examination shall be conducted at the end of the 1stand
2ndyear and 3rd year. Supplementary examination shall be conducted 6 months
 after the regular examination.
6.2.3. Eligibility
1. Minimum of 80% attendance in theory & practical is required to appear for
the final examination.
2. Certificate of satisfactory completion of the course.
6.2.4. Schedule of Examination
1. Regular examination shall be conducted at the end of the academic year
which includes theory, practical & Viva voce.
2. Total 9 Papers (3 papers in the 1styear and 3 papers in the 2ndyear and 3
paper in the 3rd year)
Each paper shall be of duration of 3 hours with total marks of 100 each. Each
paper shall have 2 sections- Section A & Section B.
6.3 Examiner: Faculty with PG and post PG teaching experience of minimum one
year in the concerned course/subject are eligible to be an examiner.
6.4. Pass Criteria:
1. Minimum of 45% of marks in each theory paper with a minimum of 50% of
marks in the total theory papers
2. A minimum of 40% of marks in the oral and practical examination
3. A minimum of 50% aggregate marks of the grand total (Total theory (100),
practical (50) and internal assessment (50).
First year examination - 250 out of 500.
Second year examination - 250 out of 500
Third Year - 250 out of 500
6.5. First class/Distinction/Rank
1. Candidates scoring 65% & above shall be awarded first class.
2. Candidates scoring 75% & above shall be awarded distinction.
3. Candidates who scores highest mark in the grand total (Theory, practical and
internal assessment) shall be awarded the first Rank.
6.6. Revaluation: Any candidate who requires revaluation shall submit the
request to do so within 14 days of the official declaration of the result.
7. MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
D. R.R.T. EXAMINATION
T ime: 3hours Max. Marks: 100
PART I - PAPER-I
GENERAL AND RADIATION PHYSICS
(Answer Section A&B separately)
SECTION- A
I. Explain the following (Marks 5x2=10)
a) SI units b) Ohms law
c) Henry d) Bridge rectifier
e) Eddy Current
II. Explain the following (Marks 5x4=20)
a) Half-life. Find the activity of a cobalt 60 source after 8 Years if the present activity is 100
Curie
b) Cyclotron
c) Working of Moving Coil Galvanometer
d) Working of a PN junction diode
e) Characteristic and Continuous X Ray

III. (Marks 2x10=20)

a. What are transformers and explain the different types of transformers with figure.
b. What is rectification? Explain in detail about the different rectifiers used in X-ray
circuits?
SECTION- B

I. Explain the following (Marks 5x3=15)

a) Space charge effect b) Disadvantages of self-rectification

c) Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter d) HVT and TVT
e) Bragg curve

II. Answer the following (Marks 3x5=15)

a) Why Tungsten is used as target in X-ray tube
b) What is Inherent and Added filtration
c) Mention any five radiation Quantities and their Units

III. Describe various interactions of radiation with matter and explain each interaction.
(Marks 1x20=20)
 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
D. R.R.T. EXAMINATION-2019
T ime: 3hours Max. Marks: 100
PART I - PAPER-II
Anatomy
Answer all Question, Draw diagrams wherever necessary
SECTION A
1 Enumerate the parts of female reproductive tract. Describe briefly the anatomy of the ovary
uterus and fallopian tubes. Mention the radiological investigation of female reproductive tract.
(Marks +2+2+1+2=10)
2 Enumerate the parts of Brain. Describe cerebrum cerebellum and blood supply of brain. Mention
radiological investigation of the nervous system
(Marks 2+2+2+2+2=10)
3 Answer briefly on (Marks 10x5 =50)
a. Stomach
b. Chambers of Heart
c. Kidney
d. Shoulder joint
e. Urinary Bladder
f. Femur
g. Cartilage
h. Lungs
i. Ear
j. Liver
4 Write short notes on (Marks 10x3 =30)
a. Epithelia
b. Connective Tissues
c. Neurons
d. Pancreas
e. Muscular Tissue
f. Microscopic structure of Bone
g. Humerus
h. Synovial Joint
i. Gall Bladder
j. Pericardium
 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
D. R.R.T. EXAMINATION……
T ime: 3hours Max. Marks: 100
PART I - PAPER-III
Section A
HYSIOLOGY
Max. Marks: 50
I. Describe the transport of oxygen in blood. Mention the factors affecting Oxy-Haemoglobin
Dissociation curve. Add a note on Hypoxia (Marks 5+2+3=10)

II. Write short notes on (Marks 5x5=25)

a. Functions of plasma proteins
b. Composition and functions of pancreatic juice
c. Factors affecting Glomerular filtration rate
d. Regulation of blood pressure
e. Physiological actions of Thyroid hormones

III. Define the following (Marks 5x2=10)

a. Anaemia
b. Cardiac output
c. Tidal volume
d. Resting membrane potential
e. Synapse

IV. Name the following (Marks 5x1=5)

a. Two granulocytes in blood
b. Normal clotting time
c. Pacemaker of human heart
d. Female sex hormones
e. Receptors for vision

SECTION B
PATHOLOGY
Max. Marks: 50
I. Classify bone tumours. Describe clinical features, X-ray findings, macroscopic and
microscopic findings of oestrogenic sarcoma. (Marks 3 + 7=10)
II. Write short notes on: -
a. Radiation injury
b. Necrosis
c. Oedema
d. Rickets
e. ESR (Marks 5 X 5=25)
III. Define the following: -
a. Leukaemia
b. Hyperplasia
c. Neoplasia
d. Jaundice
e. Tumour markers
(Marks 5 x 2 = 10)
IV. Name the following: -
a. Two causes of Granulomatous inflammation
b. Two examples of metaplasia
c. Two premalignant lesions
d. Two types of Acute leukaemia
e. Two cause of MCHC (Marks 5 X 1=5)
 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
D. R.R..T. COURSE EXAMINATION
T ime: 3Hr s. Max. Marks: 100
PART II - PAPER-I
PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIATION SAFETY
IN RADIODIAGNOSIS
(Answer Section A&B separately)

SECTION- A
IV. Explain the following (Marks 5x4=20)
a. Colour Doppler
b. T1 and T2 Relaxation Time
c. Characteristic Curve of radiographic film
d. Image Intensifier
e. CT Number
V. (Marks 3x5=15)
a) Describe Automatic Film Processor
b) Explain MRI
c) Explain Fluoroscopy

VI. Describe the structure of X-Ray film and Film processing (Marks 1x15=15)

SECTION- B
I Define
a. Filters
b. Exposure
c. Deterministic
d. GM monitors
e. Optical Density (Marks 5x3 =15)
II. Write Notes on
a. A QA tools in Diagnostic Radiology 3X5 15
b. B AERB Safety Codes in Diagnostic radiology
c. D Role of Technologist in Diagnostic Radiology
III
A. A Discuss various methods for reducing patient exposures in Diagnostic Radiology and Explain
Radiation safety consideration in Dental Radiology
(Marks 5+5 = 10)
B. Explain QA tests in Mammography and DSA (Marks 5+5 = 10)
 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
D. R.R. T. COURSE REGULAR EXAMINATION
Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 100
PART II- PAPER II
RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
(Answer Section A & B separately and draw diagrams wherever necessary)

Section A
1. Elaborate the Different views for Paranasal sinuses. Describe the techniques in Detail with the
positioning, factors and Cantering for each (Marks 5+10=15)
2. Write short notes on (Marks 5 x 7 = 35)
a. Ten-day rule
b. Radiographic views for Patella
c. Handling of Fracture cases
d. Ball catchers view
e. Ward Radiography
f. Views for sternum
g. SI Joint views
SECTION B
1. Draw a simple labelled diagram of the components of the human urinary system.
Describe the indications, patient preparation and filming sequences for an IVU
(Marks 10+5= 15)

2. Write short notes on (Marks 5x5=25)

a. Barium swallow
b. Sialography
c. Paediatric Radiography
d. Contrast Media reactions
e. T tube Cholangiography

3. Explain the following (Marks 5x2=10)

a. RFA
b. NMR
c. CT number
d. PACS
e. PET
 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION

[Link].T. COURSE REGULAR EXAMINA

Time: 3 hrs [Link]

PART II PAPER III –BASICS OF RADIOTHERAPY

(Answer Section A & B separately and draw diagrams wherever necessary)

SECTION-A
I. Describe the Staging of Carcinoma Breast. Explain radiation treatment to a post mastectomy
woman with carcinoma breast? What is APBI?
(15+10=25marks)
II. Write short notes on the following
a. Radiation toxicities of head and neck irradiation
b. Cell survival curve
c. Cranio Spinal Irradiation (CSI)
d. Radiotherapy of Carcinoma urinary bladder
e. Brachytherapy treatment in carcinoma cervix
(5x5=25)

SECTION-B
III. Describe Staging of Carcinoma Cervix? Explain Radiation treatment of Carcinoma cervix?
What are the toxicities of radiation treatment of carcinoma cervix?
(15+10=25 marks)
IV. Write short notes on:
a. Conventional fractionation
b. Mantle field irradiation
c. oncological emergencies
d. Radio Iodine Treatment
e. Radiation toxicities of pelvic irradiation

(5x5=25 marks)
 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION

[Link] EXAMINATION-

T ime: 3h ou r s PART III - PAPER-I [Link]

RADIATION SAFETY IN RADIODIAGNOSIS AND RADIOTHERAPY

(Answer Section A&B separately)

Section A
1 Define
A HVL and TVL B Equivalent Dose 5x3 = 15
C Tissue weighing factors D LD50/60 E Workload
II A. Describe various types of sources used in Radiotherapy and their properties 3x5=15
B. Historical Developments in radiotherapy
C. QA tools in radiotherapy
III. A. Draw a Radiotherapy room layout and label it and explain safety aspects 5+5= 10
B Explain QA tests in gamma Knife and Regulatory requirements in Radiotherapy 5+5= 10

SECTION B
I Define
A Filters B Exposure
C Deterministic D G M monitors E Optical Density 5x3= 15
II
A QA tools in Diagnostic Radiology 3X5= 15
B AERB Safety Codes in Diagnostic radiology
D Role of Technologist in Diagnostic Radiology
III
A Discuss various methods for reducing patient exposures in Diagnostic Radiology and
Explain Radiation safety consideration in Dental Radiology 5+5= 10
B Explain QA tests in Mammography and DSA 5+5= 10

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
D. R. R.T. COURSE REGULAR EXAMINATION
Time: 3 Hrs
Max. marks: 100
PART II- PAPER III
ADVANCED MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
SECTION A

1 Describe the techniques of Mammography with Patient Preparation, Positioning, views, filming and
Radiation Dose (Marks 3x5= 15)
2 Write Short Notes (Marks 6x5= 30)
a. CR cassettes
b. Ultrasound transducer
c. CT Angiography
d. Digital radiography
 e. Triple phase CT
f. Low Dose CT
3 Expand the following (Marks 1x 5 = 5)
a. HRCT,
b. VRT,
c. CTPA,
d. MLO view
e. CDI
SECTION B
1. Name the Different components of MRI machine; briefly describe MRI safety Precautions for both
Patients and Technicians (Marks 5+5+5 =15)
2. Write Short Notes (Marks 7x 5 = 35)
a. Seldingers’ techniques
b. Radioactivity
c. Components of PACS
d. Diffusion Imaging
e. SPECT
f. Microwave ablations
g. MR contrast Agents

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
DIRECTORATE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION

[Link] EXAMINATION-

T ime: 3h ou r s PART III - PAPER-III [Link]

Advanced Radiotherapy

Answer all questions. Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Section A

I. Describe in detail the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment combinations
in cancer of Breast . (5+5+5+5+5=25 marks)
II. Short notes (5X5=25 marks)

a) TCP an NTCP
b) CT Simulator and Simulation Techniques for cancer of Tongue
c) Effects of Radiation of Normal tissues
d) Palliative care
e) Application of radiotherapy on benign conditions

Section B

I. Describe in detail the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, staging and radiotherapy
techniques for CNS tumors. (5+5+5+5+5=25 marks)
II. Short notes (5x5=25 marks)
a) Duties of Radiotherapy technologist in Radiotherapy.
b) IMRT for Head and Neck cancers
c) HDR Brachytherapy techniques for cancer of Oesophagus
d) Paediatric Tumors
e) Radio Immuno therapy