Republic of Iraq
Gilgamesh University
Engineering College
Computer Engineering Department
First Class
Fundamental of Electrical Circuits II
Prepared By:
[Link] Maad
[Link]@[Link]
2025 – 2026
Third Lecture
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AVERAGE VALUE (mean)
The average value of alternating waveform is the equivalent (DC) value over a
complete cycle. In general the average value of a waveform is given as:
EXAMPLE: Determine the average value of the waveforms
Solutions:
a) By inspection, the area above the axis equals the area below over one cycle,
resulting in an average value of zero volts.
b)
EXAMPLE: Find the average values of the following waveforms over one full cycle:
a)
2
b)
Solutions:
The area of sine wave (for one half) can be calculated by the following:
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EXAMPLE: Determine the average value of the sinusoidal waveform
Solutions:
The average value of a pure sinusoidal waveform over one full cycle is zero.
EXAMPLE: Determine the average value of the waveform
Solutions:
The peak-to-peak value of the sinusoidal function is 16 mV + 2 mV = 18 mV. The peak
amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform is, therefore, 18 mV/2 = 9 mV. Counting
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down 9 mV from 2 mV (or 9 mV up from -16 mV) results in an average or dc level of
-7 mV.
EXAMPLE: Determine the average value of the waveform
Solutions:
EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES
The effective value (or the rms value) of an alternating waveform is given by
the steady (dc) current which when flowing through a given circuit, for a given time
produces the same heat produced by the alternating current when flowing the same
circuit for the same time.
Effective value of the sinusoidal is:
The effective value of any quantity plotted as a function of time can be found by
using the following equation:
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EXAMPLE: Find the rms values of the sinusoidal waveform
Solution:
For part (a), Irms = 0.707(12 * 10-3 A) = 8.484 mA. For part (b), again Irms = 8.484
mA. Note that frequency did not change the effective value in (b) above compared
to (a). For part (c), Vrms = 0.707(169.73 V) 120 V.
EXAMPLE: Find the effective or rms value of the waveform
Solution:
6
EXAMPLE: Calculate the rms value of the voltage
Solution:
EXAMPLE: Determine the average and rms values of the square wave.
Solution:
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RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C ELEMENTS TO A SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR
CURREN
1) Resistor
For a purely resistive element, the voltage across and the current through the
element are in phase, with their peak values related by Ohm’s law.
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Or
2) Inductor
For an inductor, vL leads iL by 90°, or iL lags vL by 90°.
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The quantity L, called the reactance (from the word reaction) of an inductor, is
symbolically represented by XL and is measured in ohms; that is,
3) Capacitor
For a particular capacitance, the greater the rate of change of voltage across
the capacitor, the greater the capacitive current.
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For a capacitor, iC leads vC by 90°, or vC lags iC by 90°.
The quantity 1/ C, called the reactance of a capacitor, is symbolically represented
by XC and is measured in ohms; that is,
EXAMPLE: The voltage across a resistor is indicated. Find the sinusoidal expression
for the current if the resistor is 10 . Sketch the curves for v and i.
a) v = 100 sin 377t
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b) v = 25 sin(377t + 60°)
Solutions:
a)
b)
EXAMPLE: The current through a 0.1-H coil is provided. Find the sinusoidal
expression for the voltage across the coil. Sketch the v and i curves.
a) i = 10 sin 377t
b) i = 7 sin(377t _ 70°)
Solutions:
a)
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b)
EXAMPLE: The voltage across a 1- F capacitor is provided below. What is the
sinusoidal expression for the current? Sketch the v and i curves.
v =30 sin 400t
Solutions:
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EXAMPLE: At what frequency will the reactance of a 200-mH inductor match the
resistance level of a 5-k resistor?
Solutions:
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